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Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥°
1. ¸í»çÀÇ Á¾·ù: °íÀ¯, º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ, ¹°Áú, Ãß»ó¸í»ç ¨ç ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö
°¡´É many,
few·Î ¼ö½Ä. º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç. ¨è ¼¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö
¾øÀ½. much,
little ÀÌ ¼ö½Ä. ¹°Áú, °íÀ¯, Ãß»ó¸í»ç.
2. Á¾Á· ´ëÇ¥ : ¾î¶² Á¾Á·ÀÇ Àüü. ¨ç A(an) +
´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç.(´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö) A
horse is a useful animal. ¨è The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç.
(´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö) The
horse is a useful animal. ¨é º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç.
(´ëÇ¥º¹¼ö) Horse
are useful animal. 3. The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç = Ãß»ó¸í»ç * The pen is
mightier than the sword. 4. ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç¿Í ±ºÁý¸í»ç * The audience
was a large one. * The audience were deeply
impressed ±ºÁý¸í»ç:º¹¼öµ¿»ç were, °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ±íÀº
°¨¸í. ¡Þ ÇϳªÀÇ ÁýÇÕü :
ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î Ãë±Þ : ±ºÁý¸í»ç ¡æ
º¹¼öµ¿»ç
5. consist of * My class consist of
sixty
students. is
composed
of is
made up
of comprises
¡æ Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠof »ç¿ë
¸øÇÔ. =
¡À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Ù.
6. Ç×»ó º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞµÇ´Â ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç ¨ç
PoliceÇü * The police (°æÂûµé)
¡æ a policeman (°æÂû
ÇÑ»ç¶÷) The clergy (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé)
¡æ a clergyman (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ) The
nobility (±ÍÁ·µé) ¡æ a nobleman
(±ÍÁ·) The peasantry (³ó¹Îµé) ¡æ a
peasant (³ó¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷) ¡æ ¡µîÀÇ
ÁýÇÕ ¸í»ç´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»çµµ ¸ø ºÙÀ̰í
º¹¼öÇüÀ¸·Îµµ ¾²Áö
¾ÊÀ¸¸ç º¸Åë the¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²¿© º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ. ¨è
CattleÇü : Cattle, People, Poultry, verminÀº ´ÜÁö
¾à°£ ¼öÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̸ç, ÁýÇÕ ÀÇ ÇѰ谡 ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î °ü»çµµ ¾ÈºÙ°í
º¹¼öÇüµµ ¾øÀÌ ±×´ë·Î º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ µÇ¾î º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦
¹Þ´Â´Ù. * Cattle are grazing in the
pasture ¡Þpart, portion, half, the rest,
the majority, most, the bulk
µî Àº µÚ¿¡¿À´Â ¸»¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ¼ö°¡
°áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. * The rest of the boys
are playing baseball. ¨é
FamilyÇü Nation, Army, People, Party µîÀº ÁýÇÕÀÇ ÇѰ谡
¸í·áÇϸç, ¶ÇÇÑ ÁýÇÕü¸¦ ´ÜÀ§·Î ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´Ü,º¹¼ö
°¡´É. ¡Þ many people (¸¹Àº
»ç¶÷µé), some people (¾î¶²
»ç¶÷µé)ó·³ peopleÀÌ "»ç¶÷µé"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î¼
±ºÁý¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÏ ¸ç º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª peopleÀÌ ±¹¹Î, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ
¶æ À¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç·Î ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ»
ÇÑ´Ù. * many people = ¸¹Àº
»ç¶÷µé. many peoples = ¸¹Àº
¹ÎÁ·µé. people
= »ç¶÷µé (±ºÁý)
a peoples = ÇϳªÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·
(ÁýÇÕ) two people
= µÎ°³ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µé (ÁýÇÕ)
7. ÁýÇÕÀû ¹°Áú¸í»ç * furniture(°¡±¸), clothing(ÀÇ·ù),
merchandise(»óǰ), produce(³ó»ê¹°), game(»ç³É°¨),
baggage(¼ÒÆ÷). À§ÀÇ ´Ü¾î´Â ¹°°ÇÀÇ ÁýÇÕüÀÌÁö¸¸ ¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹°Áú ¸í»ç·Î
Ãë±Þ. ¡Þ ÁýÇÕÀû
¹°Áú¸í»ç´Â ¨çºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀ» ºÙÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
(¹°Áú¸í»çÀ̹ǷÎ) ¨èÇ×»ó ´Ü¼öÃë±ÞÀ» ÇϹǷÎ
´Ü¼öµ¿»ç ¨é¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â much, little·Î
¼ö½Ä ¨êÇϳª, µÑ ¼¿ ¶§ ¡æ a piece of ¡ , an article
of ¡
8. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ ¨çÁ¦Ç°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§ *
Glass is apt to break. À¯¸®¡æ¹°Áú¸í»ç * He
has a glass in his hand.
À¯¸®Àܡ溸Åë¸í»ç +- paper(Á¾ÀÌ)
¡æ ¹°Áú
+- copper(±¸¸®)
¡æ
¹°Áú +- the paper(¼·ù, ½Å¹®) ¡æ º¸Åë
+- a copper(µ¿ÀüÇÑ´Ø) ¡æ
º¸Åë ¨è±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î
¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼ * The bridge is built of stone.
µ¹ ¡æ ¹°Áú * The boy picked up a
stone. µ¹¸æÀÌ ¡æ º¸Åë
¨éÁ¾·ù¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§ * Wine is made from
grapes. ¼ú ¡æ ¹°Áú * This is a good
wine for health. ÁÁÀº ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë * They sell
various wines at that store. ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë ¨ê»ç°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§ (±¸Ã¼Àû
Çö»ó) * Fire burns wood. ºÒ ¡æ
¹°Áú¸í»ç * They was a fire last night. ÈÀç ¡æ
º¸Åë ¨ë¹°Áú¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§´Â Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦
»ç¿ë. * Water is turned into steam by heat. ¡æ
¹°Áú¸í»ç * The water in this glass is not good to
drink. (À¯¸®ÀÜ ¼Ó¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ¹°)
9. °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ ¨ç±¹¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷, °¡Á·, ¡ÀÇ Áý¾È »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æÀÏ
¶§ * He is a swiss. ½ºÀ§½º
»ç¶÷. * His father is a Lincoln. ¸µÄÁ °¡¹®ÀÇ
»ç¶÷. * The Bakers loved to entertain others.
º£ÀÌÄ¿¾¾ ºÎºÎ. ¡ÞThe + °íÀ¯¸í»ç º¹¼öÇü : Baker¾¾
Àϰ¡Á· Baker¾¾
ºÎºÎ. ¨è ¡¶ó´Â »ç¶÷ (a certain)ÀÇ ¶æ. * A
Mr. Lee called you up in your absence. ¨éÁ¦Ç°,ÀÛǰÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶§ * He bought a Ford. Æ÷µå ÀÚµ¿Â÷
ÇÑ´ë. * There are two Rembrandts in the gallery.
µÎÁ¡ÀÇ ·½ºê·±Æ® ÀÛǰ. ¨ê ¡°ú °°Àº »ç¶÷, »ç¹°(¼ºÁúÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿)À» ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶§ * A Newton cannot become a
Shakespeare. * He is the Newton of the age.
Çü¿ë»ç±¸. (´ç´ëÀÇ) ¡Þ°íÀ¯¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç±¸°¡ ¿Í¼ ¼ö½ÄÀÌ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, an ´ë½Å ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
10. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»ç ¹× ÁýÇÕ¸í»çÈ : Á¾·ù, ±¸Ã¼ÀûÇൿ, ¾î¶² ¼ºÁúÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶§. * He was wild in his youth.
Ãß»ó(ûÃá½ÃÀý) * He is an ambitious youth. û³â -
º¸Åë¸í»ç. * Youth should respect age. ÀþÀºÀÌ - ÁýÇÕ.
´ÄÀºÀ̵é. * She has beauty and intelligence.
Ãß»ó. * She was once a beauty. ¹ÌÀÎ -
º¸Åë. * The beauty of the scenery is beyond
description. ¡Þof the scenery ¶ó´Â Çü¿ë»ç±¸¿¡
ÇÑÁ¤µÇ¹Ç·Î The beauty. * Happiness consists in
contentment. ̧ȗ. * I now have the
happiness of being with you. ¢¿Çü¿ë»ç±¸·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ¹Ç·Î
the happiness. ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ÇູÀ̹ǷΠthe
happiness.
11. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã * a piece of
bread : »§ ÇÑÁ¶°¢. * a
glass of milk : ¿ìÀ¯ ÇÑ.ÀÜ
slice
toast : Å佺Ʈ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.
water
: ¹° ÇÑÀÜ. * a lump of
sugar : ¼³ÅÁ Çѵ¢¾î¸®. * a shoal of fish
: ¹°°í±â
ÇѸ¶¸®. pound
: ¼³ÅÁ
ÇÑÆÄ¿îµå.
school spoonful
: ¼³ÅÁ
ÇѼý°¡¶ô. * two cups of coffee : Ä¿ÇÇ µÎÀÜ.
* a shower of rain : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ
¼Ò³ª±â. * three cakes of soap : ºñ´© ÇÑÀå.
* a bolt of thunder : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ
õµÕ¼Ò¸®. * a sheet of paper : Á¾ÀÌ
ÇÑÀå. * a flash of lightning: ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ
¹ø°¹ºÒ. * a roar of laughter : ÇѹÙÅÁ ¿ôÀ½.
* a piece of chalk : ºÐÇÊ
ÇÑÁ¶°¢. ¡Þshower [ au ]: ¼Ò³ª±â.
»þ¿ö. [
ou ]: º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷. º¸ÀÌ´Â ¹°°Ç. 12. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã * a
piece of information. (good luck,
advice) ÇÑÆíÀÇ Á¤º¸. (ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ Çà¿î,
ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ Ãæ°í)
* a piece of news : ´º½º
ÇÑÆí. * a piece of fully : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ
¿ìµÐÇÑ Áþ. * several cases of theft : ¸î°ÇÀÇ
Àýµµ. * a bit of nonsense : ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ
ÇãÆ°¼Ò¸®. * a stroke of luck : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ
Çà¿î. 13. Of + Ãß»ó¸í»ç =
Çü¿ë»ç±¸ * a man of ability = an able man.
* a man of use = a useful
man. * a man of wisdom = a wise man.
* a man of sense = a sensible
man. * a man of learning = a learned man.
* of use = useful, of valuable =
valuable, * a man of experience = an
experienced man. * of experience =
experienced, of importance = important.
14. ÀüÄ¡»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç = ºÎ»ç±¸ * with ease = easily :
½±°Ô. * in
succession = successively : ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î. * with
kindness = kindly : Ä£ÀýÇϰÔ. * in reality = really :
»ç½Ç»ó. * with fluency = fluently : À¯Ã¢ÇϰÔ.
* in haste = hastily : ±ÞÈ÷. *
with safety = safely.
*
in earnest = earnestly : ÁøÁöÇϰÔ. * with
care = carefully.
*
by accident = accidentally : ¿ì¿¬È÷. * with
patience = patiently.
*
to perfection = perfectly : ¿ÏÀüÇϰÔ. * with
rapidity = rapidly : À绡¸®. * on purpose =
purposely : °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î. * without doubt : ÀǽÉÇÒ¹Ù¾øÀÌ.
* on occasion = occasionally :
¶§¶§·Î. * without hesitation : ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö
¾Ê°í.
15. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ °ü¿ë¾î¹ý * He is kindness itself.--+
Ãß»ó¸í»ç +
itself all
kindness | = all +
Ãß»ó¸í»ç very
kind | = very, extremely +
Çü¿ë»ç. extremely
kind --+ ( ¸Å¿ì ¡
ÇÑ) ±×´Â
¸Å¿ì Ä£ÀýÇÏ´Ù.
16. An angel of a wife * She is an angel of a
wife.(of-µ¿°Ý, ÀüÄ¡»ç¿Í °°Àº
¾Æ³», an
angelic wife. of ´ÙÀ½¿¡
ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a) that fool of a ¡ = that
foolish ¡ a saint of a ¡
= a saintly ¡ a devil of a
¡ = a devilish ¡
17. Have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to do * He had the
kindness to help me. (have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to
do) = He was so kind that he helped me.
(so + Çü + that + S +
V) = He was so kind as to help me.
(so + Çü + as to
do) = He was kind enough to help me.
(Çü + enough + to
do) = He kindly helped me.
(ºÎ»ç
+ µ¿»ç)
18. CH. GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½ ¡Þ -CHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº [t ], [k], [ ] ¼¼ Á¾·ù·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ
µÊ. * [t ]°¡ °ÅÀÇ
´ëºÎºÐÀÓ. church [t
:t ] : ±³È¸. choice
[t ois] :
¼±ÅÃ. chin [t
in] : ÅÎ.
cheer
[t i ] :
ȯȣ. chew [t
u:] : ¾Ã´Ù. charity
[t r ti] : ÀÚ¼±. cheek
[t i:k] : »´.
mischief [mist
if] : ¼ÕÇØ. cheat
[t i:t] : ¼ÓÀÌ´Ù.
approach [ prout ] :
Á¢±Ù. choke [t ouk]
:
Áú½Ä½ÃŰ´Ù. *
[k] ·Î ¹ßÀ½. mechanic [mik nik]
: ±â´É¾÷. christ [kraist]
: ¿¹¼ö. chaos
[keias] : È¥¶õ.
chronicle [kranik] :
¿¬´ë±â. character [k rikt r] :
ÀΰÝ. stomach [st m k]
: ˤ. ache
[eik] :
ÅëÁõ. monarch [man k]
: ±ºÁÖ chasm
[k z m] : ºóÆ´.
christmas [krism s]
chemistry [k mistri] : ÈÇÐ.
psychology [saikal d ] :
½É¸®ÇÐ. choir
[kwai ] : ÇÕâ´Ü.
chorus
[k :r s] :
ÇÕâ. * [
] ·Î ¹ßÀ½. chagrin [
grin] : ¿øÅë. machine
[m i:n] :
±â°è champagne [ mpein] : ¼¤ÆäÀÎ
moustache [m st : ] :
Äà¼ö¿° chauffeur [ ouf ]
: ¿îÀü¼ö. chandelier [ nd li ] :
¼§µ¨¸®¾Æ. chivalry [ iv li]
: ±â»çµµ. parachute [p r u:t]
: ³«ÇÏ»ê.
¡Þ -GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº ¹¬À½À̰ųª [f], [g]·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ
µÊ. * ¹¬À½ÀÌ µÉ
¶§. bough [bau] :
³ª¹µ°¡Áö. weigh [wei] : ¹«°Ô¸¦
Àç´Ù. though [ ou] :
¡ÇÒÁö¶óµµ. thought [ :t] :
»ý°¢. dough [dou] :
°¡·ç¹ÝÁ×. through [ ru:] : ¡À»
ÅëÇÏ¿©. plough [plau] : Àï±â.
bought
[b :t] : buyÀÇ
°ú°Å *
[f] ·Î ¹ßÀ½. rough
[r f] : °ÅÄ¥Àº. laugh
[la:f] :
¿ô´Ù. enough [in f]
: ÃæºÐÇÑ. draught [draft] :
Åëdz. tough [t f]
: ´Ü´ÜÇÑ. drought [draut] :
°¡¹³. cough [k :f]
: ±âħ. * [g]·Î
¹ßÀ½. ghost [goust]
: À¯·É. aghast [aga:st]: ³î¶õ.
19. Accent ±ÔÄ¢ ¨ç´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº 2À½Àý ¾Õ¿¡ accent°¡
ÀÖ´Ù. -tion : invention,
function, -sion : occasion, confusion,
decision, ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü
: television. -ian : musician,
comedian. -cial : official,
especial. -tial :
presidential. -ious :
licentious. -cience, -ciency, -cient : deficiency,
sufficient. -ity, -ety, : ability, activity,
anxiety. -sive :
exclusive. -ical : botonical,
mechanical. -ic :
energetic. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü
: catholic[k lik], lunatic[lu:n tik]
, politic[pal
tik] , politics[pal
tiks]. arithmetic[
rism til] :
»ê¼ö. arithmetical[
rismetikal]: »ê¼öÀÇ. -logy :
geology. -pathy :
apathy. -graphy: geo
graphy,
photography. ¡ÞÁÖÀÇ
: photograph [fout
gra:f] telegraph
[teligra:f] -meter, -metry : barometer,
geometry. -nomy : astronomy. ¨è´ÙÀ½
¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ¹Ù·Î ±× À½Àý¿¡ accent. -ee :
employee. -eer :
engineer. -ese :
chinese. -oon :
balloon. -oo : bamboo,
taboo. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü
: cuckoo[kuku:] -esque :
picturesque. -ette :
cigarette. ¨é´ÙÀ½ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ÀüÀü À½Àý¿¡
accent. -ate :
accurate. -tude : solitude.
Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥±
1. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥° ¨ç¹«¼ºÀ½ [p,t,k,f, ]
+ s ¡æ [s] À¯¼ºÀ½
[b,d,g,v, , ¸ðÀ½] + s ¡æ [z] * desks [desks], beds
[bedz]. ¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ [s],[z],[ ],[t ],[d ] ·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÇ¸é -es¸¦ ºÙÀ̰í [iz]·Î
¹ßÀ½ÇÔ. * ass[ s] ¡æ asses [
siz] dish ¡æ dishes[di
iz] breeze [bri:z] ¡æ breezes
[bri:ziz] ¡ÞÁÖÀÇ : monarch[man k] ¡æ monarchs [man
ks] patriarch[peitria:k]
¡æ patriarchs
[peitria:ks]:°¡Àå,Á·Àå stomach[st
m k] ¡æ stomachs[st m ks] : À§. ¡Þ¾î¹Ì°¡ -chÀÎ ´Ü¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº
ÁÖÀÇ. [t ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -es ºÙÀ̰í
[iz] [k ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -s¸¸ ºÙÀ̰í [s]·Î
¹ßÀ½. ¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -th·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì ´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ
[ s]·Î ¹ßÀ½. myth[mi ] ¡æ myths[mi s] :
½ÅÈ. Àå¸ðÀ½ ¶Ç´Â 2Á߸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ [
z] path[p : ] ¡æ paths[p z] :
±æ. bath[ba: ] ¡æ baths[ba: z] :
¸ñ¿å. mouth[mau ] ¡æ mouths[mau z]
¡Þmouth°¡ µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© [mau ] : ¸Ô´Ù,
¿¬¼³ÇÏ´Ù. bathÀÇ µ¿»çÇüÀº bathe[bei ] : ´ã±×´Ù,
¸ñ¿å½ÃŰ´Ù. bathing suit [bei i ][su:t]
: ¼ö¿µº¹. ¡ÞÀå¸ðÀ½ + r + ths¿¡¼´Â ths°¡ [ s]·Î
¹ßÀ½. earth[ : ] ¡æ earths[ :
s] 2. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥± (ÀÚÀ½ + y) ¨çÀÚÀ½ + y´Â y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£ µÚ
-es lady ¡æ lades[-
z] ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : 1) °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÎ °æ¿ì -s¸¸
ºÙÀδÙ. Henry
¡æ
Henrys. 2)
¸ðÀ½ + y´Â -s¸¸
ºÙÀδÙ. day
¡æ
days. 3)
-quy·Î ³¡³ª´Â ¸»Àº ¸ðÀ½ + yÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πº¸°í±×³É -s¸¸
ºÙ À̸é
¾ÈµÊ. -quy´Â ºñ·Ï ¸ðÀ½(u) + yÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀ̳ª
¹ßÀ½ÀÌ qu[kw]
À̹ǷΠÀÚÀ½ + y·Î º¸°í y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£µÚ -es¸¦
ºÙ ÀÓ.
soliloquy[s
lil kwi] :
È¥À㸻. ¡æ
soliloquies[s lil kwiz] 3. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥² (ÀÚÀ½ + o) ¨çÀÚÀ½ + o´Â -es¸¦ ºÙÀÎ µÚ
[z]·Î ¹ßÀ½. potato ¡æ potatoes, hero ¡æ heroes, echo
¡æ echoes. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : ÀÚÀ½ + o·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î Áß¿¡¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÙ¿©¼ µÈ
¸» (automobile
¡æ auto)ÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº -es ´ë½Å -s¸¦
ºÙÀÓ. piano(pianoforte)
¡æ
pianos. curio(curiosity)
¡æ curious : °ñµ¿Ç°. 4. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥³ (f, fe Çü) ¨ç¾î¹Ì°¡ -f, -feÀÎ ´Ü¾î´Â f¸¦ -v·Î
°íÄ£ µÚ -es¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ. half[ha: f] ¡æ halves[ha:
vz] calf[ka:f] ¡æ calves[ka:vz] :
¼Û¾ÆÁö. ¡Þ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü¾î´Â -f, -fe·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì¶óµµ -s¸¸ ºÙÀÏ
°Í. chief ¡æ chiefs,
roof ¡æ
roofs:ÁöºØ. cliff ¡æ cliffs:Àýº®, dwarf
¡æ dwarfs:³ÀåÀÌ. safe ¡æ safes:±Ý°í,
grief ¡æ greifs:½½ÇÄ,ºñź. proof ¡æ
proofs:Áõ°Å, strife ¡æ strifes: ÅõÀï,½Î¿ò. gulf
¡æ gulfs:¸¸(ÇØ¾È¿¡¼ »ç¿ë) ¨è¹®ÀÚ, ¼ýÀÚ, ¾à¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº º¸Åë 's¸¦
ºÙÀδÙ. R ¡æ R's, 8 ¡æ 8's, M.P ¡æ M.P's 5. ºÒ±ÔÄ¢
º¯È ¨ç¸ðÀ½ÀÌ º¯ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì man - men,
woman - women[wimin], foot -
feet, goose[gu:s] - geese[gi:s]:°ÅÀ§.
ox - oxen, tooth - teeth,
louse[laus] - lice[lais]:ÀÌ. ¨è´Ü¼ö,º¹¼öÇüÀÌ °°Àº
°æ¿ì deer, sheep, swine[swain]:µÅÁö,
trout[traut]:¼Û¾î, salmon[s m n]:¿¬¾î,
corps[k : ] ¡æ corps[k : z]:±º´Ü(¡Þ¹ßÀ½¿¡ÁÖÀÇ) ¡Þfoot
"¹ß"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¡æ
feet. "º¸º´"ÀÇ
º¹¼öÇü ¡æ foot. horse "¸»"ÀÇ
º¹¼öÇü ¡æ
horses. "±â¸¶º´"ÀÇ
º¹¼öÇü ¡æ horse. fish°¡ ¹°°í±âÀÇ Á¾·ù
¡æ
fishes. ´Ü¼øÇϰÔ
¹°°í±â ¸¶¸®¼ö ¡æ fish. 6. ¿Ü·¡¾î º¹¼ö ¨ç -um, -onÀ¸·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº
-a·Î... datum - data, memorandum - memoranda, medium -
media:Áß°£,¸Å°³Ã¼. phenomenon - phenomena:Çö»ó,»ç°Ç.
¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ -us·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î´Â -i·Î... stimulus - stimuli:ÀÚ±Ø,
focus - foci:ÃÐÁ¡. fungus - fungi:±Õ,¹ö¼¸ ¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -sis[sis]·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº
-ses[siz]·Î... oasis[oueisis] ¡æ oases[oueisi:z],
thesis[ i:sis] ¡ætheses[ i:siz] analysis ¡æ analyses
synthesis¡æsyntheses
: Á¾ÇÕ crisis ¡æ crises : À§±â
basis ¡æ
bases parenthesis[p ren isis] ¡æ parentheses[p ren
isi:z]: °ýÈ£ 7. ÀÌÁß º¹¼ö * brother [br
] +- brothers [br rz] : ÇüÁ¦ÀÇ
º¹¼ö +- brethren[bre rin] :
µ¿Æ÷,Á¾±³»óÀÇ ÇüÁ¦ * genius [d i:ni s]+- geniuses[d i:ni siz]:
̵ˍ +- genii [d
i:niai] : ¾Ç¸¶, ¼öÈ£½Å * penny
[peni] +- pennies[peniz]
: µ¿Àü °¹¼öÀÇ
º¹¼ö +- pence [pens]
: °¡°Ý, °ªÀÇ º¹¼ö * cloth [kl
: ] +- cloths[kl : s] : ¿Ê°¨,
õÀÇ Á¾·ù +- clothes[klou( )z]
: ÀǺ¹, ¿Ê * staff [st
f] +- staffs[st fs]
: Á÷¿ø,
°£ºÎ +- staves[steivz]
: ÁöÆÎÀÌ, ¸·´ë±â 8. º¹ÇÕ ¸í»çÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¨çÁß¿äÇÑ ¸»À̳ª ¸í»ç¿¡
-s * looker-on ¡æ lookers-on : ±¸°æ²Û
(spectator) by-stander ¡æ by-standers
passer-by ¡æ
passers-by commander-in-chief ¡æ
commanders-in-chief : »ç·É°ü dropper-in ¡æ
droppers-in : ¹æ¹®°´ father-in-law ¡æ
fathers-in-law : ÀåÀÎ, ½Ã¾Æ¹öÁö mother-in-law ¡æ
mothers-in-law : Àå¸ð, ½Ã¾î¸Ó´Ï brother-in-law ¡æ
brothers-in-law : ó³² son-in-law ¡æ sons-in-law :
»çÀ§, ¾çÀÚ tooth-brush ¡æ tooth-brushes :
Ä©¼Ö ¢¿ tooth--·Î µÈ º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â µÚ¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¸ º¹¼ö·Î
°íÄ£´Ù. ¨è¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¾ø´Â º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â ³¡¿¡ --s ¶Ç´Â --es *
forget-me-not ¡æ forget-me-nots, have-not ¡æ
have-nots go-between(Á߸ÅÀÎ) ¡æ
go-betweens(¸Å°³ÀÚ) merry-go-round ¡æ
merry-go-rounds : ȸÀü¸ñ¸¶. good-for-nothing ¡æ
good-for-nothings : ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ÀÚ.
9. »ó½Ãº¹¼ö ¨ç¦ ¶Ç´Â µÎ ºÎºÐÀÌ Çϳª¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ÀÇ·ù ¹× µµ±¸ÀÇ ¸íĪ. (º¸Åë º¹¼ö
Ãë±Þ) trousers, gloves, scissors, glasses,
spectacles, tongs[ta z]:ºÎÁ£°¡¶ô, pants.
¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ Çаú¸í ¡æ ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ»
ÇÔ(´Ü¼öµ¿»ç) economics, politics, physics, mathematics,
phonetics, ethics, statistics[st tistiks]: Åë°èÇСæ´Ü¼öÃë±Þ,
Åë°è(Ç¥)¡æº¹¼öÃë±Þ. ¨é±âŸ »ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼ º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ goods,
riches:Àç»ê, valuables:±ÍÁßǰ,
belongings, savings:Àú±Ý(savingÀº ±¸Á¶, Àý¾àÀÇ
¶æ) ¨ê»ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼ ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ news, means´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö
°¡´É. 10. ºÐȺ¹¼ö * air :
°ø±â - airs : °Ç¹æÁø
ŵµ. advice : Ãæ°í
- advices :
ÅëÄ¡. arm : ÆÈ
- arms : ¹«±â,
ÆÈµé. manner : ¹æ¹ý
- manners : ¿¹Àý,
¹æ¹ýµé. ash[ ] : Àç
- ashes :
À¯°ñ. custom : ½À°ü
- customs : °ü¼¼, ¼¼°ü,
½À°üµé. provision : Áغñ -
provisions : ½Ä·®. pain
: °íÅë - pains
: ³ë·Â, ¼ö°í. color
: »ö - colors
: ±â, »ö±òµé. 11. »óÈ£º¹¼ö : µÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀÌ »óÈ£ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
¹Ýµå
½Ã º¹¼öÇüŸ¦ ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. * shake hands with
: ¾Ç¼öÇÏ´Ù. change
cars : Â÷¸¦
°¥¾ÆÅ¸´Ù. exchange seats with : ÀÚ¸®¸¦
¹Ù²Ù´Ù. be friends with
: ¡¿Í
Ä£±¸»çÀÌ´Ù. take turns
:
¡±³´ëÇÏ´Ù. make friends with
: ¡¿Í Ä£±¸°¡ µÇ´Ù. exchange
letters with : ÆíÁö¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÏ´Ù. be on good terms with
: ¡¿Í »çÀ̰¡ ÁÁ´Ù. 12. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥° ¨çº¹¼öÇü ¸í»ç°¡ ¼ö»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Í¼ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶§
´Ü¼öÇü. * He is two years
old. ¡æ He has a three-year-old
daughter. ¨è¼ö»ç + º¹¼ö¸í»ç°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶© ´Ü¼ö
»ç¿ë. * a ten-mile race : 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ
°æÁÖ. a six-line gun : 6ÀÎÄ¡ÀÇ
´ëÆ÷. the three-power conference : 3´ë °´ë±¹
ȸ´ã. two-horse carriage : ½ÖµÎ¸¶Â÷.
13. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥± ¨ç dozen, score, hundred, thousand, percent µîÀÌ ¼ö»ç
´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Ã¶§´Â º¹¼öÀÏÁö¶óµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ü¼öÇüÀ» ¾µ
°Í. * one dozen - three
dozen. one hundred - five
hundred. ¡Þscore : "µæÁ¡"ÀÇ ¶æµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸ 20ÀÇ â¦µµ
³ªÅ¸³¿. two score ¡æ 40. three score
and ten ¡æ 70. ¨è dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million µîÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ
¼ö¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© º¹¼öÇüÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * dozens of eggs : ¿©·¯´Ù½ºÀÇ
°è¶õ. Hundred of people : ¼ö¹é¸íÀÇ
Çлýµé. scores of books : ¼ö½Ê±ÇÀÇ
Ã¥. ¨é pair, couple µîÀÌ Â¦À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö°¡´É. (head´Â
Ç×»ó´Ü¼ö) two pair(s) of shoes :
±¸µÎ µÎÄÓ·¹. four couple(s) of hounds : 4½ÖÀÇ
»ç³É°³. five head of oxen
: ¼Ò
5¸¶¸®. ¡Þhead´Â Áü½ÂÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¼ö¸¦ ¼¿¶§ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¾Õ¿¡ º¹¼ö ¼ö»ç°¡ ¿Íµµ Ç×»ó
´Ü ¼öÇüÀ¸·Î ¾´´Ù. 14. º¹¼öÇüÀÇ ³¹¸»À» ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â
°æ¿ì ¨çÇаú¸í. ¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ±¹°¡¸í. *
The Netherlan
ds, The Philippines, The United States (of
America) µîÀÇ ±¹°¡¸íÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç The¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç º¹¼ö
Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü, ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ü¼ö µ¿»ç¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãë±ÞÇÒ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö
Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù. * Thirty miles is a good
distance. ¨êº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ¼ÀûÀ̸§ : ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ. ¨ëºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â
¸».
half(¹Ý) ---+ the
rest(³ª¸ÓÁö) | of + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç -+ ¡æ
´Ü¼öµ¿»ç. a lot(¸¹Àº) |
¹°Áú¸í»ç | most(´ëºÎºÐ) |
Ãß»ó¸í»ç -+ the
majority(´ëºÎºÐ) | of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç
¡æ
º¹¼öµ¿»ç. lost(¸¹Àº) ---+ 15.
àõ ¨çº°°³ÀÇ ³¹¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì * husband :
³²Æí - wife :
¾Æ³». * nephew : Á¶Ä«
- niece[ni:s]:
Á¶Ä«µþ. * wizard : ³²ÀÚ¸¶¹ý»ç - witch :
¸¶³à. * monk : ³²ÀÚ¼öµµ½Â - nun
: ¼ö³à. * bull : Ȳ¼Ò
- cow :
¾Ï¼Ò. * bachelor[b t l ]:µ¶½Å³² - spinster :
µ¶½Å³à. ¨è³²¼º¸í»çÀÇ ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ess¸¦ ºÙÀÓ * lion
: ¼ý»çÀÚ - lioness :
¾Ï»çÀÚ. * heir[ ]: »ó¼ÓÀÎ(Ñû) - heiress
: »ó¼ÓÀÎ(åü). * prince : ȲÅÂÀÚ
- princess : °øÁÖ. * host
: ³²ÀÚÁÖÀÎ - hostess :
¿©ÀÚÁÖÀÎ. * emperor : ȲÁ¦ - empress :
ȲÈÄ. * tiger - tigress,
God - God
dess, actor -
actress, * negro - negroes,
waiter - waitress, author -
authoress * master -
mistress. ¨é±âŸ * he-goat : ¼ý¿°¼Ò ¡Á
she-goat. man-servant ¡Á
maid-servant. bridegroom[braidgru:m]: ½Å¶û
¡Á bride[braid]:
½ÅºÎ. widower[widou ]: Ȧ¾Æºñ ¡Á widow[widou]:
°úºÎ. hero[hi rou]: ¿µ¿õ ¡Á heroine[herouin]:
¿©ÀåºÎ, ¿©°É. 16. Å뼺¸í»ç¿Í Áß¼º¸í»ç ¨çÅ뼺¸í»ç : parent, monarch,
spouse(¹è¿ìÀÚ) µ¿¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Å뼺¸í»çÀÇ ´ë¸í»ç´Â it·Î ¹ÞÁö¸¸ »çÀÚ, °³¿Í °°ÀÌ
»ç ³ª¿î µ¿¹°Àº ³²¼º Ãë±ÞÀ» Çϸç he·Î ¹Þ°í, °í¾çÀÌ, ¾Þ¹«»õ µî°ú
°°ÀÌ ¾àÇÑ µ¿¹°Àº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î child, baby µîÀº it·Î
¹Þ´Â´Ù. ¨èÁß¼º¸í»ç(¹«»ý¹°)ÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ * °Çϰí, ¸Í·ÄÇϰí, À§´ëÇÑ
°Í. :³²¼º¸í»ç (sun, war...) * ¾Æ¸§´ä°í ¿ì¾ÆÇÏ°í °¡·ÃÇÑ °Í. :¿©¼º¸í»ç
(moon, peace...) ¡Þ±¹°¡¸íÀº °æÁ¦¡¤»çȸ¡¤¹®ÈÀû Ãø¸éÀº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î,
±¹Å䳪 Áö¸®Àû Ãø¸éÀº Áß¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© it·Î
¹Þ´Â´Ù. * England is justly proud her poets.
(±¹°¡, ¿©¼º) * America is rich in its natural
resources. (±¹Åä, Áß¼º) 17. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ Çü¼º ¨ç»ç¶÷À̳ª µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦
¾´´Ù. * A man's stick. The cat's
ear. ¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº [of + ¸í»ç]ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πǥ½ÃÇÑ´Ù. *
The legs of the table. ¨é -s·Î ³¡³ª´Â º¹¼ö¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº '(apostrophe)¸¸
ºÙÀδÙ. * girls'. rings. ¨ê°íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¾î¹Ì°¡
-s·Î ³¡³ª´õ¶óµµ 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ. * Charles's hat. Jones's
Dictionary. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: °í´ë Èñ¶øÀÎ, ±×¸®°í Jesus, Moses, Socrates,
ColumbusµîÀÇ °íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â -s·Î ³¡³¯Áö¶óµµ 's¸¸ ºÙ¿©¼ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ»
¸¸µë.
¨ëº¹ÇÕ¸í»ç³ª ÇϳªÀÇ ¾î±ºÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ¸»ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ 's¸¦
ºÙÀÓ. * father-in-law : ÀåÀÎ(º¹ÇÕ¸í»ç).
fathers-in-law :
ÀåÀεé. father-in-law's hat : ÀåÀÎÀÇ
¸ðÀÚ fathers-in-law's hat : ÀåÀεéÀÇ
¸ðÀÚµé. ¨ìµ¿°Ý¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î µÚ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿°Ý¸í»ç¿¡ 's¸¦
ºÙÀδÙ. * my friend John's wife. ¨í°¢ÀÚ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í
°øµ¿¼ÒÀ¯ * Tom's and Frank's books : º°°³ÀÇ
Ã¥. * Tom and Frank's books : Tom°ú Frank°¡
°øÀ¯Çϴ å. 18. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ¨ç¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Tom's book. ¨èÀúÀÚ,
¹ß¸íÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Shakespeare's Macbeth. ¨é»ç¿ë¸ñÀû¡¤´ë»ó Ç¥½Ã: a girl's high
school. ¨êÁÖ°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÁÖü) Ç¥½Ã. * My
daughter's death: ³» µþÀÇ Á×À½(£½ My daughter died. ÁÖ°Ý) *
Mother's love of children. * John's
success. ¨ë¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °Í) Ç¥½Ã. * My
daughter's education: ³» µþÀÇ ±³À°. (¸ñÀû°Ý
°ü°è) (£½Someone
educates my daughter) * Caesar's murderers =
those who murdered Caesar. * Shakespeare's admirers =
those who admire Shakespeare. 19. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç »ç¶÷ ¶Ç´Â µ¿¹°¿¡ ÇÑÇØ¼´Â
¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦ ¾´´Ù. ¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÌ ÀÇÀÎÈ µÈ °æ¿ì. *
Fortune's smile: ¿î¸íÀÇ ¹Ì¼Ò. * Nature's works : ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ
ÀÛǰ. ¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸í»ç. *
today's paper: ¿À´Ã ½Å¹®. tomorrow's
lesson: ³»ÀÏ ¼ö¾÷. * a day's journey
: ÀÏÀϰ£ÀÇ ¿©Çà. * five minutes's
walk: µµº¸·Î 5ºÐ°Å¸®. * ten miles' distance: 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ
°Å¸®. * a pound's weight: 1ÆÄ¿îµåÀÇ ¹«°Ô.
ten pound's weight. * a
dollar's worth of sugar. ¨ê µ¶¸³
¼ÒÀ¯°Ý ¨±¼ÒÀ¯°Ý('s) ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â house, shop, office, store,
place µîÀÇ °ø°ø °Ç¹°, »óÁ¡, Áý µîÀº
»ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. * My uncle's
(house) ¨²°°Àº ¸í»ç°¡ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÉ¶§ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý ´ÙÀ½¿¡
¿À´Â ¸í»ç´Â
»ý·«ÇÔ. * This book is my brother's
(book) ¨ë ÀÌÁß¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: a, an, this, these, that, these, some, any,
no, which, what, such, each, every µîÀº ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý°ú ÇÔ²²
³ª¶õÈ÷ ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø °í, Áï a, an, this¡¦ + ¸í»ç + of + ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»çÀÇ
ÇüÅ·Π½á¾ßÇÑ´Ù. * this my father's camera.
( X ) * this camera of my
father's. ( O ) ¨ì °ü¿ëÀû Ç¥Çö. * for
mercy's sake: Á¦¹ß. for conscience' sake: ¾ç½É»ó. *
at once wits'(wit's) end: ¾îÂîÇÒ¹Ù¸¦ ¸ô¶ó. 22. Cannot ¡
without * I cannot see this picture but I
am reminded of
him. never £½
I cannot see this picture without being reminded of
him. £½ Wherever I see this picture,
I am reminded of
him. Everytime £½
This picture always puts me in mind of
him. £½ This picture always reminds me of
him. 23. Á¢µÎ¾î ¨çÁ¢µÎ¾î in-, im-, -inter, intro-´Â ¸ðµÎ ¾È(Ò®)ÀÇ
¶æ.
¨è ex-, e-, out- ´Â ¹ÛÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
ή Þò (Article)
1. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç: ÀÚÀ½ ¾Õ a, ¸ðÀ½ ¾Õ an. 2. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç one(Çϳª)À» ¶æÇÒ
¶§. * We shall stay here a day or two. (ÇϷ糪
ÀÌÆ²) * They resigned their posts in a body.
(ÀϰýÀûÀ¸·Î) ¨è´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö. * A dog is a faithful
animal. ¨é A certain(¾î¶²)ÀÇ ¶æ. * A Mr.
John came to see you . ¡ÞIn a sense, It is true: ¾î¶²
Àǹ̷δ ¡ ¨ê The same(°°Àº)ÀÇ ¶æ. * Birds of a
feather flock together. * We are of an age.
(µ¿°©ÀÌ´Ù) of
a mind. (¸¶À½ÀÌ
°°´Ù) of
a humor.(¼ºÁúÀÌ °°´Ù) ¨ë per(¸¶´Ù)ÀÇ ¶æ. * I
write to her once a day. (ÇÏ·ç¿¡ Çѹø¾¿) ¨ì some(¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ, ¾à°£)ÀÇ
¶æ. * He was speechless for a time. (Çѵ¿¾È,
¾ó¸¶µ¿¾È). * He is industrious to a degree. (¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ) 3.
Á¤°ü»ç TheÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ¸í»ç°¡ ¹Ýº¹µÉ ¶§. * I met
a boy, and the boy showed me the way. ¨è¼ö½Ä¾î±¸(Çü¿ë»ç±¸, Çü¿ë»çÀý)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ
¶§. ¡Þ¹°Áú¡¤Ã߻󡤰íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª
¼ö½Ä ¾î±¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤, Á¦ÇÑÀÌ µÇ¸é Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * Water is changed into steam by
heat. * The water of this well is not
good to drink. (ÀÌ ¿ì¹°ÀÇ ¹°) ¨é¹®¸Æ»ó ÀüÈİü°è¸¦ ´©±¸³ª ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
°æ¿ì. * The post office is near the
station. ¨ê½Ã°£, ¼ö·®ÀÇ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§. * Sugar
is sold by the pound. ¡Þ¹°°ÇÀ» »ç°í ÆÈ ¶§ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº [by
the + ´ÜÀ§]¿Í °°ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the
»ç¿ë. * She rented the apartment by the
month. * They hired a man by the day.
(ÀÏ´çÀ¸·Î, ÇÏ·ç´ÜÀ§·Î).
¨ëÁ¾Á·´ëÇ¥. * The dog is a faithful
animal. ¨ì½Åü ÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÒ ¶§. * He caught me
by the hand. ¨íÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀϹ«ÀÌÇÑ °Í¿¡ »ç¿ë. * The
sun is much larger than the moon. * I wish to make a
journey round the world. * We are living in a busy
world. * English is a world language
now. ¡Þ World ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç busy°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, world°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§ ¿¡´Â the ´ë½Å "a"¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÔ. ¨îÃÖ»ó±Þ, ¼¼ö(first, second ¡¦), any, last, same ¾Õ¿¡¼
»ç¿ë. * Seoul is the largest city in
korea. * Egypt was the first country to become
civilized. * February is the second month of the
year. * You will need a second pair of
shoes. ¡Þsecond°¡ "µÎ¹øÂ°"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¼ø¼¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© a second¸¦
»ç¿ë. ¨ï±â°è, ¹ß¸íǰ, ¾Ç±â¸í. * The steam-engine
was invented by J.watt. * Does the lady play the
piano well?
¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸¿¡¼ * in the morning. in the
evening. in the sun(ÇÞºµ¿¡¼). * in the dark(¾îµÎ¿î
°÷¿¡¼). 4. ½ÅüÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý ¨ç catchÇüÀÇ
µ¿»ç. S + V + »ç¶÷ + by the
½ÅüÀϺκÐ. catch, seize, take, hold, grasp µîÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç by¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * He caught me by the
neck. ¨èstrike(Ä¡´Ù)ÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç S + V + »ç¶÷ + on
the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ. Ä¡´Ù, ¶§¸®´Ù ¶æÀÎ strike, hit, pat, tap, touch,
kiss µîÀÇ µ¿»ç. on the +
½ÅüÀϺÎ. * He struck me on the
ear. hit
on the head. ¨é look(º¸´Ù)ÇüÀÇ
µ¿»ç. S + V + »ç¶÷ + in the +
½ÅüÀϺÎ. * I looked him in the
eye. gazed
in the
face. stared
¨ê±âŸ. * He was short through the
head. * He embraced his mother round the
neck. * He chucked me under the
chin. ¡ÞºÙÀâ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â
by, Ä¡´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â
on, º¸´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â
inÀÌ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÊ. 5. °íÀ¯¸í»ç¿Í Á¤°ü»ç. ¨ç°, ¹Ù´Ù, ¼±¹Ú, ÇØÇù µîÀÇ
À̸§. * The Thames. The Han
River. ¨è¹Ýµµ, ±ºµµ, »ê¸ÆÀÇ À̸§. * The Korean
peninsula[p ninsjul ]: Çѹݵµ. ¨é¾î¶² ³ª¶óÀÇ À̸§À̳ª Áö¸í, ±¹¸íÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«°ü»çÀÌÁö¸¸
º¹¼ö³ª 'of ÇÑÁ¤±¸'°¡ ºÙÀ¸¸é the¸¦
¾´´Ù. * The United States of America. The
Netherlands. ¡Þ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸»ÇÒ ¶© English, Koreaó·³ °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸
language¸¦ ÇÔ²² ¾²¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã the¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¨ê°ü°ø¼, °ø°ø°Ç¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§. * The State
Department: ¹Ì±¹¹«¼º. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ¿ª, Ç×±¸, È£¼ö, ´Ù¸®, °øÇ×, °ø¿ø¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
the¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. * Seoul Station.
Pagoda Park. Pusan Harbor. Kimpo airport. ¨ëöµµ, ¿Â÷, Ç×°ø±â, ¹è,
½Å¹®, ÀâÁö, ÇÐȸÀÇ À̸§ ¾Õ¿¡. * The
Pullman(Ç®¸¸È£:öµµÀ̸§). * the Queen Mary. the Royal
Academy.(¿µ±¹¹Ì¼ú¿ø) ¨ìÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¼ºÁú Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§. *
The ambitious Caesar: ¾ß¸Á¿¡ Âù ½ÃÀÌÀú. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: honest, old,
young, poor, little µîÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ ¾² ÀÌ´Â
Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½. ¨í°íÀ¯¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÉ ¶§. (±¹¾î À̸§°ú ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¸»À» ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶§) * London is the capital of
English. * The London of the 19th.: 19¼¼±âÀÇ
·±´ø. * What is the German for the English
"flower"? 6. °ü»çÀÇ À§Ä¡ * so, as, too, how, however + Çü¿ë»ç +
ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç. * Such a work cannot be done in so short a
time. * He is as kind a boy as you are.
* such, half, rather, many, quite, what, whatever + ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç +
Çü¿ë»ç + ¸í»ç. * She is quite a good
painter. * He is rather an old man. *
all, double, both + Á¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç. * All the boys were
present. * I paid double the price for it. 7. °ü»çÀÇ
»ý·« ¨çÈ£°Ý, °¡Á·°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§. * Water, two cups
of coffee. * Father, may I go out?
* Father is looking for you,
John. ¨è½Ä»ç, Áúº´, ¿îµ¿, °èÀý, ÇаúÀÇ À̸§. * They
were having breakfast when I arrived. Because I have
a heavy breakfast. I have no
appetite. The breakfast I had
this morning was too
light. ¡Þ½Ä»ç¸í ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§ ½Ä»ç¸íÀÌ Çü¿ë»ç±¸³ª Àý·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ
¶§ ¿¡´Â °ü»ç¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * He is suffering from
fever. cancer. consumption.(Æó°áÇÙ) *
I have a headache.
(µÎÅë) a
toothache.
(Ä¡Åë) a
stomachache. (º¹Åë) ¡Þ ache°¡
µé¾î°¡´Â °¡º¿î º´¸í ¾Õ¿¡´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * They are playing
tennis. ¡Þ¿îµ¿¸íÀº °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Ç±â¸íÀº the¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * He majors in English
literature. * I major in the English literature of
the 20th. ¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç±¸(of-)·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â the¸¦
»ç¿ë. ¨é°üÁ÷, Īȣ, ½ÅºÐ + °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÏ ¶§. * Professor
Lee: ÀÌ ±³¼ö. ¡ÞĪȣ, ½ÅºÐ, °üÁ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸í»ç°¡ °íÀ¯¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§,
±×¸®°í Emperor, Empress, Zar´Â ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦
»ç¿ë. * The widow Smith: °úºÎ
½º¹Ì½º. * The Emperor Napoleon: ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë
ȲÁ¦. ¨ê°üÁ÷, ½ÅºÐ, Ç÷ÅëÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»ÀÌ Áְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§. Mr. Lee was appointed principal of our
school.(Áְݺ¸¾î) ¨ë a kind of ¡ , a sort of ¡ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡´Â
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. * He is
a kind of gentleman.
¨ì¦À» ÀÌ·ç´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¸í»ç°¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç ȤÀº Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áµÉ
¶§. * We are man and wife before
heaven. * Rich and poor celebrate New year's
day. ¡Þ the rich and the poor´Â [the +
Çü¿ë»ç]·Î¼ º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»çÀ̳ª and·Î
¿¬°áµÇ¾î the°¡ »ý·«µÊ. * father and son. body and soul.
arm in arm(ÆÈ¯À» ³¢°í). side by
side(³ª¶õÈ÷) ¨í°ø°ø°Ç¹°ÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. * I am
going to the school to see him. * School begins at 9
O'clock ¡ÞschoolÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÎ °øºÎ, ¼ö¾÷µîÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶©
°ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * in school: ÀçÇÐÁß
*
go to church: ¿¹¹èº¸·¯ °¡´Ù. * go to hospital: ÀÔ¿øÇÏ´Ù.
* go to prison: ¡¿ª»ìÀÌ
ÇÏ´Ù. * at church: ¿¹¹è Áß.
*
go to sea: ¼±¿øÀÌ µÇ´Ù. * go to bed: ÀáÀÚ¸®¿¡ µé´Ù.
* at table: ½Ä»ç
Áß. * at sea: Ç×ÇØ Áß. ¨î±³Åë, Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶§. * I came here by
steamer. by
tra
in. (£½in a
train) by
car. (£½in a car) * I informed him by
telephone. ¡Þ±³Åë¼ö´ÜÀ̳ª Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â [by +
±³Åë(Åë½Å)¼ö´Ü]ÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀ̸ç, by ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °ü»ç¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¨ï man ÀÌÀΰ£, ³²¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î womanÀÌ ¿©¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§. * Man is stronger than
woman. ¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. ¨ÍÀüÄ¡»ç +
¸í»ç. * in the
morning. * at noon
:
Á¤¿À¿¡. * in the afternoon.
*
at night :
¹ã¿¡. * in the evening.
*
at midnight : ÇѹãÁß¿¡. * in the
daytime.
*
at hand : °¡±îÀÌ¿¡, ¼Õ´ê´Â
°÷¿¡. * at dawn[d :n] : »õº®¿¡.
* in town
:
µµÈ¸Áö¿¡¼. * at daybreak : »õº®¿¡.
* in the country:
½Ã°ñ¿¡¼. ¨Îµ¿»ç
+ ¸í»ç. * take place :
ÀϾ´Ù, ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Ù. * lose sight of : ½Ã¾ß¿¡¼
³õÄ¡´Ù. * take the place of ¡ : ¡À» ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Ù.
* keep house : »ì¸²À»
ÇÏ´Ù. * take part in : ¡¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Ù.
* take hold of : Àâ´Ù,
Áã´Ù. * take cold :
°¨±âµé´Ù. 8. °ü»çÀÇ »ý·«°ú
¹Ýº¹ * A poet and statesman is dead. (°ü»ç»ý·«; µ¿ÀÏÀÎ
1¸í) * A poet and a statesman are dead. (°ü»çÀÖÀ½;
2¸í) ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ºÒ°¡ºÐÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â µÎ»ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ and ´ÙÀ½¿¡
°ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í ù ¸í»ç¿¡¸¸ °ü»ç¸¦
ºÙÀδÙ. * The king and Queen. a
doctor and nurse. a cup and
saucer. a watch and
chain. a knife and fork. a needle and thread. 9. Ư¼öÇÑ
Çü¿ë»ç ¨ç father * fatherly: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ,
¾Æ¹öÁö °°Àº. * paternal[p t :n l]: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ,
ºÎ°èÀÇ. * paternal care : ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ º¸»ìÇË.
* fatherly love : ºÎ¼º¾Ö. ¨è
mother * motherly: ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Ù¿î. *
maternal[m d :n l]: ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ. * maternal instincts:
¸ð¼ºº»´É. ¨é sun * solar:
žçÀÇ. * sunny:
ÇÞºµÀÌ Àßµå´Â, ¾çÁö¹Ù¸¥. ¨ê moon *
lunar[lu:n ]: ´ÞÀÇ. ¨ë sea *
marine[m ri:n]: ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ, ¼±¹ÚÀÇ, ÇØ±ºÀÇ. ¨ì
see * visible: º¸ÀÌ´Â, º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. ¡Á
invisible: º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â. ¨í hear *
audible: µé¸®´Â, ûÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. ¡Á inaudible: µé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â. ¨î
eat * eatable[i:t bl]: ¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.
* edible[edibl]: ¸Ô±â¿¡ ÁÁÀº, µ¶¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â. ¨ï
carry * portable: ÈÞ´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, À̵¿
°¡´ÉÇÑ. ¨ð town * urban[ : b n]:
µµ½ÃÀÇ. µµ½Ã¿¡ ÀÖ´Â. ¡Á country ¡æ rural[ru r l]: ½Ã°ñÀÇ. ¨ð
read * readable: Àб⠽¬¿î. ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. *
legible : Àϱ⠽¬¿î. 10. Á¦°Å¡¤¹ÚÅ»µ¿»ç rob + ´ë»óÀÚ + of +
¹°°Ç. deprive A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦
°Å»ÇÏ´Ù. ¡ÞÂü°í: He stole my watch from
me. £½ I
had my watch stolen. (have + ¹°°Ç +
p¡¤p) £½
My watch was
stolen. (¹°°ÇÀÌ
ÁÖ¾îÀÎ °æ¿ì be stolenÀ»»ç¿ë) ¡Þ be stolenÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â µµµÏ´çÇÑ ±× ¹°°Ç ÀÚüÀ̸ç,
be robbed of ¡ ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â
»ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. * strip A of B:
A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦ ¹þ±â´Ù, ¸ô¼öÇÏ´Ù. * clear
A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦ Ä¡¿ì´Ù,
Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù. * cure A of
B: A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦ Ä¡·áÇÏ´Ù, Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù. * relieve A
of B: A·ÎºÎÅÍ B¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù, ÈÉÄ¡´Ù. 11. Not ¡ till (until) *
I did not know the fact, till(until) the next
morning. = It was not till the next
morning that I knew the fact. = Not till
the next morning did I know the fact. =
Only after the next morning did I know the fact. *
not A till B: BÇÏ°í ³ª¼¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò AÇÏ´Ù. ¡Þ nott till the next
morningÀ» ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡½ÃŰ¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î +
º»µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüÅÂ·Î ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. 12. cannot but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç ; ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù
* I cannot but
laugh. = I cannot choose but laugh.
(cannot choose but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç) = I cannot
help laughing. (cannot help +
¡ing) avoid
avoid =
I cannot keep from laughing.(cannot keep from +
¡ing) = I have no choice but to
laugh. = I have no alternative but
laugh. = Nothing remains but to
laugh. = There is nothing for it but to
laugh. = How can I help laughing?
Çü¿ë»ç(Adjective) ¥°
1. ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý: Çü¿ë»ç°¡ Á÷Á¢ ¸í»ç ¾Õ ¶Ç´Â µÚ¿¡¼ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ¿ë¹ý. * I found an
empty box. * He was awake all the night.
(2Çü½Ä) * I found the cage empty.(¼¼ú¿ë¹ý;
5Çü½Ä) * I found the empty cage.
(ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý) ¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç°¡ Áְݺ¸¾î³ª ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Çü¿ë»çÀÇ
¼¼úÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. ¡ÞÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â
Çü¿ë»ç * an inner pocket :
¾ÈÁÖ¸Ó´Ï. * a
woolen goods : ¸ðÁ÷¹°. * the
outer world : ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°è.
* a woolen box
: ³ª¹«»óÀÚ. * the
former case : ÀüÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì. * a golden
saying : ±Ý¾ð. * the upper lip
: ÀÀÔ¼ú.
* a lone
traveller : ¿Ü·Î¿î ³ª±×³×. * drunken, elder,
former, latter, only, inner, outer,
lone, mere, sheer, upper,
utmost, utter, very, wooden, sole, this, that, etc. ¡Þ
He is a drunken man. He is
drunk. ¢¡ drunkenÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²À̰í,
drunk´Â ¼¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÓ. 2. ¼¼ú¿ë¹ý
¡Þ¼¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â
Çü¿ë»ç. a-·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ Çü¿ë»ç: afraid, awake, alone,
asleep, ashamed, aware µî°ú fond, content,
unable, worth µîÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¼¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ »ç¿ëµÊ. * I am
afraid of death. ¡Þ be fond
of¡ : ¡À» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Ù. * be ashamed of¡ : ¡À»
ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÏ´Ù. * be aware of¡
: ¡À» ¾Ë´Ù. * be afraid of¡ : ¡À»
µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Ù. * The bird is still
alive. ¡Þ live´Â µ¿»ç [liv]·Î¼ "»ì´Ù"À̳ª Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²À̸é
[laiv]·Î ¹ß À½, "»ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â",
"Ȱ±âÀÖ´Â"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡ ¾²ÀÓ.
living ¿ª½Ã »ì¾ÆÀÖ´ÂÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î
ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡ ¾²ÀÓ. * The baby is sound asleep. (ºÎ»ç,
'±íÀÌ') 3. ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý°ú ¼¼ú¿ë¹ýÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ¶æÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁö´Â ´Ü¾î * a certain
lady.(¾î¶²ºÎÀÎ), It is quite certain. (È®½ÇÇÑ) * Brown is
late.(´Ê´Ù) , the late Brown.(ͺ Brown) * He is the
present king. (ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý; ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿Õ) * The king was present.
(¼¼ú¿ë¹ý; Âü¼®ÇÏ´Ù) ¡Þ¼¼ú¿ë¹ýÀº Áְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î, ¸í»ç µÚ¿¡¼
ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý µî ¼¼°¡Áö·Î ¾²ÀÓ. * her late husband : ͺìÑÀ̵È
³²Æí. * the late king :
à»èÝ. * right : ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸é
"¿À¸¥ÂÊÀÇ" ¼¼ú¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î
¾²À̸é "¿Ã¹Ù¸¥" 4. Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ÈÄÀ§¼ö½Ä ¨çµÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¸í»ç
¼ö½Ä. * She is a lady beautiful kind and
rich. ¨èÇü¿ë»ç°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¿ä¼Ò¿Í °áÇÕµÇ¾î ±æ¾îÁú ¶§. * This
is a useful dictionary. * I have a dictionary useful
for children. (Çü¿ë»ç±¸) ¨é -thing, -body¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç´Â
ÈÄÀ§¼ö½Ä. * Please give me something
hot. ¨ê -able, -ible·Î ³¡³ª´Â Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ÃÖ»ó±Þ all, every ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÒ
¶§. * I have tired every means
possible. * This is the best method
conceivable. ¨ë¼¼ú¿ë¹ýÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¸í»ç ¼ö½Ä. * He
is the greatest poet alive. ¡ÞÇü¿ë»çÀýÀÇ who is, which°¡ »ý·«µÈ
Çü½Ä. a boy (who is) ten years
old. the latter (which is) written in
English.
¨ì°ü¿ë¾î±¸. * from time immemorial: ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ.
* the sum total :
ÇÕ°è, ÃѰè. * Asia Minor
: ¼Ò¾Æ½Ã¾Æ.
* the authorities concerned:
°ü°è´ç±¹. * God almighty
: Àü´ÉÀÇ ½Å. * a poet
laureate : °è°ü½ÃÀÎ. 5. Çü¿ë»çÀÇ
¾î¼ø. +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+ |
1 | 2 |
3 | 4 |
5 | 6 |
7 |
8 | +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+ |°ü»çµî |¼¼ö |
񃬔 |
¼ºÁú |´ë¼Ò |»óÅÂ,»ö |½Å,±¸Àç·á |¼Ò¼Ó | +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+ |
a, an | first | one |
heavy | large |
white |
new |
American | +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+ |
the | second| two |
valuable | small | yellow|
old |
Swiss | +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+ |
these | last |
several | | |
black |
wooden | | +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+ *
My first new salary is spent. 6. the + Çü¿ë»ç (¶Ç´Â p.p.)ÀÇ
¿ë¹ý ¨çº¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç * The rich have troubles as
well as the poor. ¨è´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç * The
deceased was a very up right statesman. ¡Þ the
deceased: ͺìÑ. the accused :
ÇǰíÀÎ. the dead :
Á×Àº ÀÚ µîÀº ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç·Î ´Ü¼ö
Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù. ¨éÃß»ó¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. * The good and the
beautiful do not always go together. (¼±°ú
¹Ì°¡ Ç×»ó º´ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.) 7. ¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÃëÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç
* This book is worth reading. * It is worth while
to read this book. * My house is near the lake. *
They are opposite each other. * They are very like each
other. ¡ÞÀ̵éÀ» ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ½. 8. ¼ö·®Çü¿ë»ç Many,
Much * Many a student has repeated the same
mistake. = Many students have repeated the same
mistake. ¡Þ many a + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç´Â º¹¼öÀÇ ÀǹÌÁö¸¸ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç¸¦
»ç¿ë. ¡Þ much + º¹¼ö¸í»ç´Â º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ë. * Much a
time did I warn him, but to no purpose. ¡Þ many a
timeÀº many a times¿Í °°Àº ÀǹÌÀ̸ç, ºÎ»ç±¸ÀÎ
many a timeÀº ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î 'Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î
+ º»µ¿»ç'ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π»ç¿ë. * a
good many --+ a great
many | a
great number of | + º¹¼ö¸í»ç a large
number of | "¸¹Àº", "¼ö¸¹Àº", {¼ö}¿¡
¾²ÀÓ. a multitude
of -+ ¡ÞI have a
good many things to do today. A large
number of people visit the historic site. * a good deal
of --+ + ¹°Áú¡¤Ãß»ó¸í»ç a
great deal of --+ : ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ, »ó´çÇÑ
¾çÀÇ. ¡ÞHe has had to spend a good deal of money on
medicines. * a lot
of --+ lots
of | + º¹¼ö ¶Ç´Â ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç (a)
plenty of --+ : ¸¹Àº, ¼ö¸¹Àº.
{¼ö ¶Ç´Â ¾ç}¿¡ ¾²ÀÓ. ¡ÞShe spend a lot of money on
clothes. * as many: °°Àº Á¤µµÀÇ ¼ö. µ¿¼öÀÇ. as
much: °°Àº Á¤µµÀÇ ¾ç, µ¿·®ÀÇ. * like so many: °°Àº ¼öÀÇ
¡Ã³·³. like so much: °°Àº ¾çÀÇ
¡Ã³·³. ¡ÞHe made ten mistakes in as many lines. (as many
= ten) (±×´Â ¿ ÁÙ¿¡¼ ¿°³ÀÇ À߸øÀ»
ÀúÁú·¶´Ù.) There were five accidents in as
many days. (as many = five) (5ÀÏ µ¿¾È¿¡ 5°ÇÀÇ
»ç°í°¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù.) She was respected, and her
husband as much despised. (±×³à´Â Á¸°æÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥,
³²ÆíÀº ±×¸¸Å ¸ê½Ã¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.)
He drank two bottles of beer and as much
wine. (±×´Â ¸ÆÁÖ µÎº´°ú Æ÷µµÁÖ µÎº´À»
¸¶¼Ì´Ù.) They worked like so many
ants. (±×µéÀº °³¹Ì ¶¼Ã³·³
ÀÏÇß´Ù.) The wooden houses flamed up like so
many match-boxes. (¸ñÁ¶ °Ç¹°µéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ¼º³É°©Ã³·³ ºÒ±æÀÌ
Ÿ¿Ã¶ú´Ù.) * not so much A as B = not A so much as B = less A than
B = B rather than A = A¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á
BÀÌ´Ù. ¡ÞHe is not so much a scholar as a
statesman. = He is not a scholar so much
as a statesman. = He is a statesman
rather than a scholar. * not so much as = not even = ¡Á¶Â÷µµ
¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¡ÞShe can not so much as write her own
name. = She can not even write her own
name. * not much = ³Ê¹« ¡Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¡ÞHe is
not much of a scholar.(±×´Â ´ë´ÜÇÑ ÇÐÀÚ´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.) I
do not see much of him. (³ª´Â ±×¸¦ ÀÚÁÖ ¸¸³ªÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.) * without so much as
= without even = ¡Á¶Â÷µµ ¾øÀÌ. ¡ÞHe left without so much as
saying goodbye to me. 9. ¼ö·®Çü¿ë»ç Few, Little * few, a few: ¼ö Ç¥½Ã¿¡
»ç¿ë. few : °ÅÀǾø´Â, º°·Î¾ø´Â; ºÎÁ¤À»
³ªÅ¸³¿. a few: Á¶±ÝÀÖ´Â; ±àÁ¤ÀÇ ±âºÐÀ»
³ªÅ¸³¿. ¡ÞHe has few fiends. (°ÅÀÇ
¾ø´Ù.) He has a few fiends.
(¾à°£ÀÖ´Ù.) * little, a little: ¸ðµÎ ¾ç Ç¥½Ã¿¡
»ç¿ë. little : º°·Î¾ø´Â; ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ
±âºÐ. a little: ¾à°£ÀÖ´Â; ±àÁ¤ÀÇ
±âºÐ. ¡ÞI have a little money with me.
(¾à°£ÀÖ´Ù.) I have little money with me. (°ÅÀÇ
¾ø´Ù.) * not a few = quite a few = no few = a good many =
many = »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº. {¼ö}¿¡
»ç¿ë. ¡ÞThere are not a few such men. *
only a few = but few = ¾à°£. ¡ÞHe has only a few
friends. * the little ¡ÞI did the
little (what little) I could.(³ª´Â ¹Ì·ÂÀ̳ª¸¶ Àü·ÂÀ»
´ÙÇß´Ù.) ¡âthe littleÀº µÚ¿¡ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¿À¹Ç·Î the°¡
ºÙ´Â´Ù.
* not a little = quite a little = no little = much = ²Ï ¸¹Àº.
{¾ç}¿¡ »ç¿ë. ¡ÞIt has caused me not a little
anxiety. (not a little = considerable) * I little dreamed that I
should never see him again. = Little did I dream that
I should never see him again. (³»°¡ ±×¸¦ ´Ù½Ã´Â
º¸Áö ¸øÇϸ®¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ²Þ¿¡µµ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.) ¡ÞlittleÀÌ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é little +
Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüÅÂ. * He little knows that the police are about
to arrest him. = Little does he know that the police
are about to arrest him. (°æÂûÀÌ Ã¼·ÎÇÏ·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» ±×´Â ÀüÇô ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù.) ¡ÞlittleÀÌ know, think,
imagine, guess suspect, realize
µîÀÇ µ¿»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¾²¿©¼ [ÀüÇô ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº(not
at all)]ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀδÙ. * little better than = as good as = ¡°ú °ÅÀÇ
°°Àº. ¡ÞHe is little better than
beggar. * little short of = almost ¡ÞIt
is little short of a miracle. (±×°ÍÀº ±âÀûÀ̳ª ´Ù¸§¾ø´Ù.)
10. ¼ö»ç ¨ç five hundred / five thousand / five
millions. hundreds of people / five million
inhabitants. ¡Þhundred, thousand´Â º¹¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸³ª
millionÀº º¹¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.(¹Ì¾î¡¿) ¡âhundred
(thousand) of = ¸¹Àº, millionÀ» Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾µ ¶§´Â ´Ü¼ö. ¨è $ 2,358 = two
thousand three hundred and fifty-eight
dollars. ¡Þhundred ´ÙÀ½¿¡ and¸¦ ³Ö¾î
Àд´Ù. * (the year) 1981 = nineteen
eighty-one. ¡Þ3021ó·³ 100 ´ÜÀ§°¡ ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â three
thousand and twenty-oneÀ¸·Î Àд´Ù. ¡Þ¿¬´ë´Â µÑ¾¿ ³ª´©¾î
Àд´Ù. 1990: nineteen
hundred. 1801: eighteen
hundred and one. (or eighteen one) * (at) 7: 55 ¢ã =
seven fifty-five [/ei/em] * a girl in her
teens ¨é He was the first president of the
university. Do it a second time. (a second time
= again) Two-thirds of the apples were
bad. Two-thirds of the land
was uncultivated. ¡Þ¼¼ö»ç: ¼¼ö»ç¿¡´Â the¸¦
ºÙÀÓ. first, second, third Àܴ̿ ±â¼ö»ç¿¡
-th¸¦ ºÙ¿© ¼¼ö»ç¸¦ ¸¸µë. ¡âöÀÚ¿¡ ÁÖÀÇ: fifth,
eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, fourteenth,
fortieth. ¡âNapoleon ¥² = Napoleon
the Third. World War ¥±
= World War Two ȤÀº the Second World
War. a third world
war. ¡âºÐ¼öÀбâ. (ºÐÀÚ´Â ±â¼ö, ºÐ¸ð´Â
¼¼ö) ¨ö = a half (or one
half), ¨ø = two thirds,
¨÷ = one third. 4 2/7 =
four and two sevenths. ¡âºÐ¼öÀÇ ¼ö´Â ±× µÚÀÇ
¸»¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤µÊ. ¡âone and a half´Â ´Ü¼ö·Î
¹Þ´Â´Ù. ¡â2.34 = two point three
four. ¨ê I had to pay double the usual
price. * He has twice as much money as I
have. * This is three times as large as
that. = This is three times the
size of that.
11.
°íÀ¯Çü¿ë»ç +---------+----------+------------+-------------+------------+ |
±¹ ¸í |°íÀ¯Çü¿ë»ç|±¹¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷ |
±¹¹ÎÀÇ º¹¼ö | ±¹¹Î
Àüü | +---------+----------+------------+-------------+------------+ |
England |
English |
Englishman | Englishmen |
English | |
France |
French |
Frenchman |
Frenchmen |
French | |
China |
Chinese |
Chinese |
Chinese |
Chinese | |
Korea |
Korean |
Korean |
Koreans |
Koreans | |
America |
American | American |
Americans |
Americans | |
Germany |
German |
German |
Germans |
| Italy |
Italian |
Italian |
Italians |
Italians | |
Spain |
Spanish | Spaniard
|
Spaniards |
Spanish | +---------+----------+------------+-------------+------------+ ¡Þ±¹¹Î
ÇÑ »ç¶÷: a, an. ±¹¹Î Àüü: the. 12. È¥µ¿Çϱ⠽¬¿î Çü¿ë»ç * comparative :
ºñ±³ÀÇ, ºñ±³»óÀÇ. comparable : ¡¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â, ¡°ú ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â. * continual : °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ, ¹ø¹øÀÌ
ÀϾ´Â. continuous : ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ. *
considerable: ¸¹Àº, »ó´çÇÑ. considerate : µ¿Á¤½É ¸¹Àº,
»ç·Á±íÀº. considering : ¡À» °í·ÁÇϸé, ¡¿¡ ºñÇØ. *
credible [kred bl] : ½Å¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â. credulous[kredjul s] : Àß ¼Ó´Â, Àß
¹Ï´Â. * desirable[dizai r bl]: ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ, È£°¨ÀÌ
°¡´Â. desirous [dizai r s] : ¿øÇÏ´Â. *
economic : °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ, °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ,
°æÁ¦ÀÇ. economical : Àý¾àÇÏ´Â, ³¶ºñÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â. * healthy : °Ç°ÇÑ,
°ÇÀåÇÑ. healthful : °Ç°¿¡ ÁÁÀº. *
historic : ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÑ,
¿ª»çÀûÀÎ. historical : ¿ª»ç¿¡ °üÇÑ. *
industrious : ±Ù¸éÇÑ. industrial : »ê¾÷ÀÇ,
°ø¾÷ÀÇ. * imaginative : »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ
dzºÎÇÑ. imaginary : °¡»óÀûÀÎ,
ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀÎ. imaginable : »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. *
momentous : Áß´ëÇÑ. momentary :
¼ø°£ÀûÀÎ. * literal : ¹®ÀÚÀÇ, ±ÛÀÚÀÇ, ¿ø¹®¿¡
Ãæ½ÇÇÑ. literary : ¹®ÇÐÀÇ,
ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ. literate : ÇнÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Â. (¡Á
illiterate; ¹®¸ÍÀÇ) * luxurious[l g u ri s] : »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î,
ȣȽº·¯¿î. luxuriant[l g u ri nt]: ¹ø¼ºÇÑ, dzºÎÇÑ,
¹«¼ºÇÑ. * memorable :
±â¾ïÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ. memorial : ±â³äÀÇ, ±â³äÀÌ
µÇ´Â. * practical : ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ, ½ÇõÀûÀÎ,
½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ. practicable : »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ½ÇõÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â. * sensible : ºÐº°ÀÖ´Â, Çö¸íÇÑ, ±ú´Ý°í
ÀÖ´Â. sensitive : ¹Î°¨ÇÑ, ¼¶¼¼ÇÑ, »óÇϱâ
½¬¿î. * respectable : Á¸°æÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ,
ÈǸ¢ÇÑ. respectful : °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÏ´Â,
°ø¼ÕÇÑ. ¡Þ '¸í»ç + ly'°¡ ºÎ»ç ¾Æ´Ñ Çü¿ë»çÇüÀÎ °Í. *
likely : ±×·²µíÇÑ, ÀÖÀ½Á÷ÇÑ, ¡ÇÒ °Í °°Àº. *
timely : ¶§¿¡ ¾Ë¸ÂÀº. * orderly
: Á¤µ·µÈ, ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ, ±ÔÀ²ÀÖ´Â. * lovely
: »ç¶û½º·¯¿î, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î. * cowardly
: °Ì¸¹Àº, ºñ°ÌÇÑ. * bodily
: ¸öÀÇ, ½ÅüÀÇ. * friendly
: Ä£±¸´Ù¿î, ¿ìÈ£ÀûÀÎ, Ä£ÀýÇÑ. * daily
: ¸ÅÀÏÀÇ, ³ª³¯ÀÇ, (ºÎ) ¸ÅÀÏ,
³¯¸¶´Ù. * monthly : ¸Å´ÞÀÇ, ¿ù 1ȸÀÇ (ºÎ) ¸Å´Þ,
´Þ¸¶´Ù. * motherly : ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ, ¸ðÄ£ÀÇ. *
fatherly : ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ. ¡ÞÁ÷À¯ 'as ¡ as' ÀÇ
ÇüÅ * as white as snow : ´«Ã³·³ ÇϾá. * as blind as bat
: ¹ÚÁãó·³ ´«ÀÌ ¸Õ. * as poor as a church mouse: ±³È¸ »ý¾ÓÁãó·³ °¡³ÇÑ.
Çü¿ë»ç(Adjective)
¥±
1. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¨çÀÏÀ½Àý¾î. * tall - taller
- tallest. * long - longer -
longest. ¡Þ´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ´ÜÀÚÀ½ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ÀÚÀ½À» Çϳª ´õ ¾²°í -er, -est¸¦
ºÙÀÓ. * big - bigger -
biggest. ¨è -le, -ly, -some, -ow, -er µîÀÇ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â
2À½Àý¾î. * able - abler -
ablest. * early - earlier - eariest. ¨é
More, Most. : 3À½Àý ÀÌ»óÀÇ Çü¿ë»çÀÎ beautiful, diligent,
interesting µî°ú 2À½ Àý¾î·Î¼ ¾î¹Ì°¡ -ful, -able, -less,
-ous, -ive, -ing µîÀ¸·Î ³¡³ª ´Â ´Ü¾î´Â more, most¸¦ ºÙ¿©¼
ºñ±³±Þ°ú ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀ» ¸¸µë. ¡Þº¹ÇÕÇü¿ë»çÀÎ well-know, fine-looking µîÀº 3À½Àý
ÀÌ»óÀÏÁö¶óµµ more, most¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ¼¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â
Çü¿ë»çÀÎ afraid, fond, alive, alone, aware µîÀº
À½Àý¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ more, most¸¦
»ç¿ë ÇÑ´Ù. ¡Þ
well-know - better-known -
best-known. fine-looking
- finer-looking - finest-looking: Àß»ý±ä. 2. ºÒ±ÔÄ¢º¯È
* good (well) - better - best. * bad (ill)
- worse - worst. * many (much) -
more - most. * little
- less -
least. * old - older - oldest
: ³ªÀ̸ÔÀº,
´ÄÀº. elder
- eldest : ¿¬»óÀÇ.(Ç÷¿¬°ü°èÀÇ ÀåÀ¯ÀÇ
¼ø¼) ¡ÞHe is three years older than
I. He is my elder
brother. * late - later - latest :
´ÊÀº, ³ªÁßÀÇ. (½Ã°£Àû
°³³ä) -
latter - last : ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÇ. (¼ø¼Àû
°³³ä) ¡Þthe latest news.(ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¼Ò½Ä), the last
news.(¸¶Áö¸· ¼Ò½Ä) * far - farther - farthest: ¸Õ.
(°Å¸®Àû °³³ä) -
further - furthest: ¸Õ. (Á¤µµÀû °³³ä) ¡ÞAs I was
very tired, I could not walk any
farther. (³»°¡ ¸Å¿ì ÇǰïÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ³ª´Â
´õÀÌ»ó °ÉÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.) We must get
further information. (¿ì¸®´Â ´õ
¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀÔ¼öÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.)
3. ¶óƾ¾î ºñ±³±Þ : ¾î¹Ì°¡ -orÀÎ Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ºñ±³±ÞÀº than ´ë½Å¿¡ to¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸç, ÀÌ
¶§ to´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç "to + ¸ñÀû°Ý", Áï superior, inferior,
senior, junior, exterior, interior, anterior,
posterior, major, minor µîÀ¸·Î
»ç¿ë ÇÑ´Ù. ¡ÞHe is three
years senior to me. He is my senior by
three years. 4. ¿ø±Þ * as ¡ as :
µ¿µîºñ±³. * not so ¡ as: ¿µîºñ±³. ¡ÞShe is as
tall as Tom. She is not so tall as
Tom. * She is as kind as Tom. She is
as like as beautiful. ¡Þµ¿ÀÏÀÎÀÇ µÎ°¡Áö¸éÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¶© as A as BÀÇ
Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î 'BÇÏ·Á´Ï¿Í AÇÏ ´Ù'¿Í °°ÀÌ
¹ø¿ª. * He is as poor as (poor) can
be. = He is as poor as
anything. ¡Þ as A as (A) can be, as A as anything:
´õÇÒ³ªÀ§ ¾øÀÌ, ±Øµµ·Î A ÇÏ´Â. * He walked as fast as
possible. = He walked as fast as he
could. ¡Þ as A as possible, as A as one can : µÉ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ
AÇÏ°Ô * He was as brave as any man in the
world. He is as great a statesman as ever
lived. ¡Þ as ¡ as any + ¸í»ç : ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¸øÁö ¾Ê°Ô
¡ÇÑ ¡Þ as ¡ as ever + °ú°Åµ¿»ç : Áö±Ý±îÁö ¡ÇÑ,(ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ
¶æ) ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ
¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô ¡ÇÑ 5. ºñ±³±Þ ¨ç¿ìµîºñ±³ * He is five
inches taller than Mary. * This is much bigger than
that. (À̰ÍÀº ±×°Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ Å©´Ù.) ¡Þmuch, still,
even, (by) far µîÀÌ ºñ±³±Þ°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²¿©¼
ºñ±³±ÞÀ» °Á¶Çϸç 'ÈξÀ, ÇÑÃþ'ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î
¾²ÀδÙ. ¨èÀý´ëºñ±³: ºñ±³ÀÇ »ó´ë¾øÀÌ ºñ±³±ÞÀ» ¾²´Â °æ¿ì. * the
younger generation. (ÀþÀº ¼¼´ë) * the higher classes.
(»ó·ù°è±Þ) * higher education.
(°íµî±³À°) * The greater part of the students are
teen-agers. (ÇлýµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº
10´ëµéÀÌ´Ù.) * Her upper teen have to be pulled. (±×³à´Â ¿ô´Ï¸¦
»©¾ßÇÑ´Ù.)
¨é¿µîºñ±³. * Mary is less tall than
Tom. = Mary is not so tall as Tom. 6.
µ¿ÀÏÀÎ, µ¿ÀÏÀι°ÀÇ ºñ±³ ¡Þ°°Àº »ç¶÷(µ¿ÀÏÀÎ) ¶Ç´Â °°Àº ¹°°ÇÀÇ ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¼ºÁúÀ» ºñ±³ÇÒ
¶§´Â À½Àý¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ more + ¿ø±Þ + thanÀÇ ÇüŸ¦
¾´´Ù. * He is cleverer than his
brother. * He is more clever than honest. (=
rather) 7. the + ºñ±³±Þ : ºñ±³±Þ ¾Õ¿¡´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö
¾ÊÁö¸¸ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °æ ¿ì¿£ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¨ç of A and B ¶Ç´Â of the two µîÀÇ ±¸°¡ ÀÖÀ»
¶§. * Tom is the taller of the
two. ¨è¿øÀÎÀ̳ª ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ºÎ»ç±¸ ¶Ç´Â ºÎ»çÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ»
°æ¿ì. * He worked the harder, because his master
praised him. ¨é the + ºñ±³±Þ ..... the + ºñ±³±Þ
...... * The more one has, the more wants. 8.
ºÎÁ¤±¸¹® ¨ç A is no more B than C is
D = A is not B any more than C is
D = A is not B just as C is not
D = A°¡ B°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀº C°¡ D°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °Í°ú °°´Ù.
(¾çÀÚºÎÁ¤) ¡ÞA whale is no more a fish than a
horse is. = A whale is not a
fish any more than a horse is (a fish). ¨è A is no less B than C
is D = C°¡ DÀÎ °Í°ú ¸¸Âù°¡Áö·Î A°¡ BÀÌ´Ù.
(¾çÀÚ±àÁ¤) * He is no less guilty as you
are. = He is as much guilty as you
are. (³×°¡ Á˰¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ±×µµ
Á˰¡ ÀÖ´Ù.) * He was no less a person than the
president. (±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ù·Î ´ëÅë·É
ÀÚ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù.) ¡Þno less a person than ¡ : ´Ù¸§¾Æ´Ñ
¹Ù·Î ¡ÀÎ. ¨é not ¡ more than ¡¦ : ÀÌ»óÀº ¡ÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. not ¡ less than ¡¦ : ¡º¸´Ù ´ú ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ¡¿¡
¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô ¡ÇÏ´Ù. * He is not more diligent than you
are. * Light is not less necessary than fresh air to
health. (ºûÀº ½Å¼±ÇÑ °ø±â ¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô °Ç°¿¡
ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.) ¨ê no more than = only : °Ü¿ì,
´ÜÁö. no less than = as many as = as much as :
¡¸¸ÅÀ̳ª.
not more than = at most :
±â²¯Çؾß. not less than = at least :
Àû¾îµµ. * He has no more than 10,000 won.(±×´Â °Ü¿ì ¸¸¿ø¹Û¿¡
¾ø´Ù.) He has no less than 10,000 won.(±×´Â
¸¸¿øÀ̳ª °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.) * I have not more than three hundred
books. (³ª´Â ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß 300±ÇÀÇ Ã¥À» °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ´Ù.) * I have not less than three hundred
books. (³ª´Â Àû¾îµµ 300±ÇÀÇ Ã¥À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.) 9.
ÃÖ»ó±Þ * She is the most diligent (girl) of our classmates. (= in
our class) * He is the tallest of all his
classmates. ¡ÞÃÖ»ó±Þ ¾Õ¿¡´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ ¾µ °Í. of ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â
º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç¸¦, in ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç¸¦ ¾µ
°Í. * The boy studies hardest of them all. * He
runs fastest of all. ¡ÞÇü¿ë»çÀÇ ÃÖ»ó±Þ ¾Õ¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ë, ºÎ»çÀÇ ÃÖ»ó±Þ¿¡´Â
the¸¦ »ç¿ëÄ¡ ¾ÊÀ½. * She is by far the tallest player in the
team. ¡ÞÃÖ»ó±ÞÀ» °Á¶ÇÒ ¶© by far¸¦ »ç¿ë. *
Àý´ëÃÖ»ó±Þ ¡ÞThis is a most interesting book to
me. ¡âa most = a
very. most people: ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé.
the most: °¡Àå ¡ÇÑ. at
best: ±â²¯Çؾß. at most: ¸¹¾Æ¾ß. * He is the last man to
tell a lie. (±×´Â °ÅÁþ¸» ÇÒ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Àý´ë ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.)
10. ¹«°ü»ç ÃÖ»ó±Þ ¨çÁ¤°ü»ç°¡ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ¸·Î ´ëüµÇ´Â
°æ¿ì. * It is his greatest pleasure to read
novels. ¨èµ¿ÀÏÀÎ, µ¿ÀϹ°ÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀ» ºñ±³ÇÒ ¶§. * This
river is deepest at this point. ¨éºÎ»çÀÇ
ÃÖ»ó±Þ. * He always works hardest in the office. 11.
ºñ±³¹®Àå Àüȯ * Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ»
³×°¡Áö·Î ´Þ¸® ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¡ÞNo
(other) mountain in the world is so high as Mt.
Everest. (ºÎÁ¤ÁÖ¾î + so + ¿ø±Þ + as ¡
) No (other) mountain in the world is
higher than Mt. Everest. (ºÎÁ¤ÁÖ¾î + ºñ±³±Þ +
than ¡ ) Mt. Everest is higher than any
other mountain in the world. (ÁÖ¾î + ºñ±³±Þ +
than any other + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç) Mt. Everest is the
highest of all the mountain in the
world. (ÁÖ¾î + ÃÖ»ó±Þ + of all (the) +
º¹¼ö¸í»ç)
ºÎ»ç(Adverb)
1. ºÎ»çÀÇ ÇüÅ ¨çºÎ»ç: Çü¿ë»ç + ly. * Çü¿ë»ç +
ly: slow ¡æ
slowly. careful
¡æ carefully. * -y + ly = ily - happy ¡æ
happily. * le + ly = ly - possible ¡æ
possibly. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: sole ¡æ
solely. whole
¡æ wholly. * -ue + ly = uly , true ¡æ truly, due ¡æ
duly. * -ll + ly = -lly, full ¡æ
fully. * -ic + ly = ically , dramatic ¡æ
dramatically. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: public ¡æ
publicly. ¨èÇü¿ë»ç¿Í °°Àº ÇüÅÂÀÇ ºÎ»ç. early,
long, hard, enough, hear, well, ill, far µî... * I get
up early in the morning. (ºÎ»ç) * The early bird
catches the worm. (Çü¿ë»ç) 2. ºÎ»çÀÇ Áߺ¹Çü * Mr. Everest
is very high. (Çü¿ë»ç; ³ôÀº) * He held his hand high.
(ºÎ»ç; ³ôÀÌ) * It is a highly a musing
film. ( ºÎ»ç; ¸Å¿ì, ´ë´ÜÈ÷) ¡Þdear, cheap, hard,
hear, late µîÀÌ Æ¯È÷ Áߺ¹µÇ¾î »ç¿ëµÊ. 3. ºÎ»çÀÇ ±â´É : ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿»ç,
Çü¿ë»ç, ´Ù¸¥ ºÎ»ç (±¸, Àý) µîÀ» ¼ö½ÄÇϸç, ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í »ç, ¹®Àå
Àüü¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÑ´Ù. * He speaks English
well. * Evidently he has made a
mistake. = It is evident that he has made
a mistake. 4. ºÎ»çÀÇ À§Ä¡ ¨ç¾çźλç : (¹æ¹ýºÎ»ç) ¾î¶»°Ô (how)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
´ä ;
gladly, well, heartily,
carefully +-- ÀÚµ¿»ç +
¾çźλç | Ÿµ¿»ç + ¸ñ +
¾çźλç (¶Ç´Â Ÿµ¿»ç ¾Õ¿¡¼µµ ¾²ÀÓ) +-- Ÿµ¿»ç
+ ¾çźλç + ±ä ¸ñÀû¾î * He came immediately (ÀÚµ¿»ç +
¾çźλç) * They speak well of him
(´Éµ¿ÅÂ) = He is well spoken of.
(¼öµ¿ÅÂ) * I well remember those happy days.
(Á¤»ó¾î¼ø) = Well do I remember those happy
days. (µµÄ¡±¸¹®) ¨èºóµµºÎ»ç : (Á¤µµºÎ»ç) how often¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀ¸·Î always,
generally, regularly, often, never, sometimes,
seldom. Á¤µµºÎ»ç¿¡´Â nearly, almost, still, barely µîÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. ¡âÀ§Ä¡: ÀϹݵ¿»ç ¾Õ, beµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½, Á¶µ¿»ç¿Í º»µ¿»ç »çÀÌ¿¡
¿Â´Ù. ¡â¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ¸í»çÀÏ
¶§ put on your coat (O) : Ÿ +
ºÎ + ¸ñ put your coat on (O) :
Ÿ + ¸ñ + ºÎ ¡â ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ´ë¸í»çÀÏ
¶§ put on it
(X) put it on (O) : Ÿ + ¸ñ +
ºÎ ¡â ÀÚµ¿»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Å¸µ¿»ç±¸·Î ¾²À̹ǷΠºÐ¸®½Ãų ¼ö
¾øÀ½. Look at the
boy. Look at him.
(¡Û) Look him at. (¡¿) 5.
ºÎ»ç¾î±¸ÀÇ ¹è¿ ¼ø¼ ¨ç ½Ã°£ ºÎ»ç¾î±¸ : ÀÛÀº ´ÜÀ§ + Å«
´ÜÀ§ Àå¼Ò ºÎ»ç¾î±¸ : ÀÛÀº ´ÜÀ§ + Å«
´ÜÀ§ * I'll call on you at seven o'clock next
Sunday. * We spent the holidays in a cottage is
the morning. ¨è Àå¼Ò + ¹æ¹ý +
½Ã°£ºÎ»ç ¹æ¹ý + Àå¼Ò +
½Ã°£ºÎ»ç ªÀº ºÎ»ç±¸ + ±ä
ºÎ»ç±¸ * He came to Korea by ship last
year. * She played beautiful at the concert
last night. * We arrived safely at the
station. 6. Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎ»ç ¿ë¹ý +--
still + º»µ¿»ç +-- ¸í»ç + enough
(O) | beµ¿»ç +
still | enough + ¸í
(O) | Á¶µ¿»ç + still
+ º»µ¿»ç | Çü.ºÎ + enough
(O) +-- still +
ºÎÁ¤Á¶µ¿»ç +-- enough + Çü.ºÎ (X) * He is
still standing. : ±×´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¼ ÀÖ´Ù. He
is standing still. : ±×´Â °¡¸¸È÷ ¼ ÀÖ´Ù. (Çü) * She
still dislikes him. He still
doesn't like her. * I need enough eggs.
= I need eggs
enough. * Only I can see him in the
room. I can only see him in the
room. I can see only him in the
room. I can see him only in the
room. ¡Þ ago´Â ÇöÀ縦 ±âÁØÀ¸·Î Áö±ÝºÎÅÍ ¡ÀüÀÇ ¶æÀÌ°í °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦¿Í ÇÔ²²
¾²ÀδÙ. before´Â °ú°Å±âÁØÀ¸·Î ±× ¶§º¸´Ù ±× ÀÌÀü. °ú°Å¿Ï·á¿Í ÇÔ²²
¾²ÀÓ. before´Â ¸·¿¬ÇÑ °ú°Å¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾î ÇöÀç¿Ï·á¿Í ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ago´Â
ÇöÀç¿Ï·á ¿Í ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.
* He passed away three
ago. * He said that she had died three years
before. * I have seen this picture
before. * I have seen her a few days ago.
(X) 7. very, muchÀÇ
¿ë¹ý +---------+---------+---------------+-------------+ |
very | Çü.ºÎ |
¿ø ±Þ |
ÇöÀçºÐ»ç | +---------+---------+---------------+-------------+ |
much | µ¿»ç | ºñ±³.ÃÖ»ó±Þ |
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç | +---------+---------+---------------+-------------+ *
He breaks his words very often. * I don't like
beef much. ¡Þ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç°¡ ¸í»ç¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§¿Í µ¿»ç·Î¼ÀÇ
¼º °ÝÀ» ÀÒ°í Çü¿ë»çÀûÀÎ ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²À̰í ÀÖ´Â tired, pleased,
delighted, surprised, satisfiedµîÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
much´ë½Å very¸¦ »ç¿ë. * A very celebrated scholar
presided at the meeting. * She had a very
annoyed look on her face. * He was very tired
with a long walk. ¡Þ ¼¼úÇü¿ë»çÀÎ afraid, alike, fond µîÀº much·Î
¼ö½Ä. the + very +
ÃÖ»ó±Þ much + the +
ÃÖ»ó±Þ * He is much ashamed of his
behaviour. * He is the very best runner in our
class. * He is much the best runner in our
class. 8. Àǹ®ºÎ»ç * Á÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®: Àǹ®ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç +
ÁÖ¾î? * °£Á¢Àǹ®¹®: Àǹ®ºÎ»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç?
(ºÎ»çÀý) * Where does he
live? * I don't know + When should I do
it? ¡æ I don't know when I
should do it. (°£Á¢Àǹ®; knowÀÇ
¸ñÀû¾î) ¡æ I don't know when to
do it. (ºÎÁ¤»ç±¸;
¸í»çÀû¿ë¹ý) ¡Þ think, believe, imagine, suppose µîÀÇ µ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡
Á÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®À» ¿¬°á ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â Àǹ®ºÎ»ç¸¦ ¹®µÎ·Î
µµÄ¡. * Do you think + Where
does he lives? ¡æ
Do you think where he lives?
(¡¿) ¡æ
Where do you think he lives? (¡Û) 9.
°ü°èºÎ»ç * where, when, how, why µîÀº 'ºÎ»ç + Á¢¼Ó»ç'ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϸç
'ÀüÄ¡»ç + which'·Î ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö°¡
ÀÖ´Ù. * This is the place + He was born in
it. ¡æ This is the place which
he was born in.
(Çü¿ë»çÀý) ¡æ This is
the place in which he was
born. ¡æ This is the place
where he was born. ¡æ This is
the place that he was born. (whereÀÇ
´ë¿ë) ¡æ This is where he was
born.(Áְݺ¸¾î; whereÀÇ ¸í»çÀý,¼±Çà»ç the place »ý·«) * °ü°èºÎ»çÀÇ °è¼ÓÀû
¿ë¹ý. ¡, where ¢¡ ¡, and there .. (±×¸®°í
°Å±â¿¡¼...) ¡, when ¢¡ ¡, and then ...
(±×¸®°í ±×¶§...) ¡ÞWe went to Rome, where
we stayed for a week. Wait
till seven, when he will be
back. You may go wherever you
like. (wherever = to any place
that) Wherever you may go, I
will follow you. (wherever = no matter where)
´ë ¸í »ç (Pronoun) ¥°
1. ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç 2. ItÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç¾Õ¿¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¸í»ç¸¦
¹Þ´Â´Ù. * He took a stone and threw it. (= a
stone) ¨è¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ±¸³ª ÀýÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. *
The prisoner attempted to escape, but found it
impossible. * He is innocent, I know it quite
well. ¨é°¡ÁÖ¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. * It is
very pretty that doll. ¨ê°¡¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§. * I make it a rule to get up
early. to
have breakfast at eight. ¨ë It°¡ ºñÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§. ¨Í³¯¾¾, ¸í¾Ï, ½Ã°£, °Å¸®,
°èÀý. * It is fine today.
(³¯¾¾) * It is spring now.
(°èÀý) * What time is it, now?
(½Ã°£) * How far is it from
here to the station? (°Å¸®) *
It is dark in the room. (¸í¾Ï) ¨Î¸·¿¬ÇÑ »óȲÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶§ * How goes it with you? (¿äÁò
°æ±â°¡ ¾î¶»½À´Ï±î?) * How is it in
the market?
3. It ¡ that °Á¶±¸¹®. ¨çÆò¼¹®ÀÇ
°Á¶. * I bought the book
yesterday. ¡æ It was I that(who) bought the book
yesterday. ¡æ It was the book that I bought
yesterday. ¡æ It was yesterday that(when) I
bought the book. ¡ÞÁøÁÖ¾î, °¡ÁÖ¾î ±¸¹®ÀÎ
°æ¿ì. * thatÀýÀ» it ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ³õ¾Æµµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ
¼º¸³ÇÔ. * It is thatÀ» »ý·«ÇÏ¸é ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ½. ¡Þ°Á¶±¸¹®ÀÎ
°æ¿ì. * thatÀýÀ» it ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ³õÀ¸¸é ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ½. * It is thatÀ» »ý·«Çصµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÔ.
¨èÀǹ®¹®ÀÇ °Á¶. * Did you send me the
flower? ¡æ You sent me the
flower. ¡æ It was you that sent me the
flower. ¡æ Was it you that sent me the
flower? ¡ÞÀǹ®¹® ¡æ Æò¼¹® ¡æ °Á¶±¸¹® ¡æ ´Ù½Ã Àǹ®¹®ÀÇ ¼øÀ¸·Î °íħ. 4.
ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö, ¼º, °Ý. ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç¶õ »ç¶÷ÀÇ È£ÄªÀÎ I, he, him, you µîÀ̸ç,
ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç°¡ ¹® Àå¿¡¼ ÁÖ¾î, Áְݺ¸¾î ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶© ÁÖ°Ý, Ÿµ¿»ç¿Í ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ
¸ñÀû ¾î³ª ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. 5.
¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç ¨ç¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç = ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý + ¸í»ç * This
dictionary is mine. (= my dictionary) ¡Þ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç´Â [¼ÒÀ¯°Ý +
¸í»ç] ´ë½Å µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç mine, ours, yours, his,
hers, theirs µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ½. ¨èÀÌÁß¼ÒÀ¯°Ý¿¡¼ of ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç a, an, this, that, any,
no, which, some, these, another µîÀº ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý°ú ÇÔ²² ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î
'a, an ¡¦ + ¸í»ç + of + ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç'·Î
¾´´Ù. * Show me another book of
hers. ¨é¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °Á¶Çϱâ À§ÇØ "own"À» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. *
a, any, some, this ¡¦ µî + ¸í»ç + of one's own ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Î
»ç¿ë. * I have no house of my own. 6.
Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç ¨çÀç±ÍÀû ¿ë¹ý: selfÇüÀÇ Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç°¡ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â
°æ¿ì, ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ÇàÀ§ °á°ú°¡ ´Ù½Ã ÁÖ¾î Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹ÌÄ¡´Â °æ¿ì. (µ¿»ç¿¡¸¸
stress). * She killed
herself. committed
suicide. took her
own life. ¡æ ±×³à´Â
ÀÚ»ìÇß´Ù. * History repeats itself.
¨è°Á¶¿ë¹ý. * I myself wrote this
book. = I wrote this book
myself. ¡ÞÀç±Í´ë¸í»ç°¡ °Á¶¿ë¹ýÀÏ ¶© Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç¸¦ »ý·«Çصµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ
¼º¸³ÇÏ ¸ç, Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç¿¡ stress°¡ ¿È.
7. ÀüÄ¡»ç + Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç ¨ç for oneself: ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©(for one's
sake), È¥ÀÚ
ÈûÀ¸·Î(without another's help) ¨è by oneself: ¿Ü·ÎÀÌ, Ȧ·Î(all
alone) * He lives in that house by
himself. ¨é±âŸ. * The candle went out of
itself. (ÀúÀý·Î) * to oneself: ÀÚ±â
È¥ÀÚ¿¡°Ô¸¸. * beside oneself = insane = mad = at the end
of self-control : Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ,
¹ÌÄ£. * come to oneself = become conscious: ÀǽÄÀ» ã´Ù,
Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ µé´Ù. * pride oneself on = be proud of = take (a)
pride in. * absent oneself from = be absent
from. * present oneself at = be present
at. * avail oneself of: ¡À»
ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Ù. * accustom oneself to: ¡¿¡
Àͼ÷ÇØÁö´Ù. * overdrink oneself:
°úÀ½ÇÏ´Ù. * overwork oneself :
°ú·ÎÇÏ´Ù. * oversleep oneself:
´ÊÀáÀÚ´Ù. * in itself: º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î 8. That of¡, Those
of¡ * The population of Japan is much larger than
korea. (¡¿) ¡æ The population of Japan is
much larger that of korea. (¡Û) ¡Þ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© that of
korea¶ó°í ÇØ¾ßÇÔ. ¡Þ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ´Ü¾î°¡ ´Ü¼öÀÏ ¶© that, º¹¼öÀÏ ¶© those¸¦
»ç¿ë. 9. This, ThatÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç the one
the
other the former
the
latter that
this ÀüÀÚ
ÈÄÀÚ ¡Þ
the oneÀÌ ÈÄÀÚ the other°¡ ÀüÀÚ¸¦ °¡¸®Å³ ¶§µµ ÀÖÀ½. *
We keep a dog and a cat; I like the one better than the other. ¨è
This, ThatÀÌ ¾Õ¹®Àå ¶Ç´Â µÞ¹®ÀåÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» °¡¸®Å³ ¶§. * He did not
answer the letter, and this made me all the more
angry. * Those who like borrowing dislike
paying. (those who: ¡ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, He
who: ¡ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷) 10. SuchÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç Such was my reward. (³»°¡ ¹ÞÀº º¸´äÀº ÀÌ·±
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.) * Such´Â º¸¾îÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö¿¡ µÎ·ç ¾²ÀδÙ.
¨è as suchÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ¾î±¸³ª ¹®ÀåÀ» ¹ÞÀ½. * He
is a child and must be treated as such.(= a
child) ±×´Â ¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌ À̹ǷΠ±×·¸°Ô(¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌ·Î) Ãë±ÞµÇ¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù. ¨é such ¡ as ¡¦: ¡¦°ú °°Àº ¡ such
as: °¡·É ¡°ú °°Àº. * Such men as Washington and Lincoln
are rare. (¿ö½ÌÅϰú °°Àº ÀÌ´Â µå¹°´Ù.) * Autumn gives us fruits,
such as pears, persimmons, and
apples. (°¡À»Àº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¹è, °¨, »ç°ú °°Àº °úÀÏÀ»
ÁØ´Ù.) ¨é±âŸ. * Such + ¸í»ç +
that -+ ³Ê¹« ¡
ÇϹǷÎ. So + Çü¿ë»ç/ºÎ»ç +
that -+ * She is such a lovely child
that every body loves her. * He had such a fever that
he nearly died. = He was so feverish that
nearly died. 11. The sameÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç We must do the same. (¿ì¸®´Â °°Àº
°ÍÀ» ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.) ¡Þ ÀÌ same¿¡´Â Ç×»ó the°¡ µû¸¥´Ù. ¿©±â¼´Â doÀÇ
¸ñÀû¾îÀÌ´Ù. ¨è This is the same watch as I gave her.
(µ¿ÀÏÁ¾·ù) This is the same watch that I gave her.
(µ¿ÀϹ°) ¡Þ ÀÌ sameÀº
Çü¿ë»çÀÌ´Ù. º¸Åë the same ¡ as Àº
µ¿ÀÏÁ¾·ù¸¦ the
same ¡ that Àº µ¿ÀϹ°À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ¨é Are these the same people who came
here yesterday? (À̺еéÀÌ ¾îÁ¦ ¿©±â¿¡ ¿Ô´ø
±×ºÐµéÀΰ¡?) ¡Þ the sameÀº that ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ °ü°è´ë¸í»ç³ª °ü°èºÎ»ç¿Íµµ °°ÀÌ
¾²ÀδÙ. the same ¡ where (when,
who, as)... ¨ê They do not think the same as we do. (±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®Ã³·³ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù.) ¡Þ ºÎ»ç·Î¼ÀÇ the same. the same =
in like manner. 12. SoÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç´ë¸í»ç·Î¼ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î
¾²ÀÓ. So´Â ´ë¸í»ç·Î¼ do, say, tell, speak, think, suppose,
imagine, hope, believe µîÀÇ Å¸µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î
¾²ÀδÙ. * Is he coming? * I think
so. ¨èº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. * He had been weak, but
he wouldn't be so no longer. 13. So am I, So I
am. A: I am pretty. B: I
am pretty, too. ( = So am I. )
A: You are pretty. B: Yes,
I am pretty, indeed. ( = So I am. ) 15. ºÎÁ¤´ë¸í»ç oneÀÇ
¿ë¹ý ¨çÃÑÀÎĪÀÇ ¿ë¹ý * One should keep one's
word. ¡Þ oneÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¶æÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷, ¼¼»ó»ç¶÷, ´©±¸³ª¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â
°æ ¿ì ¡æ ÃÑÀÎĪ
¿ë¹ý. ÃÑÀÎĪ ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ he, him,
himself, she, her, herself°¡
¾²ÀÓ. * One took his book and the other took his
pen. ¡ÞoneÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÏ°Ô »ç¶÷À» °¡¸®Å°Áö ¾Ê°í, ÇÑ»ç¶÷À»
°¡¸®Å³ ¶§¿¡´Â him, his,
himself µîÀ¸·Î ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ½. ¨è ¸í»çÀÇ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇÒ
¶§. A + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç ¡æ one. (°°Àº Á¾·ùÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥
¹°°Ç) the, this, that + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç ¡æ it (¶È°°Àº ±×
¹°°Ç) * If you need a book, I will lend you
one. * I bought a book, but I lost
it. ¨é¼ºÁúÇü¿ë»ç ¶Ç´Â Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç + one(s). * Your
plan is a good one on paper. ¡Þ one: ¼ºÁúÇü¿ë»ç³ª Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç(the,
this, that µî) ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í »çÀÇ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î ¾²À̴µ¥
´Ü¼öÀ̸é one, º¹¼öÀ̸é ones¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔ. ¨ê a certainÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î
¾²ÀÓ. * I received a letter from one Mr. Jones. 16.
oneÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì ¨ç¼¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸í»ç(¹°Áú¡¤Ãß»ó¸í»ç) ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ oneÀº
»ý·«µÊ. * I like a red rose better than a white
one. * I like red wine better than white. (one »ý·«,
wineÀÌ ¹°Áú¸í»ç) ¨è¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý ´ÙÀ½À̳ª ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý + own ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â oneÀ»
»ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. * Your father's house is larger than my
father's. * This bed is my own. ¨é±â¼ö³ª
¼¼ö ´ÙÀ½¿¡ oneÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. * He has three cars and I have
two. ¨êÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç, [the + ºñ±³±Þ] µÚÀÇ oneÀº
»ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. * He has two sisters; the elder is more
beautiful than the younger. 17. One, Other, Another ¨ç one, the
other: Çϳª´Â, ¶Ç Çϳª´Â. (¼ø¼¾øÀ½) the one, the
other: ÀüÀÚ´Â, ÈÄÀÚ´Â. (¼ø¼ÀÖÀ½) * I have two brothers; One is
in England, and the other in America. * Mary has a
white and a red rose; the one is lovelier than the other.
¨è one, another(¶Ç´Â a second), the other: ¼Â Áß¿¡¼ ¼ø¼¾øÀÌ ¿°ÅÇÒ
¶§. one, another, a third, the other: ³Ý Áß¿¡¼ ¼ø¼¾øÀÌ
¿°ÅÇÒ ¶§. the first, the second, the third: ¼Â Áß¿¡¼
¼ø¼³ª µî±Þ´ë·Î ¿°ÅÇÒ ¶§. * There are three men. One is a
doctor, another(is) a teacher, and the
other(is) a lawyer. * There are four flowers in the
vase; one is 'rose', another, 'tulip', a third,
'carnation' and the other (¶Ç´Â the fourth) is 'lily'. ¨é some - ,
others: ¾à°£Àº, ¶Ç ¾à°£Àº. (Áý´ÜÀ̳ª ÇѰ谡 ¸·¿¬ÇÒ ¶§) some - ,
the others: ¾à°£Àº ±×¸®°í ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â.(Áý´ÜÀ̳ª ÇѰ谡 ¸íÈ®ÇÒ ¶§) * Some went
on foot; and others (went) by bus. * There are ten
students; some study German, and the others (study) French. 18. AnotherÀÇ ³×°¡Áö
¿ë¹ý ¨çÇϳª ´õ(the more)ÀÇ ¶æ. * Will you have
another cup of coffee? * I am going to stay another
week. (¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¶Ç ÀÏÁÖÀÏ) ¨è´Ù¸¥(different)ÀÇ ¶æ. *
I don't like this; show me another. ¨é¿ª½Ã °°Àº »ç¶÷(also one, a similar
one)ÀÇ ¶æ. * If I am a fool, You are
another. ¨ê A is one thing and B is another: A¿Í B´Â º°°³ÀÇ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. * To know is one thing and to teach is
another. ¨ë±âŸ. * They were helping one
another in their work. * They looked at each
other. ¡Þ one another´Â ¼Â À̻󿡼 each other´Â µÑ »çÀÌ¿¡¼
"¼·Î¼·Î"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿øÄ¢À̳ª ¸íÈ®È÷ ±¸º°Çؼ
»ç¿ëÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. 19. Some, AnyÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç±àÁ¤¹®¿¡¼´Â
some, Àǹ®¹®, Á¶°Ç¹®, ºÎÁ¤¹®¿¡¼´Â
any. * I have a lot of pencils; if you want any, I
will give you some. ¨è±ÇÀ¯, ÀÇ·ÚÀÇ Àǹ®¹®°ú ±àÁ¤ÀÇ ´ë´äÀ» ±â´ëÇÏ´Â Àǹ®¹® ¡æ
some. * Will you have some
beer? * Any one can do it. ¨é±àÁ¤¹®ÀÇ any:
¾î¶² ¡ ÀÏÁö¶óµµ. * Any child knows it. ¨ê
some = about, a certain. * We waited some twenty
minutes. (= about) * He went to some place in Africa.
(= a certain) 20. None, NoÀÇ ¿ë¹ý * none: ´Üµ¶À¸·Î ¾²¿©
ºÎÁ¤´ë¸í»ç. no : ¸í»ç¿¡ ºÙ¾î Çü¿ë»ç·Î
¾²ÀÓ. * noneÀº ¿ø·¡ no oneÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ´ë¸í»ç·Î¼ ´Ü¼ö, º¹¼ö ¾î´À ÂÊ¿¡³ª
¾² ÀÌÁö¸¸ °¡»ê¸í»ç¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§´Â º¸Åë º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. * no´Â
I have¡, There is¡ ¹®Çü¿¡¼ not any ´ë½Å¿¡ ¾²¿© [Á¶±Ýµµ ¡ ¾Æ´Ñ]ÀÇ ¶æÀ»
³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. * None have succeeded in solving the problem. (¾Æ¹«µµ ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®Áö
¸øÇß´Ù.) He sought rest and found none. (±×´Â ÈÞ½ÄÀ» ã¾ÒÀ¸³ª Á¶±Ýµµ
ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.) * I have no children. (³ª´Â ¾î¸°¾Ö°¡
¾ø´Ù.) There is no hope. (Èñ¸ÁÀº Á¶±Ýµµ
¾ø´Ù.) He is no genius. (±×´Â °áÄÚ ÃµÀç°¡
¾Æ´Ï´Ù.) ¡Þ He is no genius.´Â He is not a genius. º¸´Ù °ÇÑ
¶æÀÌ´Ù. 21. ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤ ¡Þ each, every, all µîÀÌ ºÎÁ¤¾î¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÌ¸é ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤ÀÌ
µÈ´Ù. ¨ç not + both: µÑ ´Ù ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. * I
know both of them.
(¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤) * I
do not know both of them. (ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤) * I do not know
either of them. = I know neither of them.
(¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤) ¨è not + all: ¸ðµÎ°¡(¼Â ÀÌ»óÀÏ ¶§) ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. * I invited all of them.
(¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤) * I
did not invite all of them. (ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤) * I did not invite
any of them. (¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤) = I invited none of
them. ¡Þ not + any =
none. * All is not gold that glitters.
(ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤) ¨é not + every: ´©±¸³ª(¾î´À°ÍÀ̳ª) ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. * Everybody likes her.
(¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤) *
Everybody does not like her. (ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤) * Nobody likes
her.
(¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤) ¡Þ
Every + notÀÇ ¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤Àº nobody(»ç¶÷ÀÎ °æ¿ì), nothing(»ç¹°ÀÎ
°æ¿ì). ¨êºÎºÐºÎÁ¤. * not + always: Ç×»ó ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¡Þ The rich are not always
happy. The rich are
never happy. * not + completely : ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
¡Þ Not all of the crew completely
happy. * not + entirely = not + altogether: ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¡ ÇÑ
°ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¡Þ You are not entirely free from
blame. ¡Þ I do not altogether agree with
him. * not + necessarily: ¹Ýµå½Ã ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¡Þ The greatest minds do not
necessarily ripen the quickest.
* not + absolutely : Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¢¡ not ¡ in the least = not ¡ at all = never: °áÄÚ
¡ ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. (¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤) 22. At all, -thing, -bodyÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç at
all. * They are not interested at all. (Á¶±Ýµµ ¡ÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï´Ù) * If you do it at all do it well. (Á¶°Ç¹®; Àû¾îµµ,
±â¿Õ¿¡) * Do you believe it at all? (Àǹ®¹®;
µµ´ëü) * I am surprised that he passed the exam at all.
(Æò¼¹®; ¾î·µç) * There are very little if at all. (°ü¿ëÀû;
ÀÖ´Ù¼ÕÄ¡´õ¶óµµ) ¨è -thing, -body. : any¿Í someÀÇ
¿ë¹ý¿¡ ÁØÇÑ´Ù. * Is there anything interesting in today's
paper? * Is anybody in the
room? * I saw something white in the
dark. ¡Þ -thingÀÇ ´ë¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç´Â ´ë°³ ±× µÚ¿¡
¿Â´Ù. * everything: [µÑ Áß Çϳª], something: [»ó´çÇÑ °Í],
nothing: [ÇÏÂúÀº °Í]. ¡Þ Money is everything
to her. He thinks
something of
himself. If want to be
anybody, you must make
efforts. She was a
humble nobody a few years ago. 23. Either, Neither, both. * Do
you know either of the two sisters? (µÑ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª) Do you
know any of the sisters? (¼Â ÀÌ»ó ÁßÀÇ Çϳª) ¡Þ either side =
both side. * If you do not go, I will not,
either. If you will not do so, neither will
I. ¡Þ not°ú too´Â °°ÀÌ ¸ø¾²¸ç too ´ë½Å either¸¦
¾´´Ù. not either = neither, neither
will I = nor will I. * I do not know both of the sisters. (±× µÎÀڸŸ¦
´Ù ¾ËÁö´Â ¸øÇÑ´Ù.) ¡Þ ¡¦ not + both = ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤.
´ë¸í»ç (Pronoun)
¥±
1. Àǹ®»çÀÇ ¿ë¹ý: Àǹ®¹®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â who, whom, what, which, when
µîÀ» Àǹ®»ç¶ó°í Çϸç Å©°Ô Àǹ®´ë¸í»ç¿Í Àǹ®ºÎ»ç·Î ³ª´«´Ù. *
Àǹ®´ë¸í»ç: who, whom, whose....... Àǹ®ºÎ»ç :
why, where, when, how..... ¨çÁ÷Á¢ Àǹ®¹®°ú °£Á¢
Àǹ®¹®. * Who is that man? *
I don't know who that man is. ¡ÞÀǹ®»ç + µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾îÇüÅ ¡æ
Á÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®. ¡ÞÁ÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¹®ÀåÀÇ ÀϺκÐ(ÁÖ¾îÀÚ¸®, ¸ñÀû¾îÀÚ¸®,
Áְݺ¸¾îÀÚ ¸®, µ¿°ÝÀÚ¸®)ÀÌ µÇ¾î ¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì. (Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾î
+ µ¿»ç ¡æ °£Á¢Àǹ®¹®) ¨èÀǹ®»ç°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î ³ª°¡´Â °æ¿ì. : µ¿»ç°¡
think, suppose, believe, imagine, guess...µîÀÇ
»ý°¢µ¿»ç À϶§´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Àǹ®»ç¸¦ ¹®µÎ·Î
µµÄ¡. * What does he
want? -+ *
Do you know what he wants? -+ ¡æ
yes, noÀÇ ´ë´äÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. * Do you think what he wants?
(¡¿) ¡æ What do you think he wants? (¡Û) ¡æ
yes, no·Î ´ë´ä ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. * Àǹ®»çÀýÀº ¸í»çó·³ ±ÛÀÇ ÁÖ¾î, ¸ñÀû¾î, º¸¾îÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ»
ÇÑ´Ù. ¡Þ Who did it is a question to
me. (´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Çß´ÂÁö ³ª¿¡°Ô ¹®Á¦°¡
µÈ´Ù. ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.) ¡Þ The question is who did
it. (¹®Á¦´Â ´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Çß´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù.
º¸¾î ¿ªÇÒ.) ¡Þ Tell me who did
it. (´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Çß´ÂÁö ¸»ÇشٿÀ.
µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î) ¡Þ There is no doubt as to who
did it. (±×°ÍÀ» ´©°¡ Çß´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ
ÀǽÉÇÒ ¹Ù ¾ø´Ù. ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î.) * Àǹ®»çÀýÀÌ ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ µÉ ¶§, ÀüÄ¡»ç°¡ »ý·«µÇ´Â
°æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. ¡Þ They are ignorant what they are
after. (±×µéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ»
Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. be
ignorant ofÀÇ of°¡ »ý·«µÇ¾ú´Ù.)] ¡Þ I have no
idea who did it. (´©°¡
±×°ÍÀ» Çß´ÂÁö ÀüÇô ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¡¦as to°¡ »ý·«µÈ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.) = I have no idea
as to who did it. 2. ¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®: Àڱ⸻À» °ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥Çö. * Who knows?
(¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®; ´©°¡ ¾Ë°Ú´Â°¡?) = Nobody
knows (Æò¼¹®; ¾Æ¹«µµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.) * Who does not know the
fact? = Everybody knows the
fact. ¡ÞÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®ÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀÌ¸é Æò¼¹®Àº ºÎÁ¤¹®, ºÎÁ¤À̸é
±àÁ¤¹®ÀÌ´Ù. * Who is there but commits
errors? = There is nobody but commits errors.(°ü¡¤´ë
ÁÖ°ÝÀ¸·Î that ¡ not). = Everybody commits
errors. ¡Å Who is there that does not commit errors?
(Çü¿ë»çÀý) There is nobody that does
not commit errors. (Çü¿ë»çÀý) * Who would do such a thing but a
fool? = Who but a fool would do such a
thing. = None(Only) but a fool would do such a
thing. ¡Þ butÀº ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î¼ ¡À» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´ÂÀÇ ¶æ. (save,
except) ¡Þ What is the use of ¡ ?: ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ
ÀÖ´À³Ä? 3. ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹® ÁַΠȸȿ¡¼ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¾Õ¹®Àå(ÁÖÀý)ÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀÌ¸é ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ
ºÎ°¡Àǹ®À», ¾Õ¹®ÀåÀÌ ºÎÁ¤ÀÌ¸é ±àÁ¤ÀÇ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®À» »ç¿ë. * They are
listening to the radio, aren't they? * She can't speak French,
can she? ¡ÞÁÖÀý¿¡ beµ¿»ç°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶© beµ¿»ç, Á¶µ¿»ç°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶©
ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¿¡¼µµ Á¶µ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * Tom
has a book, doesn't he? (¡Û) hasn't he?
(¡¿) ¡Þ have°¡ º»µ¿»ç·Î ¾²¿©Á® '¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù'ÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¿¡¼´Â do·Î ¾µ
°Í. * You've been to Pusan, haven't
you? ¡Þ have°¡ Á¶µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© have·Î ¾´´Ù. * You
have to study English, don't you? ¡Þ have to´Â ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼
¹Ýµå½Ã have ´ë½Å do¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * You bought a new car, didn't
you? ¡ÞÀϹݵ¿»ç´Â ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼ do¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * You
should study harder, shouldn't you? * I ought to go by plane,
shouldn't I? ¡ÞÁ¶µ¿»ç should³ª ought to´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã shouldn't I ÀÇ
ÇüÅ·Π¾´´Ù. * She's doing her best, isn't she? (= She is doing her
best.) She's done her best, hasn't she? (= She has
done her best.) ¡Þ À ¹®ÀåÀÇ 's´Â isµµ µÇ°í hasµµ µÇ³ª º»·¡ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº
She is doing her best¿Í She has done
her bestÀ̹ǷΠisn't she¿Í hasn't
she·Î ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®À» ½á¾ßÇÑ´Ù. *
You'd better go at once, hadn't you? ¡Þ You'd´Â You
hadÀÇ ¾àÀÚÀ̸ç had bette
rÀÇ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®Àº hadn'tÀÌ´Ù. * Do it at once, will
you? Have a cup of coffee, won't
you? ¡Þ¸í·É¹®ÀÇ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®Àº ÁÖÀýÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀÌµç ºÎÁ¤ÀÌµç ¾ðÁ¦³ª will you?·Î
¾²¸ç ´Ü, ±ÇÀ¯ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÎ ¸í·É¹®Àº won't you? ¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* We have no time, do we? He seldom
came here, did he? ¡ÞÁÖÀý¿¡ no, nothing, seldom, hardly,
scarcely µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì´Â À̵é ÀÚü°¡ ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî
ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®Àº ±àÁ¤À¸·Î ¾´´Ù. 4. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç Who ¨ç
Who * This is the girl. She is a good
typist. ¡æ This is the girl who is a good
typist. (Çü¿ë»çÀý) ¡Þ She°¡ ÁÖ°ÝÀ̹ǷΠÁÖ°Ý who¸¦
»ç¿ë. ¨è Whom * This is the boy. I
wanted to see him. ¡æ This is the boy whom
I wanted to see. ¨é Whose * A child is
called an orphan. His parents are
dead. ¡æ A child whose parents are dead is
called an orphan. ¡Þ A child¿Í His´Â °°Àº »ç¶÷, His°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ̹ǷÎ
¼ÒÀ¯°Ý °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ÀÎ whose¸¦ ¾¸. 5. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç Which:
¼±Çà»ç°¡ µ¿¹°À̳ª »ç¹°ÀÏ ¶§ ¾²À̸ç ÁÖ°ÝÀ¸·Î which, ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ¸·Î of which³ª whose,
¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î which°¡ ¾²ÀδÙ. ¶ÇÇÑ which°¡ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© ±¸, Àý, Çü¿ë»çµéÀ» ¼±Çà»ç·Î
¹Þ´Â ¿ë¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¨çÁÖ°Ý, ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. * I have a
book. It is very interesting. ¡æ I
have a book which is very interesting. * This is the
dictionary. I bought it
yesterday. ¡æ This is the dictionary which
I bought (¸ñ) yesterday. ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ À̾îÁö´Â
¹®Àå¿¡¼ Á־ »ý·«µÇ¾úÀ¸¸é ÁÖ°Ý, ÀüÄ¡»ç³ª Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ
¸ñÀû¾î°¡ »ý·«µÇ¾úÀ¸¸é ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¨è¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. *
This is the word. I don't know the meaning of
it. ¡æ This is the word which I don't know
the meaning of. ¡Þ
which´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç ofÀÇ ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ̹ǷΠ»ý·« °¡´É. ¡æ This is
the word of which I don't know the
meaning. ¡æ This is the word the meaning
of which I don't know. ¡æ This is the word
whose meaning I don't
know. ¡Þ which ¾Õ¿¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç
of°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶© of which°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ̱â
¶§¹®¿¡ which¸¦
»ý·« ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¨é which°¡ ±¸, Àý, Çü¿ë»ç¸¦ ¼±Çà»ç·Î ¹ÞÀ» ¶§.
* He wanted to come, which was impossible. (= but
it) ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ comma°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î¼
[Á¢¼Ó»ç (and, but, for, though)
+ ´ë¸í»ç]ÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ¨ê½ÅºÐ, ÁöÀ§, ¼º°ÝÀ» ¼±Çà»ç·Î ¹ÞÀ»
¶§. * He is a gentleman, which his brother is
not. ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÏÁö¶óµµ ½ÅºÐ, ÁöÀ§, ¼º°ÝÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â who,
whom À» ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í which³ª thatÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * She is no longer the shy girl which(¶Ç´Â that)
she was ten years ago. ¡Þ thatÀº °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿ë¹ý¿¡´Â
¾²ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ »ç¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. 6. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç¿Í ÀüÄ¡»ç * This is the
house. I spoke of it. ¡æ This is the house
which I spoke of. ¡æ This is the house
(which) I spoke of. ¡æ This is the house
of which I spoke of. (ÀüÄ¡»ç + °ü.´ë´Â »ý·« ºÒ°¡) ¡æ
This is the house that I spoke of. (that¾Õ¿¡¼´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.) 7. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç
that ¡ØthatÀº ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²À̰í, °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý¿¡¼´Â ¾µ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù. thatÀº »ç¹°, »ç¶÷, µ¿¹°¿¡ ¸ðµÎ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÌ
¾ø´Ù. that ¾Õ¿¡´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¨ç¼±Çà»ç°¡ »ç¶÷°ú
µ¿¹°ÀÏ ¶§. * A man and his dog that were passing by were
injured. ¨èÃÖ»ó±Þ, ¼¼ö»ç, the very, the only, the last, the same,
every, all, any, no ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼´Â thatÀ»
¾´´Ù. * He is the greatest poet that korea has ever
produced. ¨éÀǹ®´ë¸í»ç who, what, which ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼´Â thatÀ»
¾´´Ù. * Who that has common sense can believe such a
thing? (ÁÖ°Ý) * Which is the book that you want to
read. (¸ñÀû°Ý) 8. ThatÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨çÁö½Ã´ë¸í»ç. *
Can you see that? * The climate of korea is milder
than that of china. ¨èÁö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç. * Give me
that chair. * from that hour:
2½Ã°£ºÎÅÍ. * at that time :
2½Ã°£¿¡. ¡Þ thatÀÌ Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© 'that + ¸í»ç'ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠthatÀÌ
´ÙÀ½ ¿¡¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç 'Àú¡', '±×¡'ÀÇ
¶æÀ¸ ·Î
¾²ÀδÙ. ¨éÁö½ÃºÎ»ç. * Don't eat that much.
(±×·¸°Ô ¸¹ÀÌ ¸ÔÁö ¸¶¶ó) ¡Þ thatÀÌ ¼ö·®À̳ª Á¤µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Çü¿ë»ç³ª ºÎ»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇϸé¼
±×¸¸ Å, ±×·¸°ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °æ¿ì ¡æ Áö½ÃºÎ»ç.
¨êÁ¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. * That he is innocent is
certain. (ÁÖ¾î[¸í»çÀý]) = It is certain
that he is innocent. (ÁøÁÖ¾î) ¡Þ that ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ
¿ÏÀüÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â thatÀÌ Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÎ °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù. ¨ë It ¡ that
°Á¶±¸¹®. * I bought the book on
Monday. = It was on Monday that I bought
the book. ¨ì°ü°è´ë¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. * He is the
greatest actor that has ever lived. ¡Þ thatÀÌ °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÏ ¶©
that ¾Õ¿¡ ¼±Çà»ç°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç that¡ÀÇ ¹®Àå¿¡¼ ÁÖ¾î, ¸ñÀû¾î,
¶Ç´Â º¸¾î°¡ »ý·«µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¨í°ü°èºÎ»çÀÇ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§. *
This is the last time that(when) I teach you. * This
is the village that(where) the poet was born. ¡Þ thatÀÌ
°ü°èºÎ»ç when, where, why, how µîÀÇ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ. ¡Þ ThatÀÇ ¹ßÀ½:
Áö½Ã´ë¸í»ç, Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç, Áö½ÃºÎ»çÀÏ ¶§ ¡æ [d
t]. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç,
Á¢¼Ó»ç, °ü°èºÎ»çÀÏ ¶§ ¡æ [d t]. 9. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç What *
What(that which) is beautiful is not always good. (ÁÖ¾î
[¸í»çÀý]) * I will do what(all that) I can.
(¸ñÀû¾î[¸í»çÀý]) ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç whatÀº ¼±Çà»ç¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù: what = ¼±Çà»ç +
°ü°è´ë¸í»ç. whatÀº that which¡, all that¡,
anything that¡, the thing which¡¿Í °°Àº
¿ë¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¡Å whatÀº ÀÚü³»¿¡ ¼±Çà»ç¿Í °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾúÀ¸¸ç ¸í»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÑ´Ù. *
What one has: Àç»ê, What one is : ÀΰÝ. ¡Þ You should
judge a man not by what he has but by what he is. * A is to B
what C is to D = Just as C is to D, so is A to
B = What C is to D, A is to
B = A°¡ B¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è´Â C°¡ D¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¿Í
°°´Ù. ¡Þ Reading is to the mind what(as) exercise is to
the body. = Just as exercise is to
the body, so is reading to the
mind. = What exercise is to the
body, reading is to the
mind. (µ¶¼°¡ ¸¶À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è´Â
¿îµ¿ÀÌ ½Åü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¿Í °°´Ù.) * What is + ºñ±³±Þ: ´õ¿í ¡ ÇÑ
°ÍÀº. ¡Þ She is beautiful, and what is better still,
tender-hearted. * What with A and (what with)
B = ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â A ¶§¹®¿¡, ¶Ç ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â B ¶§¹®¿¡. (¿øÀÎ,
ÀÌÀ¯) ¡Þ What with fatigue and (what with) hunger, he
fell down as if he were dead. (Çǰﵵ
ÇÏ°í ¹èµµ °íÇÁ°í ÇØ¼ ±×´Â Á×Àº »ç¶÷ó·³ ¾²·¯Á³´Ù.)
* What by A and (what by) B. (¼ö´Ü,
¹æ¹ý) = ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â A¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, ¶Ç ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â B¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼... ¡Þ What by threats and (what by) entreaties, he
achieved his aim. (Çù¹Úµµ ÇÏ°í ¶Ç °£Ã»µµ ÇØ¼,
±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇß´Ù.) * He is, what we call, a self-made
man. (±×´Â ¼ÒÀ§ ÀÚ¼ö¼º°¡ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù.) 10. °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý°ú °è¼ÓÀû
¿ë¹ý * He had three sons, who became statesmen. (°è¼ÓÀû¿ë¹ý, who = and
they) * He had three sons who became statesmen. (Á¦ÇÑÀû, ÇÑÁ¤Àû
¿ë¹ý) ¡ÞÁ¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý: °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ À̲ô´Â Çü¿ë»çÀýÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â
¼±Çà»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇϸç Á¦ÇÑ, ¶Ç´Â ÇÑÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó°í Çϸç,
°ü°è ´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ,(comma)°¡ ¾ø°í µÚ¿¡¼ ¿Ã·Á
¹ø¿ªÇÑ´Ù. ¡Þ°è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý: °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ,(comma)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¼±Çà»ç¸¦ ¼ö½Ä,
±× °Í¿¡ °üÇØ ¼³¸íÀ» ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó°í Çϸç,
Á¢¼Ó»ç(and, but, for, though) + ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
¶ÇÇÑ À̰ÍÀº À§·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»·Á ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¸ç °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ »ý·«ÀÌ
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϰí thatÀº ÀÌ ¿ë¹ý¿¡ ¾µ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù. * He had four sons who became doctors.
¡æ Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý - Àǻ簡 ¾Æ´Ñ ¾ÆµéÀÌ ¶Ç ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁöµµ
¸ð¸¥´Ù. He had four sons, who became
doctors. ¡æ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý - ¾Æµé ³ÝÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¸ðµÎ Àǻ簡
µÇ¾ú´Ù. * Everybody likes Tom, who is kind. ( , who = for
he) (¸ðµÎ TomÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â Ä£ÀýÇϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.) I met a boy, who told me the news. ( , who =
and he) (³ª´Â ÇÑ ¼Ò³âÀ» ¸¸³µ´Âµ¥, ±×°¡ ±× ¼Ò½ÄÀ» ³ª¿¡°Ô
¸»Çß´Ù.) The farmer, who is poor, is honest. ( , who =
though he) (±× ³óºÎ´Â ºñ·Ï °¡³ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¤Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.) 11. °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ
»ý·« ¨çŸµ¿»ç ¶Ç´Â ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû°Ý. * This is the boy
(whom) we saw yesterday. (µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î) * He has no friend
(whom) he can depend upon. (ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î) * This is the
house (which) he lives in. ¡Þ °ü°è´ë¸í»ç¸¦ »ý·« ÇÒ
¶§, °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â µÚ¿¡ ¿Â´Ù. ¨èÁְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§ * He is not the man (which or that) he was two
years ago. ¨é°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ there is, there are°¡ °è¼Ó µÉ ¶§.
* He taught me the difference (that) there is between right and
wrong. ¨êThere is, Here is, It is, What is, Who is·Î ½ÃÀ۵ǴÂ
±¸¹®¿¡¼. * There is a boy (who) wants to see
you. * It was he (that) met her yesterday.
¨ë¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ »ý·«ÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ´Â °æ¿ì. ¨Í °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ °è¼ÓÀû
¿ë¹ý¿¡¼´Â »ý·«ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¡Þ I bowed to the
gentleman, whom I knew well. ¨Î ÀüÄ¡»ç + °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ ½Ã°£, Àå¼Ò,
¹æ¹ý µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§. ¡Þ I remember the day on
which he went to the front. (= when, ½Ã°£) ¨Ï of which,
of whomÀÌ ¾î´À ºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â »ý·«ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¡Þ I
bought ten pencils, the half of which I gave my brother. 12. ±¸¿Í
Àý ¡Þ±¸ºÐ: µÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¸ð¿© ÇѰ³ÀÇ Ç°»ç¿Í °°Àº ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ» ±¸³ª ÀýÀ̶ó°í Çϸç, [ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç]ÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é 'Àý'À̰í,
¾øÀ¸¸é '±¸'¶ó ÇÑ´Ù. 13. ¸í»çÀû, Çü¿ë»çÀû, ºÎ»çÀû
¿ë¹ý ¨ç¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ý: ¸í»ç±¸, ¸í»çÀý, µ¿¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ
¸í»çÀû¿ë¹ý. ¡Þ
ÁÖ¾îÀÚ¸®. * Tom is a
student. * To solve this problem is
difficult. ¡Þ ¸í»çº¸¾î ÀÚ¸®: Áְݺ¸¾î°¡ ÁÖ¾î¿Í equalÀÌ ¼º¸³µÇ¸é ¸í»çº¸¾î¶ó
ÇÏ ¸ç, ÀÌ °æ¿ì¸¦ ¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÁÖ¾î¿Í
equalÀÌ ¼º¸³ µÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÁÖ¾îÀÇ µ¿ÀÛÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¸é Çü¿ë»çÀû
¿ë¹ýÀÌ´Ù. * Tom is an impostor. (Tom =
impostor) ¡Þ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î ÀÚ¸®. (4Çü½ÄÀÇ D¡¤O µµ
ÇØ´çµÊ) * I know
Tom. * I know that he is
honest. ¡Þ ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î
ÀÚ¸®. * We cannot rely on what he
says. ¡Þ µ¿°ÝÀÇ
ÀÚ¸®. * He has one aim¢ã to make money. (one
aim = to make money) ¨èÇü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ý: Çü¿ë»ç±¸, Çü¿ë»çÀý,
ÇöÀçºÐ»ç. ¡Þ ¸í»ç µÚ¿¡¼ Á÷Á¢ ¼ö½Ä.
(ÇÑÁ¤Àû¿ë¹ý) * The house on that hill is my
uncle's. (Çü¿ë»ç±¸) * The
girl playing the piano is my sister. (ÇöÀçºÐ»ç) ¡Þcf) I am
fond of playing the piano.
(¸í»çÀû¿ë¹ý[µ¿¸í»ç]) ¡æ
ÇöÀçºÐ»ç´Â Çü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀÌ¸ç µ¿¸í»ç´Â ¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¡Þ Çü¿ë»ç º¸¾î (ÁÖ¾î ¡Á
º¸¾î) * The book is of great
value. * We are to climb Mt. Hanra this
summer. * My plan is to climb Mt. Hanra
this summer. ¨éºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý: ºÎ»ç±¸, ºÎ»çÀý, ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ
ºÎ»çÀû¿ë¹ý. ¡ÞºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀº »ý·«Çصµ ¹®Àå¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ÁöÀåÀÌ
¾ø´Ù. ¡æ Çü¿ë»çÀû¡¤¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ
³ª¸ÓÁö. * He got up early that he might
catch the bus. * Though he was brave, he
turned pale. 14. º¹ÇÕ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç: °ü°è»ç + -ever.(whoever,
whomever...) ¡Þ What°ú º¹ÇÕ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç´Â ¸ðµÎ ¼±Çà»çÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ°ú °ü°è´ë¸í»ç
¿ªÇÒÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Çϰí ÀÖÀ½. ¨ç¸í»çÀû
¿ë¹ý. * Give it to whoever wants it. (= anyone who;
wantsÀÇ ÁÖ¾î) * Give it to whomever you like. (= anyone
whom; likeÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î) * Choose whichever you like. (=
anything that) * I will give you whatever you need.
(= anything that) ¨èÇü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ý. * You may
read whatever book you like.(= any book that) * Take
whichever book you like. (= any of the books that) *
Whosever horse comes in first wins the prize. (= anyone
whose) ¡Þ whosever´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾²ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í anyone
whose°¡ ¾²ÀδÙ. ¨èºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý. (¾çº¸ÀÇ ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À¯µµ) *
Whoever may come, he will be welcome. (= No matter
who) * Whatever you may do, do it well. (= No matter
what) * Whichever you choose, you will be pleased. (=
No matter which) ¡Þ¿À´ÃÀÇ ¿µ¾î¿¡¼´Â may¸¦ ¾È ¾²°í
Á÷¼³¹ýÀ» ¾²´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. ¡ÞWhatever´Â ºÎÁ¤¹®, Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼
°Á¶¾î·Î ¾²ÀδÙ. * There can be no
doubt whatever about it. * Is
there any chance
whatever? (Á¶±ÝÀ̶óµµ
°¡¸ÁÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?) 15. °ü°è Çü¿ë»ç * He spoke to me in french, which
language I could not understand. ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç·Î¼ÀÇ which°¡ ¸í»ç
language¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÑ´Ù. * I gave them what money I
had. ¡ÞwhatÀº money¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ I had¸¦ Çü¿ë»çÀý·Î money¿¡
¿¬°á½ÃŲ´Ù. = I gave them all the money that I had. (what
= all the....that) * I will approve whichever(or whatever) course
you decide on.(º¹ÇÕ°ü°èÇü¿ë»ç) 16. ÀÇ»ç °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç As ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç¿¡ such, the same,
asµîÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, µÚÀÇ as´Â °ü°è´ë¸í»ç·Î º»´Ù. * Choose such friends as will
benefit you. (willÀÇ ÁÖ¾î; ÁÖ°Ý) * I have the same trouble as you
have. (haveÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î; ¸ñÀû°Ý) * As many men as came were caught. (¿Â »ç¶÷Àº
´Ù ºÙÀâÇû´Ù; ÁÖ°Ý) * He is absent, as is often the case. (asÀÇ ¼±Çà»ç´Â He is
absent(Àý)) * He is American, as I knew from his
accent. (±×ÀÇ ¸»Åõ·Î ¾È ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸ ±×´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÎ À̾ú´Ù.) *
As was the custom with him, he went out for a walk after
supper. (¿©´À¶§Ã³·³ ½Ä»ç ÈÄ¿¡ »êÃ¥ ³ª°¬´Ù.)
17. ButÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨ç µîÀ§ Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì. *
Summer is hot, but winter is cold. * He is a
hard-working but not very intelligent boy. ¨è ºÎ»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â
°æ¿ì. * He is but a child. (±×´Â ´ÜÁö ¾î¸°¾Ö¿¡ Áö³ªÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù.) * It is but a question of money. (±×°ÍÀº ´ÜÁö µ·¿¡ °üÇÑ
¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù.) ¡Þ ºÎ»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é ´ÜÁö, ¿À·ÎÁö, ºÒ°ú(only)ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î
¾²À̸ç, ButÀ» »ý·«Çصµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ
¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù. ¨é ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì. * All but him
were drowned. (±×¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÍ»çÇß´Ù.) * Nobody but me
attended the meeting. (³ª¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¾Æ¹«µµ ±× ¸ðÀÓ¿¡
Âü¼®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.) ¡Þ butÀÌ ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î ¾²À̸é except, saveÀÇ
¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç, butÀ» »ý·«ÇÏ¸é ¹®ÀåÀÌ
¼º¸³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. (but + ¸ñÀû°Ý ÇüÅ·Π¾µ °Í.) ¨ê Á¾¼Ó Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â
°æ¿ì. * No one is so old but he may
learn. = No one is so old that he may not
learn. ¡Þ Á¾¼Ó Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²À̸é that ¡ notÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î
¾²À̸ç, butÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¹®ÀåÀÌ
µÈ´Ù.
¨ë °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì. ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç¿¡ ºÎÁ¤¾îÀÎ not, no
µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì, but¼Ó¿¡ notÀÇ ¶æ Æ÷ÇÔ * There is no rule but has
some exceptions. = There is no rule that
has not some exceptions. ¡Þ butÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¹®Àå
ºÒ¿ÏÀü 18. ÀÇ»ç °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç than ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç¿¡ more°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹®Àå¿¡¼ ÁÖ°Ý ¶Ç´Â
¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î * There are more books than are needed. *
Her service has been more valuable than was supposed. 19. ÀÌÁß
Á¦ÇÑ ¡ÞµÎ°³ÀÇ °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç°¡ À̲ô´Â Çü¿ë»çÀýÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ¼±Çà»ç¸¦ °øµ¿À¸·Î ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â °Í. *
There is no one that we know who can do such a thing. * Is there
anything that you want which you do not have?
µ¿ »ç ÀÇ Á¾
·ù
1. 1Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V (¿ÏÀü ÀÚµ¿»ç) * I go to church on
sundays. * Nowadays farming doesn't
pay. ¡Þ pay´Â Ÿµ¿»ç·Î ¾²À̸é ÁöºÒÇÏ´Ù, û»êÇÏ´ÙÀÇ
¶æ. ÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é º¸´äÇÏ´Ù, ¼öÁö°¡ ¸Â´ÙÀÇ
¶æ. ¡Þ be°¡ ¿ÏÀüÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ¾²À̸é Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Ù,
ÀÖ´Ù. ¡Þ do°¡ ¿ÏÀüÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é Æí¸®ÇÏ´Ù, ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù, ¾Ë¸Â´Ù. 2. 2Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S
+ V + C (ºÒ¿ÏÀü ÀÚµ¿»ç) ¨ç¸í»çº¸¾î¿Í Çü¿ë»çº¸¾î. * He
is a soldier. (He = soldier) ( S = V; ¸í»ç
º¸¾î) * He is gloomy. (He ¡Á
gloomy) ( S ¡Á C; Çü¿ë»çº¸¾î) ¨è becomeÇü
µ¿»ç * become, grow, get, go, come, run, fall, turn ´ÙÀ½¿¡
¸í»ç³ª Çü¿ë »ç°¡ ¿À¸é Áְݺ¸¾î·Î ¾²¿©¼ 2Çü½Ä ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î"¡ÀÌ µÇ´Ù"¿Í °°Àº
ºÒ¿Ï Àü ÀÚµ¿»ç°¡ µÊ. * He
become a composer. (He = a composer) * He went
mad. * becomeÀÌ Å¸µ¿»ç·Î ¾²À̸é "¡¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®´Ù"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î
¾²ÀδÙ. ¡Þ Her new dress become her
well. ¨é remainÇü µ¿»ç. * remain, keep,
lie, hold, continue ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¸í»ç³ª Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿À¸é º» ·¡ÀÇ
¶æÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö°í °è¼ÓÇØ¼ "¡ÇÏ´Ù", "¡ÇÑ »óŰ¡ µÇ´Ù" ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ 2Çü½Ä
¹®ÇüÀÌ µÈ´Ù. * He remained
silent. poor
all his
life. faithful
to the last. ¨êÁö°¢µ¿»ç(°¨°¢µ¿»ç) + Çü¿ë»ç. ¡Þ
feel, smell, sound, taste µîÀÇ ÁöÀÛµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿À¸é
2 Çü½Ä ¹®ÀåÀÌ
µÈ´Ù. * feel ¡ : ¡Ã³·³ ´À³¢´Ù.
* taste¡ : ¡ÇϰÔ
¸ÀÀ̳ª´Ù. * smell¡ : ¡ÇÏ°Ô ³¿»õ°¡³ª´Ù. * sound¡
: ¡ÇÏ°Ô µé¸®´Ù. ¡Þ¹Ýµå½Ã Çü¿ë»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù. ¨ë±âŸ. * Helen looks
happy. * She appears
sensible. * The wound prove (to be) fatal.
3. À¯»çº¸¾î * S + live,
die. --+ marry. |
+ ¸í»çº¸¾î ; ÁÖ¾î¿Í
equal. go. |
Çü¿ë»çº¸¾î; ÁÖ¾îÀÇ »óÅ µ¿ÀÛ
¼³¸í. be
born. | ÇöÀçºÐ»ç ; ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ´Éµ¿Àû
µ¿ÀÛ. stand. |
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç ; ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¼öµ¿Àû
µ¿ÀÛ. sit,
return.--+ ¡æ
¿ÏÀüÀÚµ¿»çÀ̳ª ´ÙÀ½¿¡ º¸¾î°¡ ¿À¸é ¸ðµÎ 2Çü½Ä¹®ÀåÀÌ µÊ.(À¯»çº¸¾î) * He died a
beggar. (He died + He was a beggar) * The old man sat
surrounded by the children. 4. 3Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V + O
(¿ÏÀüŸµ¿»ç) * S +
¿ÏÀüŸµ¿»ç --+ Ÿµ¿»ç±¸ |
+ ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»ç,
µ¿¸í»ç, ÀÚµ¿»ç +
ÀüÄ¡»ç --+ µ¿Á·¸ñÁ·¾î, Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç (S ¡Á
O) * God made man.
(God ¡Á man)
; 3Çü½Ä. * He will make a scholar.
(He = a scholar); 2Çü½Ä. 5. µ¿Á·¸ñÀû¾î: ÀÚµ¿»ç°¡ °°Àº ¾î¿øÀÇ ¸í»ç¸¦ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
°° Àº ¾î¿øÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ µ¿Á·¸ñÀû¾î¶ó ÇÔ. * He
lived a happy life (3) ¡æ He lived happily.
(1) ¡ÞÃÖ»ó±Þ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â µ¿Á·¸ñÀû¾î´Â
»ý·«ÇÔ. * She smiled her brightest
(smile). * He shouted his loudest
(shout). 6. 4Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V + I.O + D.O
(¼ö¿©µ¿»ç) * I gave her the book.
(4Çü½Ä) =
I gave the book to her. (3Çü½Ä) ¡Þ to
+ I.O ¡æ pay, bring, hand, deny, sell, send, lend,
give... for + I.O ¡æ
buy, build, make, get,
order... of + I.O
¡æ ask... on + I.O
¡æ play, impose, bestow,
confer... * I paid him the
money. ¡æ I paid the money to
him. * I will buy you a
watch. ¡æ I will buy a watch for
you. * I asked him a
question. ¡æ I asked a question of
him. * He played me a trick
¡æ He played a trick on me. 7. °£Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ¹®¹Ì·Î º¸³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Â
µ¿»ç : envy, save, forgive, pardon
µî...... * I envy him his patience.
(¡Û) ¡æ I envy his patience to him.
(¡¿) 8. ¼ö¿©µ¿»ç·Î Âø°¢Çϱ⠽¬¿î µ¿»ç : explain, introduce, announce,
confess, describe, prove, suggest, propose
µî...
¡Þ explain... µîÀº 4Çü½Ä µ¿»ç·Î´Â ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¿ì¸®¸»ÀÇ
°£Á¢¸ñÀû¾î ¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀº 'to + I.O'ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Î
ºÎ»ç±¸¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç¿ë. * I will explain to you what
this means. 9. 5Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V + O + O¡¤C (ºÒ¿ÏÀü
Ÿµ¿»ç) ¡Þ S + V + O + ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç : ¸ñÀû¾î¿Í
equal Çü¿ë»ç
: ¸ñÀû¾îÀÇ »óÅÂ
¼³¸í ºÎÁ¤»ç,
ÇöÀçºÐ»ç : ¸ñÀû¾î¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è
´Éµ¿Àû °ú°ÅºÐ»ç
: ¸ñÀû¾î¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è ¼öµ¿Àû
¨ç O¡¤C°¡ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â ´ë¸í»ç * He is a great scholar
: 2Çü½Ä = I believe him (to be) a
great scholar. : 5Çü½Ä * I believe the author to be her
: 5Çü½Ä = The author is believed to
be she by me : 2Çü½Ä ¡Þ ÁÖ°Ý º¸¾î´Â ÁÖ°ÝÀ» ¸ñÀû°Ý
º¸¾î´Â ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» ¨è ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀÏ ¶§ * I believe him
diligent. ¨é ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡ ºÎÁ¤»ç * I ordered him
to
go. to
stay in
bed. to
take a rest. ¨ê ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡ ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç (Áö°¢¡¤»ç¿ªµ¿»ç
´ÙÀ½) Áö°¢µ¿»ç
»ç¿ªµ¿»ç ¡Þ
S + see --+ +-
let -+ + ¸ñ +
¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç be
hold | |
make | observe |
¶Ç´Â |
have | hear | |
bid | notice | +-
help -+ look
at | listen
to -+ * I saw the
suspected man (to) enter the building. ¨ë ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç * I had him (to) build my
house. = I had my house built by
him. ¡Þ ¸ñÀû¾î + to do ÀÇ °ü°è´Â ´Éµ¿ 10. Ÿµ¿»ç·Î
Âø°¢Çϱ⠽¬¿î ÀÚµ¿»ç * ¡À» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Ù. : graduate from + ¸ñ (O)
¡æ graduate + ¸ñ (X) * ¡À» ºÒÆòÇÏ´Ù. : complain of +
¸ñ * ¡À» ±â´Ù¸®´Ù. : wait for +
¸ñ * ¡À» ½ÇÇèÇÏ´Ù. : experiment with +
¸ñ * ¡À» µ¿Á¤ÇÏ´Ù. : sympathize with +
¸ñ * ¡À» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Ù. : interfere with +
¸ñ * ¡À» ½Â³«ÇÏ´Ù. : consent to + ¸ñ 11. ÀÚµ¿»ç·Î Âø°¢Çϱâ
½¬¿î Ÿµ¿»ç * ¡¿¡
Âü¼®ÇÏ´Ù : attend to + ¸ñ (¡¿)
¡æ attend + ¸ñ (¡Û) * ¡¿¡
¾î¿ï¸®´Ù : become +
¸ñ * ¡¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ÅäÀÇÇÏ´Ù : discuss +
¸ñ * ¡°ú ´à´Ù
:
resemble + ¸ñ * ¡¿¡°Ô ÀλçÇÏ´Ù
: greet +
¸ñ * ¡°ú °áÈ¥ÇÏ´Ù
: marry +
¸ñ * ¡¿¡ ´Ù°¡¼´Ù
: approach +
¸ñ * ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Ù : mention + ¸ñ 12.
°ø±Þµ¿»ç * endow A with B : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ¼ö¿©ÇÏ´Ù.
ÁÖ´Ù. * entrust A with B = entrust B to A :
A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ¸Ã±â´Ù. À§ÀÓÇÏ´Ù. * supply A with B =
supply B for A : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Ù. * provide A
with B = provide B for A : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Ù. *
furnish A with B = furnish B to A : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Ù.
°ø±ÞÇÏ´Ù. * present A with B = present B to A
: A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ÁÖ´Ù. ¼±»çÇÏ´Ù. * fill A with B
: A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ä¿ì´Ù. * equip A with B
: A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ °®Ãß°ÔÇÏ´Ù, ÀåºñÇÏ´Ù. 13. as soon as ;
as soon as = the moment = the instant = immediately =
instantly ¡ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ ¡Þ As
soon
as --+ The
moment | The
instant | he saw me, he ran
away. Immediately | Instantly --+ =
He had no sooner seen me than
he ran
away. hardly
before(when) scarcely
when
(before) = No sooner had he
seen me than he ran
away Hardly
before Scarcely
when =
On (Upon) seeing me, he ran away. 14. º¸¾îÀÇ Çü½Ä ¡Þº¸¾î´Â ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç, Çü¿ë»ç
¿Ü¿¡ ºÎ»ç, ±¸, ÀýÀÌ µÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. * She is a schoolgirl. (¸í»ç°¡
º¸¾î) I thought it to be her. (´ë¸í»ç°¡
º¸¾î) She is beautiful. (Çü¿ë»ç°¡ º¸¾î) *
School is over. (¼ö¾÷ÀÌ ³¡³µ´Ù; ºÎ»ç°¡ º¸¾î) He is away. (±×´Â °¡°í
¾ø´Ù; ºÎ»ç°¡ º¸¾î) * He ran himself out of breath.(±×´Â ³Ê¹« ¶Ù¾î ¼ûÀÌ Ã¡´Ù; ±¸°¡
º¸¾î) * He seems to know me. (±×´Â ³ª¸¦ ¾Æ´Â °Í °°´Ù; ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡
º¸¾î) * The fact is that I know nothing about it. (The fact =
that-clause) (»ç½ÇÀº ³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù; ÀýÀÌ º¸¾î)
* His own efforts have made him what he is.(him = what he
is) (±×°¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ë·Â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ÀýÀÌ º¸¾î)
µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦(Tense)
1. ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ ¡ÞÇü½Ä; ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ Çü½ÄÀº be, have µ¿»ç¸¦
Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ÀϹݵ¿»ç´Â 3ÀÎĪ ´Ü¼ö¿¡ -s, -es¸¦ ºÙÀÌ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¸ðµÎ ¿øÇü°ú
°°´Ù. ¡â¾î¹Ì°¡ [s,z, , ,t ,d ]ÀÇ À½À¸·Î ³¡³ª¸é -es¸¦
ºÙÀδÙ. kisses, buzzes,
washes ¡â¾î¹Ì°¡ 'o'À̸é '-es'¸¦ ºÙÀ̰í, ¾î¹Ì°¡ 'y'ÀÌ°í ±× ¾ÕÀÌ ÀÚÀ½À̸é
y ¸¦ 'i'·Î °íÃÄ '-es'¸¦
ºÙÀδÙ. goes, echoes, does[d z], hurry ¡æ
hurries, ±×·¯³ª buy ¡æ buys. ¨çÇöÀçÀÇ »ç½Ç. * He
lives in England. * I see he swimming in the
pool. ¨èÇöÀçÀÇ ½À°üÀûÀÎ µ¿ÀÛ, Á÷¾÷, ¼º°Ý, ´É·Â... * I
get up at six every morning. * He teaches
English. * He never takes sugar in his
coffee. ¨éºÒº¯ÀÇ Áø¸®, »ç½Ç, ¼Ó´ã. * The earth
moves round the sun. * Honesty is the best
policy. ¨ê¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç. * Caesar crosses the
Rubicon and enters Italy. ¨ë¿¾»ç¶÷, ¿¾³¯ Ã¥¿¡ ¾²ÀÎ ¸»À» ÀοëÇÒ ¶§ ÇöÀçÇüÀ» ¾¸À¸·Î¼ »ý»ýÇÑ
Ç¥ÇöÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
* Dryden says that none but the brave deserve(s) the
fair. (¿ë±âÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ ¹ÌÀÎÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í µå¶óÀ̵çÀº
¸»ÇÑ´Ù.) ¨ë¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ ´ë¿ë. : ¿Õ·¡¹ßÂø(èÙÕÎÛ¡ó·)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â go,
come, start, leave, arrive depart, meet,
return, sail, ride³ª °³½Ã¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â begin
µîÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ºÎ»ç, ºÎ»ç±¸¿Í ÇÔ²² ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Î
¹Ì ·¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. *
He starts (= will start) for seoul tomorrow morning. ¨ì½Ã°£, Á¶°ÇºÎ»çÀý¿¡¼
¹Ì·¡ ´ë¿ë (¸í»çÀýÀ̳ª Çü¿ë»çÀý¿¡¼´Â ¹Ì·¡ ½ÃÁ¦¸¦ ±×´ë·Î
¾´´Ù) * I will not start if it rains
tomorrow. * I don't know if it will rain
tomorrow. 2. °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦ ¡Þ±ÔĢȰ¿ë: ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ed¸¦
ºÙÀδÙ. stop ¡æ stoped.(´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ÀÚÀ½), try ¡æ tried. (ÀÚÀ½ +
y)
¡â2À½ÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç°¡ [´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ´ÜÀÚÀ½]À¸·Î ³¡³ª°í ¾×¼¾Æ®°¡ µÚ
À½Àý¿¡ ¿À¸é ÀÚÀ½À» Áߺ¹Çϰí -ed¸¦
ºÙÀδÙ. om/it ¡æ omitted, pref/er ¡æ
preferred, occ/ur ¡æ occurred. ±×·¯³ª
v/isited, /offered, l/imited. ¡âpicnic ¡æ
picnicked, mimic ¡æ mimicked. ¡ÞºÒ±ÔĢȰ¿ë: ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ed¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù¸¥
ÇüÅÂ. ¨ç°ú°ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ, »óÅÂ, ½À°ü. * The hosts met
their guests. ¨è°ú°ÅÇüÀÌ °ú°Å¿Ï·á¸¦ ´ë½Å ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì. *
When I finished (= had finished) the work, I went
out. ¡ÞÁ¢¼Ó»ç when, after, till, before, as soon as µîÀÇ
Á¢¼Ó»ç´Â ½Ã°£ ÀÇ ÀüÈİü°è°¡ ¸íÈ®ÇϹǷΠ°ú°Å¿Ï·á ½ÃÁ¦¸¦ ±¸Å¿© ¾µ Çʿ䰡
¾øÀ½. 3.
¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ +-----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ |
\ |
1 ÀΠĪ | 2 ÀÎ
Ī | 3 ÀÎ
Ī | +-----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ | |
I shall | You
will | He
will | | ´Ü ¼ø ¹Ì
·¡ +----------------+----------------+----------------+ | |
Shall I? | Shall
you? | Will
he? | +--+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ |ÀÇ|SpeakerÀÇ
ÀÇÁö| | You shall |
He shall | |Áö+--------------+
I
will +----------------+----------------+ |¹Ì|ÁÖ¾îÀÇ
ÀÇÁö | | You
will | He
will | |·¡+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ | |HearerÀÇ
ÀÇÁö | Shall I? | Will
you? | Shall
he? | +--+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+ ¨ç´Ü¼ø¹Ì·¡. ¡ÞÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ
°á°ú, ¿¹Á¤, °¡´É, ±â´ë µî°ú °°ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ »çÇ×À» ³ªÅ¸ ³»´Â °æ¿ì¸¦
´Ü¼ø¹Ì·¡¶ó ÇÑ´Ù. (Ú¸åÞ¿¡¼´Â ÀüºÎ Will) * I shall be
sixteen years old next year. ¨èÀÇÁö¹Ì·¡. *
All right, I will do so. (ÁÁ¾Æ, ±×·¸°Ô Çϰھî) 4. ÁøÇàÇü½ÃÁ¦ ¨çÇöÀçÁøÇàÇü (be +
¡ing) * It is raining now.
(ÇöÀç ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ µ¿ÀÛ) *
He is always grumbling. (½À°üÀûÀÎ µ¿ÀÛ) ¡Þ always,
constantly, continually µîÀÇ ºÎ»ç°¡ ÇöÀçÁøÇàÇü°ú
ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÌ¸é ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀÎ µ¿ÀÛÀ̳ª ½À°ü µîÀ»
³ªÅ¸³¿. ¡Þ¹Ì·¡Ç¥½Ã ºÎ»ç±¸¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²À̸é ÇöÀç ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡±î¿î ¹Ì·¡¸¦
³ªÅ¸³¿. * We are leaving for Seoul
tonight. ¡Þ be going to ¡ÀÇ
¿ë¹ý ¨Í The ice is going to crack.(¾óÀ½ÀÌ
¹æ±Ý ±úÁö·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù) ¨Î The party is going to
be a great success. (¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù) ¨Ï My
father is going to buy a new car. (¡ÇÒ
¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù) ¨è°ú°ÅÁøÇàÇü (was, were + ¡ing) * He
was reading a novel when I entered the room. * I was
studying English when you called on me
yesterday. ¡Þ°ú°ÅÀÇ ¾î´À ½ÃÁ¡¿¡ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ µ¿ÀÛÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¹Ç·Î °ú°ÅÁøÇàÇü
»ç¿ë. ¨é¹Ì·¡ÁøÇàÇü (will, shall + be + ¡ing) *
He will be reading a novel when we go to bed. * We'll
be thinking of you when we get to paris. ¡Þ w
hen¡Àº ½Ã°£ºÎ»çÀýÀ̹ǷΠ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ ´ë½Å ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦¸¦ »ç¿ë. 5. ÁøÇàÇüÀ» ¾²Áö ¾Ê´Â µ¿»ç ¨çÁ¸Àç (be,
exist)³ª »óÅ (seem, look, appear, resemble) µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³» ´Â
µ¿»ç. * You look much
worried. ¡Þ He resembles his father.
(¡Û) ¡æ
He is resembling his father.
(¡¿) ¡æ He resembles with
his father. (¡¿) ¡æ He is
resembled by his father. (¡¿) ¡Þ resembleÀº
ÁøÇàÇüÀ» ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠÀüÄ¡»ç
withµµ ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø°í ¼öµ¿Å·εµ ÇÒ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù. ¨èÁö°¢ (feel, see, smell, hear, taste)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â
µ¿»ç. * I see her swimming in the
pool. ¡Þ see°¡ ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç·Î¼ ±¸°æÇÏ´Ù, ¸éȸÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ
°¡´É Çϸç, hear°¡ û°ÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ
°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. * They are hearing
lectures. * I am seeing the sights
of Seoul. ¡Þ look atÀº ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç·Î¼ ¡À» º¸´Ù À̹ǷÎ
ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç, listen to ¿ª½Ã
ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç·Î¼ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶©
ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
¨é¼ÒÀ¯ (have, belong, possess, own)¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â
µ¿»ç. * I have some money with me.
(¡Û) ¡æ
I am having some money with me. (¡¿) * He is having
breakfast. (¡Û) ¡Þ have°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̷Î
¾²À̸é ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¡Þ belong to´Â ¡¼ÓÇÏ´Ù, ¡ÀÇ
¼ÒÀ¯ÀÌ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀ̹ǷΠÁøÇàÇüÀ» ¾µ ¼ö
¾øÀ½. * This house is
belong to me. 6. ÇöÀç¿Ï·á
°ú°Å¿Ï·áÀÇ ¿µ¿ª ÇöÀç¿Ï·áÀÇ ¿µ¿ª ¹Ì·¡¿Ï·áÀÇ
¿µ¿ª had+p.p
(have +
p.p) (will(shall) + have +
p.p) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ¡è
¡è
¡è
¡è ´ë°ú°Å
°ú°Å
ÇöÀç
¹Ì·¡
¨ç¿Ï·á (just, already, by this time, yet µî°ú ÇÔ²²
¾²ÀÓ) : ÇöÀç±îÁöÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ ¿Ï·á
Ç¥Çö. ¡Þ°ú°ÅÇ¥½Ã ºÎ»ç±¸ÀÎ ago, yesterday, then, last, when µî°ú ÇÔ²²
¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½. ¡ÞƯÈ÷ just, now´Â ÇöÀç¿Ï·á¿Í ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇϳª just now´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã
°ú°Å ½ÃÁ¦¿Í ÇÔ²²
»ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. * He has just come back home.
(¡Û) ¡æ He came home just now.
(¡Û) ¡æ He has come
home just now. (¡¿) ¡¡ ¨èµ¿ÀÛÀÇ °á°ú. *
She has bought a new car. (°ú°Å¿¡ »ç¼ Áö±Ýµµ °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ´Ù) = She bought a new car
and has it now. ¡Þ have goneÀº 1, 2ÀÎĪ¿¡´Â
»ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇÔ. * I have gone
to the station. (¡¿) *
You have gone to London. (¡¿) ¨é°æÇè (°ú°Å¿¡¼
ÇöÀç±îÁö) * Have you ever seen a
tiger? ¡ÞÇöÀç¿Ï·á½ÃÁ¦ÀÎ have + p.p°¡ °ú°Å ¾î´À ¶§ ºÎÅÍ
Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ °æÇèÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© ever, never,
once, before, seldom µî°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÓ. ¨ê°è¼Ó; »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó - ÇöÀç¿Ï·á
have + p.p.
µ¿ÀÛÀÇ
°è¼Ó - ÇöÀç¿Ï·á ÁøÇàÇü have been + ¡ing. * I have
known her since she was a child. (¡Û) - »óÅÂÀÇ
°è¼Ó. ¡æ I have been knowing her
since she was a child. (¡¿) * He has been
studying English for ten years. (¡Û) - µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °è¼Ó. 7. °ú°Å¿Ï·á (Had +
p.p) : ÇöÀç¿Ï·áÀÇ ±âÁØÁ¡Àº ÇöÀçÀ̰í, °ú°Å¿Ï·áÀÇ ±âÁØÁ¡Àº °ú°ÅÀÇ ¾î´À Á¤ÇØÁø
¶§ÀÌ´Ù. ¨ç¿Ï·á * They had arrived at the
house before night fell. ¨è°á°ú * Spring
had come by the time she was well again.
(°á°ú) ¨é°æÇè * I recognized Mrs. Brown at
once, for I had seen her several times before. ¨ê°è¼Ó: »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó - had
+ p.p. µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °è¼Ó -
had been + ¡ing. * He had lived there for ten years
when his mother died. * I had been waiting for an
hour when he returned. 8. ¹Ì·¡¿Ï·á (will ¶Ç´Â shall + have +
p.p.) ¨ç¿Ï·á * I shall have finished
the work by the time you come. ¡Þ by
the timeÀº ½Ã°£À» Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ºÎ»çÀýÀ̹ǷΠ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ will
come ´ë½Å ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ comeÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
¨è°á°ú * When you wake these fancies will
have gone. ¨é°æÇè * I shall have read the
poem three times if I read it again. ¨ê°è¼Ó: »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó - will(shall)
have + p.p. µ¿ÀÛÀÇ
°è¼Ó - will(shall) have + p.p. + ¡ing. * He will have
been in hospital for two weeks by next sundays. * I
shall have been reading this novel by noon.
Á¶µ¿»ç(Auxiliary
Verb)
1. May, MightÀÇ ¿ë¹ý ¨çÇã¶ô. * May I
smoke here? - Yes, you
may. - No, you may (must)
not. ¨èÃßÃø. * He may be
rich. = It is possible that he is rich.
(ÇöÀçÀÇ ÃßÃø, may + ¿øÇü) * He may have been
rich. = It is possible that he was rich.
(°ú°ÅÀÇ ÃßÃø, may have + p.p) *°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á = might have +
p.p. * He may meet her. (= It is possible that he
meets her.) (±×´Â ±×¸¦ ¸¸³¯Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù; ÇöÀçÀÇ
̧̿) He may have meet her. (= It is
possible that he met her.) (±×´Â ±×³à¸¦ °ú°Å¿¡
¸¸³µÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù; °ú°ÅÀÇ ÃßÃø) He might have met
her. = He might have met her, if he had
not been busy. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á) = He did not
meet her, as he was busy. (Á÷¼³¹ý
°ú°Å) ¨é´É·Â. *
Gather roses while you may. (½Ã±â¸¦ ³õÄ¡Áö
¸¶¶ó) * A man may be kn
own by his
friends. ¨ê±âŸ¿ë¹ý. * Whatever
he may do he will not
succeed. No matter what he may
do Do what he
will * He may be called a poet, but he cannot be
called a scholar. * May be rest in peace ! (ÆíÈ÷Àáµå¼Ò¼!,
±â¿ø¹®) * Might I ask your mane?
(°ø¼Õ) * He may well say so. (¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù) = He says so, and well he
may. = He has good reason to say
so. = It is natural
that
he should say
so. no
wonder a
matter of
course not
surprising = I take it for granted that
he says so. ¡Þ may + well + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç: ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù. °ú°Å: may well have
+ p.p. * You may as well --+
begin at
once. might
as well |
had
better --+ ¡æ ¡ÇÏ´Â°Ô ÁÁ´Ù. ¡Þ may
(might) as well A as B: BÇÏ´À´Ï Â÷¶ó¸® AÇϴ°Ô
³´´Ù. ½ÇÇö°¡´É : may
¡ ½ÇÇöºÒ°¡´É: might
¡ ¡âYou may as well not know a
thing at all as know it
imperfectly. (±×°ÍÀ»
ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ¾Æ´À´Ï, Â÷¶ó¸® ÀüÇô ¸ð¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ
³´´Ù.) You might as
well reason with the wolf as try to persuade
him. (±×¸¦ ¼³µæÇÏ·Á°í
½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À̸®¸¦ ¼³µæÇÏ·Á´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.) 2.
Can ¨ç´É·Â. * I can speak English.
(ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ = be able to) °ú°Å
: I was able to speak
English. ¹Ì·¡ : I will be
able to speak English. ÇöÀç¿Ï·á: I have been
able to speak English. °ú°Å¿Ï·á: I had been
able to speak English. ¹Ì·¡¿Ï·á: I will have
been able to speak English. ¡Þ canÀÇ °ú°Å:
was able to. be able
to¡ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤: be unable to¡ ¨èÃßÃø, °ÇÑ ÀÇȤ.
* Who can he be? (µµ´ëü ´©±¸Àϱî?) (°ÇÑ ºÎÁ¤Àû
ÃßÃø) * Can it be true? (µµ´ëü ±×°Ô »ç½ÇÀϱî?) (°ÇÑ ºÎÁ¤Àû
ÃßÃø) ¡Þ can, cannot µîÀÇ Àǹ®, ºÎÁ¤¹®¿¡¼ 'µµ´ëü ¡Àϱî, ¡Àϸ®°¡
¾ø ´Ù'ÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾î °ÇÑ ÀÇȤÀ̳ª ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÃßÃøÀ»
Ç¥ÇöÇϴµ¥
¾² ÀÓ. *
He cannot be honest. (ÇöÀçÀÇ ÃßÃø, ±×´Â Á¤Á÷ÇÒ¸®°¡
¾ø´Ù) = It is impossible that
he is honest. * He cannot have been
honest. (°ú°ÅÀÇ ÃßÃø) = It is
impossible that he was
honest. ¡Þ cannotÀÌ ÃßÃøÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶©
°ú°ÅÇü¿¡ could notÀ» »ç¿ëÄ¡
¾Ê°í, ¹Ýµå½Ã
cannot + have + p.p. ÇüŸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ °Í. ¨é±âŸ. *
You can go home now. (Çã°¡) * Could you show me the way
to the station? (°ø¼Õ) * We cannot be too careful of
our health. * We cannot praise him too much. (¾Æ¹«¸® ¡Çصµ
Áö³ªÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Ù)
3. Must ¨çÇÊ¿ä, Àǹ« (must + ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç) *
You must go there. = It is necessary that
you should go there. = It is necessary
for you to go there. ¡Þ mustÀÇ ºÎÁ¤¾î´Â need
not, do not need to, do not have
to, have not to µîÀÌ
ÀÖÀ½. * You must go
there. ÀÇ: Do you
have to go
there? °ú: You had
to go there. ¹Ì:
You will have to go there. * You have only to do your
duty. (¡Çϱ⸸ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù) ¨èÃßÃø (must +
¹«ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç) * He must be honest. (ÇöÀçÀÇ
̧̿) = I am sure
that he is
honest. It is
certain = It is impossible that he is
honest. ¡Á He cannot be
honest. * He must have been honest. (°ú°ÅÀÇ
̧̿) = I am sure that he was
honest. = It is impossible
that he was honest. ¡Á He cannot have
been honest. ¨é±âŸ. * He must needs
come. (²À ¡ÇÑ´Ù°í °íÁýÇÏ´Ù) * Sooner or later, death must
come to us all! (ÇÊ¿¬; ¹Ýµå½Ã ¡ÇÏ´Ù. Á¶¸¸°£ Á×À½Àº ¿ì¸®
¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¿Â´Ù) * You must not tell a lie. (±ÝÁö; ¡Çؼ´Â
¾ÈµÈ´Ù) ¡Á You may tell a lie.
(Çã°¡; ¡Çصµ ÁÁ´Ù) * I think that I must
go. °ú°Å: I thought that I must go. 4.
Will, Would ¨ç Will : ÇöÀçÀÇ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢Àû ½À°ü.
(¡ÇϰïÇÏ´Ù) Would: °ú°ÅÀÇ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢Àû ½À°ü.
(¡ÇϰïÇß´Ù) * He will often sit up reading all
night. * He would often come home drunk, and beat his
wife. ¨è¼Ò¸Á (wish to, want to) * He who
would search for pearls, must dive deep. * Would that
I were young
again! Would to
God I wish
¨é°ÅÀý, °íÁý. * The door will not open.
(ÇöÀçÀÇ °íÁý) * He would not help me. (°ú°ÅÀÇ
°íÁý) ¨ê½À°ü, °æÇâ (He'll°ú °°ÀÌ »ý·«ÇüÀ» ¾µ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù) *
Accident will happen. * Dogs will bark when they see
a stranger. ¨ë±âŸ. * This vessel will
hold 2 gallons of water. (Æ÷¿ë·Â) * Would you pass me
the salt? (°ø¼Õ) * He would be about twenty, when he
met her. (ÃßÃø) * He was a strong will. (±×´Â
°ÇÑ ÀÇÁö¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù) * He made his will before his
death. ¡Þ willÀÌ ¸í»ç·Î ¾²À̸é "ÀÇÁö, ¶æ, ÀÇ»ç, À¯¾ð"
µîÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ. * I would rather die (than) live in
dishonor. would
sooner had
rather = I would choose death
before life in dishonor. = I prefer dying
to living in dishonor. (ÀüÄ¡»ç + ¸í»ç,µ¿¸í»ç) = I
prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.
= ºÒ¸í¿¹½º·´°Ô »ç´À´Ï Á×´Â °ÍÀÌ ³´´Ù. 5. Should
¥° ¨çÀǹ« (should + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç: ¡ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù) * The
young should respect the old. ¡Þ 'should +
µ¿»ç¿øÇü'Àº 'ought to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü'°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î
Àǹ« "¡ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù"ÀÇ
¶æ. ¨è°ú°ÅÀÇ ºñ³, À¯°¨, ÈÄȸ (should + have + p.p.;
¡Çß¾î¾ßÇߴµ¥) * You should have
worked
harder. ought
to = I am sorry (that) you didn't work
harder. = I wish
you had worked
harder. Would
that Would to
God If
only = You had to work harder, but you
didn't. ¨é°ÇÑÀǹ®, ³î¶÷, ´ç¿¬ (Àǹ®»ç + should) *
Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot
weather? ¡Þ should°¡ why, how, who µîÀÇ Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼
°ÇÑ Àǹ®, ³î¶÷, ´ç¿¬ µîÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸é
"µµ´ëü ¡Àΰ¡?"ÀÇ ¶æ. * How should I know it?
(¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®) = I don't know it at all.
¡Þ Who should A but b? : µµ´ëü ´©°¡ AÇϴ°¡ Çß´õ´Ï ´Ù¸§¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ù·Î
BÀÌ´õ¶ó. ¨êÀ̼ºÀû ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ should. * It is natural
that he should get angry. = It is natural
for him to get angry. = He may well get
angry. ¡Þ It is + Çü + that¡ ±¸¹®¿¡¼ Çü¿ë»ç
necessary,
important, natural,
good, well, right, wrong, rational µîÀÌ ¿À¸é
thatÀý ¿¡ should¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
(ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾øÀ½) ¨ë°¨Á¤Àû ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ should. * It is
strange that she should cry all day
long. ¡Þ It is ´ÙÀ½¿¡ a pity, surprising,
odd, strange, curious
µîÀÌ ¾²À̸é that¡¿¡ should¸¦
»ç¿ëÇϸç, "¡ÇÏ´Ù´Ï"·Î
ÇØ¼®ÇÑ´Ù. should + µ¿»ç¿øÇü
¡æ ÇöÀçÀÇ
ÀÏ. should + have + p.p.
¡æ °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÏ. ¨ì±âŸ. * He should arrive by
the 6:15 train. (̧̿) * I should like to go to America
once more. (¿Ï°îÇÑ Ç¥Çö) * Write it down in your
notebook lest you should fo
rget it. * He lowered his voice for fear that he
should be heard. ¡æ "¡ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï", ÀÚü ¼Ó¿¡ ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æ
Æ÷ÇÔ. should ´ÙÀ½¿¡ not À» ¾²Áö
¾Êµµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇ ÇÒ °Í. 6. Should ¥± Ãæ°í: advice,
advisable. --+ ÁÖÀå: insist,
demand. | + that + ÁÖ¾î + should +
µ¿»ç¿øÇü ¼Ò¸Á: desire,
expect. | ¿ä±¸:
require, request. | Á¦¾È:
propose, move,
suggest. | ¸í·É:
order. --+ * He
insisted that he (should) go to the party. = He
insisted on (¶Ç´Â upon) going to the party. * I ordered that he
(should) do it himself. 7. Ought to ¨ç´ç¿¬,
Àǹ«. * You ought to start at once. (¡ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù,
should¿Í °ÅÀÇ °°Àº ¶æ) * You ought not to say such things.
(ºÎÁ¤; ought not to¡) ¨è°ú°ÅÀÇ À¯°¨, ÈÄȸ, ºñ³. *
You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.
= You should have told me that matter
yesterday. = I am sorry (that) you did
not tell me that matter yesterday. = I
wish you had told me that matter
yesterday. (³Ê´Â ¾îÁ¦ ±×ÀÏÀ» ³ª¿¡°Ô
¸»Çß¾î¾ß Çߴµ¥...)
¡Þought to + have + p.p´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ½ÇÇàµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ
À¯°¨, ºñ³, ÈÄȸ¸¦ ³ª Ÿ³»¸ç '¡Çß¾î¾ßÇߴµ¥'ÀÇ
¶æÀ» °®´Â´Ù. * He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station
by now. (±×´Â Áö±ÝÂë ¸¶¶¥È÷ ¼¿ï¿ª¿¡ µµÂøÇØÀÖÀ»°Å¾ß; ´ç¿¬ÇÑ
ÃßÃø) ¨é¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÃßÃø. * It ought to be rainy
tomorrow. (´ç¿¬È÷ ¡ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù) 8. Dare * I dare not to go
there. * How are you say such a thing to my
face? (³» ¸éÀü¿¡¼ ³×°¡ °¨È÷ ³ª¿¡°Ô ±×·± ¸»À» ÇÒ ¼ö
Àְڴ°¡?) ¡ÞºÎÁ¤¹®, Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼ Á¶µ¿»ç·Î ¾²¿© "°¨È÷ ¡ÇÏ´Ù" *
He does not dare to tell us. ¡Þ dare to do : º»µ¿»ç·Î¼ "°¨È÷
¡ÇÏ´Ù" * I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = ¾Æ¸¶. 9.
Need * daily needs: ÀÏ¿ëǰ. * immediate needs: ´çÀå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ
°Íµé. * The house is in need of repair. (¸í»ç·Î ÇÊ¿ä, ¼Ò¿ë, °áÇÌÀÇ
¶æ) ¡Þin need of¡: ¡¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ. ¡Þin need: °ï°æ¿¡
ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Â. * He needs your help. (º»µ¿»ç, ±×´Â ³ÊÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î
ÇÑ´Ù) * He need
not go there. (Á¶µ¿»ç) = He does not need to go
there. (º»µ¿»ç) * He need not have written to her
again. (±×´Â ±×³à¿¡°Ô ÆíÁö¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥...(±×·±µ¥µµ
½è´Ù)) He did not need to write to her
again. (±×´Â ±×³à¿¡°Ô ÆíÁö¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù.(½è´ÂÁöÀÇ ¿©ºÎ´Â
¸ð¸§)) ¡Þneed not have + p.p.: ¡ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥ ¡¸¦
Çß´Ù. did not need to¡ : ¡ÇÒ Çʿ䰡
¾ø¾ú´Ù, ±×·¡¼ ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 10. Used to ¨ç use°¡ ¸í»ç, µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§. * You use your legs when you walk. (µ¿»ç,
[ju:z]) * The telephone is of no use in this town.
(¸í»ç, [ju:s]) * use up = exhaust: ´Ù ½á
¹ö¸®´Ù. of no use = useless: ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ
¾ø´Â. ¨è used to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü. * I used to get
up early. ([ju:st], °ú°ÅÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢Àû ½À°ü) = I was
in the habit of getting up early. = I
made it a rule to get up early. = I made
a point of getting up early.
= I made it a point to get up
early. * There used to be a big tree here. (°ú°ÅÀÇ
»óÅÂ) ¨é be used to + ¸í»ç, µ¿¸í»ç. * He is
used to driving a car. = He is accustomed
to drive a
car. driving
a car. ¡Þ be used to ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç°¡ ¿À¸ç
"¡¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇÏ´Ù"ÀÇ ¶æ. ±×·¯³ª be
accustomed to ´ÙÀ½¿£ µ¿»ç¿øÇü ¶Ç´Â ¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç°¡ ¸ðµÎ ¾²ÀÓ.
ÅÂ (Voice)
1. ¼öµ¿ÅÂ¿Í ´Éµ¿Å ¨çÅÂÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì : µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °üÁ¡ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý±â´Â µ¿»çÀÇ Ç¥Çö Çü½ÄÀ» ¶ó°í
ÇÑ´Ù. ´Éµ¿ÅÂ: µ¿ÀÛÀ» ÇÏ´Â ÂÊ¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À»
µÒ. ¼öµ¿ÅÂ: µ¿ÀÛÀ» ¹Þ´Â ÂÊ¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À»
µÒ. ¡â{´Éµ¿Å ¡æ
¼öµ¿ÅÂ} ÁÖ¾î ¡¦ ´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡
µÊ. µ¿»ç ¡¦ [be +
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç]·Î. by¡ ¡¦ ´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ by µÚ¿¡ ¿Í¼ ºÎ»ç±¸¸¦
ÀÌ·ë. * He wrote this letter.
(´Éµ¿ÅÂ) ñ« ÔÑ
ÙÍ This
letter was written by him.
(¼öµ¿ÅÂ) ñ«
ÔÑ
ÜùÞòÏ£ * All the people in the world
admire Kennedy. (´Éµ¿ÅÂ) (¸ðµç ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Äɳ׵ð¸¦
ĪÂùÇÑ´Ù.) = Kennedy is admired by all the people in the
world. (¼öµ¿ÅÂ) (Äɳ׵ð´Â ¸ðµç ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ĪÂù
¹Þ´Â´Ù.) ¨è¼öµ¿Å·Π¾µ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µ¿»ç : ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹®ÀåÀ̶ó°í ¸ðµÎ
¼öµ¿Å·Π¹Ù²îÁö´Â
¾Ê´Â´Ù. have(°¡Áö°íÀÖ´Ù), resemble, lack, become
µîÀº ¼öµ¿Å°¡ ¾ÈµÇ´Â µ¿»çµéÀÌ´Ù. ¡âShe resembles her
mother. ¡æ Her mother is resembled by
her.(¡¿) ¡âlet, have¸¦ ¼öµ¿Å·ΠÇÒ
¶§ ¡æ let - be allowed to, have - be asked
to. * He had me sing. ¡æ I was
asked to sing by
him. He let me
go. ¡æ I was allowed to go by him. 2. [By + ÇàÀ§ÀÚ]¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì
¨çÇàÀ§ÀÚ°¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÏ ¶§. * English is spoken
in Hongkong (by them) ¨èÇàÀ§ÀÚ°¡ ¸í¹éÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§, ¶Ç´Â ´©±ºÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀ»
‹š. * The house was built in 1470 (by
somebody). ¨éÇàÀ§ÀÚ°¡ ´©±ºÁö Ç¥Çö ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ» ¶§. *
Mary and I were invited to Jane's house. 3. ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦ * Jack
builds the house. ¡æ The house is built by Jack.
(ÇöÀç) * Jack built the house. ¡æ The
house was built by Jack. (°ú°Å) * Jack will build the
house. ¡æ The house will be built by Jack.
(¹Ì·¡) ¡ÞÀÎĪ¿¡ µû¶ó will, shallÀ»
Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¡âHe will catch me.
(´Ü¼ø¹Ì·¡) ¡æ I shall be caught by
him. I will do
it. (ÀÇÁö¹Ì·¡) ¡æ It shall be
done (by me) * Jack has built the house.
(ÇöÀç¿Ï·á) ¡æ The house has been built by
Jack. * Jack had built the house. ¡æ
The house had been built by Jack. (°ú°Å¿Ï·á) * Jack will have built
the house. ¡æ The house will have been built by Jack.
(¹Ì·¡¿Ï·á) * Jack is building the house. ¡æ
The house is being built by Jack. (ÁøÇàÇü) * Jack can build the
house. ¡æ The house can be built by Jack. (Á¶µ¿»ç) 4.
4Çü½ÄÀÇ ¼öµ¿Å ¡Þ4Çü½ÄÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº ´ë°³ °£Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇϵçÁö, Á÷Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦
ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÏ¿© µÎ°³ÀÇ ¼öµ¿Å°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. 4Çü½ÄÀÇ ¼öµ¿Å´Â
3Çü½ÄÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ´Ù. * Tom gave me the book.
(4Çü½Ä) ¡æ I was given the book by
Tom. (Á÷.¸ñÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î, 3Çü½Ä) ¡æ The book was
given me by Tom. (°£.¸ñÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î, 3Çü½Ä) ¡æ The
book was given to me by Tom. (1Çü½Ä) ¨çI.O°¡ º¸·ù¸ñÀû¾î°¡ µÉ ¶§ :
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î I.OÀÌ º¸·ù¸ñÀû¾î°¡ µÉ ¶© ±× ¾Õ¿¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç to,
for, of µîÀ» »ç¿ë.(S + V + I.O + D.O ¡æ S + V + D.O + pre
+I.O) to »ç¿ëµ¿»ç : send, tell, lend, give,
offer, bring, owe, teach,
show, write,
read, µî... for »ç¿ëµ¿»ç: buy, make, find,
choose, get, cook, build µî... of
»ç¿ëµ¿»ç: ask, inquire, require µî... ¡âA
letter was sent (to) me by
him. A watch was bought for
me by him. Some questions
were asked of me by him. ¨è D.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç :
write, make, get, bring, carry, send,
throw, pass, hand, read, sell, sing, do µîÀÇ
µ¿»ç ´Â D.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ µÉ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ½. ¡âShe made me a doll. ¡æ A
doll was made for me by
her. I wrote him a letter. ¡æ
A letter was written him by me. ¨é I.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç
: envy, call, kiss, answer, save, spare
µîÀº I.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־
µÊ. ¡âThey envied him his luck. ¡æ
He was envied his luck by them. 5. 5Çü½ÄÀÇ ¼öµ¿Å * They elected
him chairman. (5Çü½Ä) ¡æ He was elected chairman (by
them). (2Çü½Ä) ¡Þ5Çü½Ä ¡æ 2Çü½Ä ¼öµ¿Å·Π¹Ù²Ù´Âµ¥ ÀÖ¾î Áö°¢, »ç¿ªµ¿»ç°¡
¾²ÀÌ¸é ¸ñÀûº¸¾î´Â ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç¸¦
¾´´Ù. ¡âI saw him enter the
room. ¡æ He was seen to enter
the room by me. * ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â we, you, one, they, people, someone,
somebody µî Àº ¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼´Â º¸Åë »ý·«Çϸç, º¸¾î´Â Á־ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. 6. 5Á¾
±âº»Çü½Ä¹® (Active ¡ê Passive)
Active Voice
¡æ
Passive
Voice (Çü½Ä)
(Çü½Ä) [+1]
Spring has come.
[¾øÀ½] [+2]
It is warm in spring.
[¾øÀ½] [+3]
He wrote this book.
¡æ [-1] This book was
written by him. [+4] He told me the story.
¡æ [-1] The story was told me by
him.
(´Éµ¿ÅÂ
Á÷Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ
°Í) [-3]
I was told the story by
him. (´Éµ¿ÅÂ
°£Á¢¸ñÀûÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ °Í) [+5] People elected him president. ¡æ [-2] He was
elected president by people. 7. ´Éµ¿ÅÂ¿Í ¼öµ¿Å¸¦ ÇÕÇØ º» 5Á¾ ±âº»Çü½Ä¹® Á¦
1Çü½Ä¹® [+1] = (S +
V) [-1]
= (S - V) ¡æ +- [+3]¿¡¼
¿Â °Í. +- [+4]ÀÇ Á÷Á¢¸ñÀûÀ» ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ
°Í. Á¦ 2Çü½Ä¹® [+2] = (S + V +
C) [-2]
= (S - V + C) ¡æ [+5]¿¡¼ ¿Â
°Í. Á¦ 3Çü½Ä¹® [+3] = (S + V +
O) [-3]
= (S - V + O) ¡æ [+4]ÀÇ
°£Á¢¸ñÀûÀ» ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ °Í. Á¦ 4Çü½Ä¹® [+4] = (S + V + O + O) Á¦
5Çü½Ä¹® [+5] = (S + V + O + C) ¡Þcf) + : ´Éµ¿ÅÂ, - : ¼öµ¿ÅÂ, ¼ýÀÚ: ¹®ÀåÀÇ
Çü½Ä. 8. º¸¾î°¡ ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»çÀÎ ¼öµ¿Å ¡Þ¼úºÎµ¿»ç°¡ Áö°¢µ¿»ç ¶Ç´Â »ç¿ªµ¿»çÀÏ °æ¿ì, ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç´Â
¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼´Â [to ÀÖ´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç]°¡ µÈ´Ù.
* We saw him enter the room. ¡æ He was
seen to enter the room. * We heard him
sing. ¡æ He was heard to sing. 9. ÇÕ¼ºµ¿»çÀÇ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
¡ÞÇÕ¼ºµ¿»ç´Â ¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼ ÇÑ ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãë±ÞµÈ´Ù. ¨çÀÚµ¿»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç =
Ÿµ¿»ç±¸. * He laughed at me.
(3Çü½Ä) ¡æ I was laughed at by him.
(1Çü½Ä) ¨èŸµ¿»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç = Ÿµ¿»ç±¸. * They
took good care of the child. (3Çü½Ä) ¡æ The
child was taken good care of (by them).
(1Çü½Ä) ¡æ Good care was taken of the child
(by him). ¨éµ¿»ç + ºÎ»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç = Ÿµ¿»ç±¸. * The
villagers looked up to the doctor.
(3Çü½Ä) ¡æ The doctor was looked up to by
the villagers. (1Çü½Ä) ¡Þ speak well of, be well spoken
ofÀÇ ÇüÅÂ. * They speak well of
Mary. ¡æ Mary is spoken well
of (by them). (¡¿) ¡æ
Mary is well spoken of (by them). (¡Û)
10. ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ¸í»çÀýÀÎ ¼öµ¿Å ¡Þ°¡ÁÖ¾î It¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ìµçÁö, thatÀý ¼ÓÀÇ Á־ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î
ÇÑ´Ù. (º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦ = thatÀý µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦ ¡æ
´Ü¼øºÎÁ¤»ç. º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦º¸´Ù thatÀý µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦°¡ Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å ¡æ
¿Ï·áºÎÁ¤»ç.) * They say that he is
honest. ¡æ That he is honest is said (by
them). ¡æ It is said (by them) that he is
honest. ¡æ He is said to be honest (by
them). * They say that he was
honest. ¡æ It is said (by them) that he
was honest. ¡æ He is said to have been
honest (by them). 11. Àǹ®¹® ¼öµ¿Å ¡ÞÀǹ®¹®À» ¼öµ¿Å·Π°íÄ¥ °æ¿ì´Â Æò¼¹® ¡æ ¼öµ¿Å ¡æ
Àǹ®¹®À¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î °¡¸é ÀÌÇØ°¡ ½±´Ù. * Did you plant
this tree? ¡æ You planted this tree.
(Æò¼¹®) ¡æ This tree was planted by you.
(¼öµ¿ÅÂ) ¡æ Was this tree planted by you?
(Àǹ®¹®; óÀ½ ¹®ÀåÀÇ Àǹ®¹® ¼öµ¿ÅÂ) * Who saw the
accident? ¡æ Who saw the accident. (Æò¼¹®; Þª¹®Àå)
¡æ The accident was seen by whom. (¼öµ¿ÅÂ;
Þª¹®Àå) ¡æ By whom was the accident seen? (Àǹ®¹®; óÀ½ ¹®ÀåÀÇ
Àǹ®¹® ¼öµ¿ÅÂ) * What did he write on the
blackboard? ¡æ What was written on the blackboard by
him? 12. ¸í·É¹® ¼öµ¿Å ¡Þ[Let + ¸ñÀû¾î + be + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç]ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * Do it at once. ¡æ Let it be
done at once. * Don't touch the
stone. ¡æ Don't let the stone be
touched. ¡æ Let the stone not be
touched. ¡â¸í·É¹®ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤Àº µÎ°¡Áö°¡
ÀÖ´Ù. [Don't let + ¸ñÀû¾î + be +
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç] [Let + ¸ñÀû¾î + not + be +
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç] 13. ºÎÁ¤¹® ¼öµ¿Å * no ¡ê not + any.
* nobody ¡ê not +
anybody. * never ¡ê not + ever. *
nothing ¡ê not + anything. * neither ¡ê not + either. * no
one ¡ê no + anyone. ¡Þ notÀº Ç×»ó ¹®µÎ·Î °¡·Á´Â ¼ºÁúÀÌ
ÀÖÀ½. * Anyone can not solve the problem. (¡¿)
¡æ No one can solve the problem. (¡Û) 14. µ¿ÀÛÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦
³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç ¡Þ´Éµ¿¹®ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â ¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼ ´ë°³ ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥ ±× ¶§ÀÇ
´ëÇ¥ ÀûÀÎ ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â byÀÌÁö¸¸, µ¿»ç¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ÀüÄ¡»ç°¡ ¿À´Â °æ¿ì°¡
ÀÖ´Ù. * Snow covers the mountain. ¡æ The
mountain is covered with snow. * Everybody knows the
poet. ¡æ The poet is known to
everybody. ¡âA man is known by the company he
keeps. * His sudden death surprised
me. ¡æ I was surprised at his sudden
death. ¡â±â»Ý, ½½ÇÄ, ³î¶÷ µûÀ§ÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â µ¿»ç´Â º¸Åë
¼öµ¿Å·Π³ªÅ¸³»¸ç, ¿©±â ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â ´ë°³ at, with
ÀÌ´Ù. I am pleased with my
students. I am satisfied with the
result. I was astonished at his
conduct. * This book interests me. ¡æ I
am interested in this book. ¡âI was tired from the
work. I was tired of my quiet
life.
The street is crowded with a lot of people. 15. ¼öµ¿Å°¡ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¶§
¨ç´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§. * He was killed
during the war. ¨è¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶§. * Spanish is spoken in Mexico,
too. ¨é´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־´Ù ¼öµ¿Å Á־ °ü½ÉÀÌ Å¬ ¶§. * Mr.
Truman was elected president again.
¨ê¼öµ¿ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾øÀÌ ÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ´À²¸Áö´Â °æ¿ì. ¨ÍÁ¾»ç, À§Ä¡,
»ç¸Á, Ãâ»ýÀÇ µ¿»ç. * I am now engaged in writing
a book. ¡Þbe absorbed in: ¡¿¡
¸ôµÎÇÏ´Ù. be situated
= be located: ¡¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Ù. ¨ÎÀÍ»ç, ÇÇÇØ, Å»¼±, ºÎ»óÀÇ
µ¿»ç. * The river drowned him.
(¡¿) ¡æ He was drowned in the
river. (¡Û) ¨ë¾Õ¹®Àå°úÀÇ ¿¬°á»óÀ¸·Î. * He made a
speech and was asked many questions at the
end. (±×´Â ¿¬¼³À» Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ¿¬¼³ ³¡¿¡ ¸¹Àº Áú¹®À»
¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.) ¨ìÇàÀ§ÀÚ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»Áö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÉ ¶§. *
Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been
spoken. (¸»ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Ò¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿À´Ã¹ã ¿©±â¿¡¼ ¸î°¡Áö
¸»Çß´Ù.) 16. µ¿ÀÛ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ¿Í »óÅ ¼öµ¿Å * Our house is painted every year.
(µ¿ÀÛ) = We paint our house every
year. * Our house is painted green.
(»óÅÂ) = We have
painted our house green. * The door is sh
ut at seven every evening. (µ¿ÀÛ) * The door is shut now.
(»óÅÂ) 17. ÁÖÀÇÇÒ ¼öµ¿Å * This novel sells
well. (ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³Àº Àß ÆÈ¸°´Ù; Çü½ÄÀº ´Éµ¿À̳ª ¶æÀº
¼öµ¿ÀÌ´Ù.) ¡ÞThis orange peels
well. His novels read
well. * I was greatly astonished at the
sight. (³ª´Â ±× ±¤°æÀ» º¸°í ¸Å¿ì ³î¶ú´Ù; Çü½ÄÀº ¼öµ¿À̳ª ¶æÀº
´Éµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ °¨Á¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»¿¡ ¸¹´Ù.) * I
had my purse stolen. ¡Þ[have (get) + ¸ñÀû¾î +
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç] ¡¦À» ¡´çÇÏ´Ù. ¡¦À»
¡½ÃŰ´Ù. ¡âI had my watch st/olen.
(´çÇÏ´Ù) I h/ad my
watch mended. (½ÃŰ´Ù) * This house is
building. = This house is being built. (ÀÌ ÁýÀº °ÇÃà Áß¿¡
ÀÖ´Ù.) ¡ÞThe meal is now cooking. * He is
to blame. = He is to be
blamed. ¡âa book to read = a book to be
read. a house to let:
¼ÂÁý. water to drink: À½·á¼ö.
* He sold the watch a at a good price.
(3Çü½Ä) * His new novel sells well.
(1Çü½Ä) ¡Þ
sell, lock, read, translate, peel µîÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ÇüÅ´Â
´Éµ¿À̳ª Àǹ̴ ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ´Ù. 18.
½ÃÃʼöµ¿ * I am acquainted with him.
(»óÅÂ) * I became acquainted with him at the
party. (µ¿ÀÛÀÇ ½ÃÃÊ) ¡Þ be acquainted
with ¡: "¡À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÇöÀçÀÇ
»óÅ ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»°í Àִµ¥ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© be µ¿»ç
´ë½Å¿¡ 'become, grow, get
+ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç'ÀÇ ÇüŰ¡ µÇ¸é [
¡ÇϰԵǴÙ]ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾î¶²ÀÏÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³ª´Â
½ÃÃʳª µ¿±â¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¹Ç·Î ½ÃÃʼöµ¿À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
¹ý (Mood)
1. ¹ýÀÇ Á¾·ù ¡Þ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ½É¸® ŵµ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ µ¿»çÀÇ Ç¥Çö Çü½ÄÀ» ¹ýÀ̶ó Çϸç,
Á÷¼³¹ý, ¸í·É¹ý, °¡Á¤¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. * I am thirsty.
(Á÷¼³¹ý) * Give me something to drink. (¸í·É¹ý) * I wish
I had something to drink. (°¡Á¤¹ý) 2. ¹ýÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ë¹ý ¨ç¸í·É¹ýÀº µ¿»çÀÇ ¿øÇüÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¸í·ÉÀº »ó´ë¹æ¿¡°Ô ÇϹǷΠÁÖ¾î You¸¦ »ý·«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸ÅëÀÌÁö¸¸, ƯÈ÷ »ó´ë¹æÀÇ
ÁÖÀǸ¦ ²ø·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§´Â »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * You read the first
paragraph, John. * And mind you don't forget to
post the letter. ¨è¸í·É¹ýÀº Á¢¼Ó»ç and, or¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Á¶°ÇÀ»
³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. ¨Í¸í·É¹ý +
and Hurry up, and you will be in
time. = If you hurry up, you will
be in time. ¨Î¸í·É¹ý +
or Hurry up, or you will be
late. = If you do not hurry up, you will
be late. = Unless you hurry up, you will
be late. ¨é Let him go there. Let
each man do his best. ¡Þ¸í·É¹ý¿¡´Â let
¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Çü½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 1ÀÎĪ, 3ÀÎĪ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©µçÁö ȤÀº ±ÇÀ¯¸¦
ÇÏ´Â Çü½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¡âLet us ¡. ÀÇ Çü½Ä¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±¸º°ÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. Let us go. (°©½Ã´Ù)
¡¦
±ÇÀ¯ [lets] Let us go. (ÀúÈñµéÀ» º¸³»
ÁֽÿÀ) ¡¦ Çã°¡ [l/et s] ¡âLet¿¡´Â 3ÀÎĪ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¸í·ÉÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÁÖÀÇÇÒ ¿ë¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Let each
man do his best. = Each man
should do his best. (°¢ÀÚ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ÃÖ¼±À» ´ÙÇ϶ó.) 2. °¡Á¤¹ý ÇöÀç *
If + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç¿øÇü, ÁÖ¾î + will. can +
µ¿»ç¿øÇü Á¶°ÇÀý(Á¾¼ÓÀý)
shall.
may ÁÖÀý(±Í°áÀý) *
If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go. * If he
is honest, I will employ him.
(Á¶°ÇÀý) * If he is honest, I
will not employ him. (¾çº¸Àý, ¡ÇÒÁö¶óµµ)
3. °¡Á¤¹ý ¹Ì·¡ * If + ÁÖ¾î + should (ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¹«ÀÇÁö) + µ¿»ç¿øÇü, [¡æ
Á¶°ÇÀý(Á¾¼ÓÀý)] would
(ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ÀÇÁö) + ÁÖ¾î + will(would),
can(could) + µ¿»ç¿øÇü. [¡æ
ÁÖÀý(±Í°áÀý)] shall(should),
may(might) * If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not
come. ¡Þ °¡Á¤¹ý ¹Ì·¡´Â ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÇÑ ÀǽÉ, ÀÇȤÀ»
³ªÅ¸³¿. Á¶°ÇÀý¿¡ should +
µ¿»ç¿øÇüÀ» »ç¿ë. ¢¡ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÇÑ
ÀǽÉ. would + µ¿»ç¿øÇü ¢¡ ÁÖ¾îÀÇ
ÀÇÁö. * If you should meet him, tell him to write to
me. = Should you meet him, tell him to
write to me. ¡Þ Á¶µ¿»ç + should ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡: If¸¦
»ý·«½Ã. * If + ÁÖ¾î + were to¡, ÁÖ¾î
+ would, should +
µ¿»ç¿øÇü. could,
might * If the
sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the
earth? ¡Þ
°¡Á¤¹ý ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀý¿¡ were to¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀüÇô
ºÒ°¡´É ÇÑ
ÀÏ ¶Ç´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÀÇȤ µîÀ» ³ª
Ÿ³»¸ç ÁÖÀý¿¡´Â
would, should
µî¸¸ °¡´É. will, shall µîÀº »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ½. 4. °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å * If +
S + Root, were, S + would, should +
Root had,
did,
could, * As I am
ill, I cannot go there. (Á÷¼³¹ý ÇöÀç) = If I
were not ill, I could go there. (°¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å) = Were I not ill, I could go there.
(if »ý·«) = But for
my illness, I could go
there. Without =
If it were not for my illness, I could go
there. ¡Þ But for, WithoutÀº ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸·Î¼ "¡ÀÌ
¾ø´Ù¸é"ÀÇ ¶æ. ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã
¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»çÇüÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. °¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å¿¡¼ If it were not for¡ (¸¸ÀÏ ¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é)·Î
°í Ä¥ ¼ö
ÀÖÀ½. ¡Þ It is (high) time (that) + S + °ú°Åµ¿»ç ¢¡ ±ä±Þ»çÇ×, ´ç¿¬,
ÇÊ¿ä, ÀçÃË. * It is time (that) you went to
bed. = It is time (that) you
should go to bed. = It is
time for you to go go bed. * If
I were a bird, I would fly to you. (°¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å) = As I am not a bird, I
do not fly to you. (Á÷¼³¹ý ÇöÀç) 5. °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á * If + S +
had + p.p., S + would, should + have +
p.p. could,
might
* As you helped me, I did not fail. (Á÷¼³¹ý
°ú°Å) = If you had not helped me, I would
have fail. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á) = Had you not
helped me, I would have failed. (If
»ý·«½Ã) = But for (Without) your help, I
would have failed. = If it had not been
for your help, I would have failed. = Had
it not been for your help, I would have failed. ¡Þ °ú°Å»ç½ÇÀÇ Á¤¹Ý´ë¸¦ °¡Á¤ÇÒ
¶© °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á Çü½ÄÀÎ If + ÁÖ + had + p.p, ÁÖ +
would(should...) + have + p.p ¡Þ but for, without°¡ °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿¡¼ ¾²À̸é if
it were not for(¸¸ÀÏ ¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é) ·Î °íÃÄÁö¸ç °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á¿¡¼
¾²À̸é if it had not been for(¸¸ÀÏ ¡ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´õ ¶ó¸é)·Î
°íÃÄÁü. ¡Þ Á¶°ÇÀý¿¡¼ Á¢¼Ó»ç if°¡ »ý·«µÇ¸é beµ¿»ç¿Í Á¶µ¿»ç´Â ¹Ù·Î ÁÖ¾î ¾ÕÀ¸·Î
µµÄ¡µÇ¸ç ÀϹݵ¿»ç´Â Á¶µ¿»ç did°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÊ. 6. But for,
Without ¡æ °¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å +-- if it were not
for +-- were it not
for °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á +-- if it
had not been f
or +-- had it not been
for * But for the heat of the sun, nothing could
live. (žç¿ÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¾Æ¹«µµ »ì ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.) *
Without your timely advice, he would have been
ruined. (´ç½ÅÀÇ ½Ã±âÀûÀýÇÑ Ãæ°í°¡ ¾ø¾ú´õ¶ó¸é, ±×´Â ÆÄ¸êÇßÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.) * But for, WithoutÀÇ ¶æÀº ÁÖÀý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
°áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ¡ÞBut for his help, I couldn't succeed. (°¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å) But for his help, I couldn't have
succeeded. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á) * but for¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î but thatÀÌ Àִµ¥, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ÀýÀÌ
¿À¸ç, ¶Ç Á÷¼³¹ýÀÌ ¿Â´Ù. but that =
unless ¡âBut that he had a family, he would have left
England long ago. 7. I wish + °¡Á¤¹ý ¡Þ I wish + ÁÖ¾î + º¹¼ö °ú°Åµ¿»ç :
°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å (ÇöÀç»ç½ÇÀÇ ¹Ý´ë) * I wish --+
I were a bird. (°¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å) would
that | would
to God | : ÇöÀç ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¼Ò¸Á If
only --+ = I am
sorry -
-+ I am not a bird. (Á÷¼³¹ý
ÇöÀç) It is a
pity | I
regret --+
¡Þ I wish + ÁÖ + had + p.p : °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á (°ú°Å¿¡ ½ÇÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ
¼Ò¸Á) * I wish --+ I
had learned English. (°¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å¿Ï·á) Would
that | If
only | O
that --+ = I am
sorry --+ I didn't learn English. (Á÷¼³¹ý
°ú°Å) It is a
pity | I
regret --+ =
I should -+ have learned English.
: ¡Çß¾î¾ß
Çߴµ¥ ought
to -+ 8. as if + °¡Á¤¹ý ¡Þ as
if --+ + ÁÖ + º¹¼ö
°ú°Åµ¿»ç as though --+ = °¡Á¤¹ý
°ú°Å : ¸¶Ä¡ ¡ÀÎ °Í ó·³ * He talks as if he knew
everything. = In fact he doesn't
know everything. * He talked as if he knew
everything. = In fact he did not
know everything. ¡Þ as if --+
+ ÁÖ + had + p.p as
though --+ = °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á : ¸¶Ä¡ ¡¿´´ø °Í
ó·³ * He looks as if h
e had been ill. = In fact he has
not been ill. * He looked as if he had been
ill. = In fact he had not been
ill. ¡Þ ÁÖÀýµ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦À̸é as if¡´Â °ú°Å ¶Ç´Â ÇöÀç¿Ï·á¸¦,
°ú°Å½ÃÁ¦ÀÌ¸é °ú°Å¿Ï·á½ÃÁ¦¸¦ °¢°¢ Ç¥½ÃÇÔ. 9.
È¥ÇÕ °¡Á¤¹ý * As I did not take your advice then, I am not
happier now. = If I had taken your advice then,
I would be happier now. ¡Þ Á÷¼³¹ý : as¡´Â °ú°Å, ÁÖÀýÀº
ÇöÀçÀÌ¸é °¡Á¤¹ý : asÀýÀº °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á(had
+ p.p)·Î, ÁÖÀýÀº °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å(would + ¿øÇü)·Î 10. Á¶°Ç Á¢¼Ó»ç . ±¸ ¡Þ unless = if
¡ not : ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é in case (that) + ÁÖ +
µ¿ --+ ¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â in
case of + ¸í | ¸¸ÀÏ
¡ÇÑ´Ù¸é in the event of +
¸í ---+ in
case ¡ should : ¡ÀÇ
°æ¿ì¸¦ ´ëºñÇØ¼, ¡ÇÏ¸é ¾ÈµÇ´Ï±î * A tiger cannot be
tamed, unless it is caught
young. = A tiger cannot be
tamed, if it is not caugh
t young. * In case of trouble, call
for any help. * Take your umbrella in
case it should rain.
¡Þ provided
(that) ----+ providing
(that) | on condition
that | ¡Çϱ⸸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é so
long as | if
only ------+ suppose
(that) = supposing (that) : ¡ÇÑ´Ù¸é
(if) granted
(that) --+ ¼³·É ¡ÇÑ´Ù
ÇÒÁö¶óµµ granting (that) --+
(even if : ¾çº¸¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¿) 11. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸ (ÀüÄ¡»ç) *
With guns, we could defeat the enemy. =
If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy. 12. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸
(±¸) * I would not do such a thing in your
place. = I would not do such a thing if I
were in your place.
13. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸ (´Ü¾î) * A Korean would not do such a
thing. = If he were a Korean, he would
not do such a thing. 14. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸ (Á¢¼Ó»ç) ¡Þ I am engaged now,
or --+ ¡æ if I were not engaged
now, or
else | : °¡ . °ú ¡æ ±×·¸Áö
¾Ê´Ù¸é otherwise --+
°¡ . °ú . ¿Ï ¡æ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶ó¸é I would
accept your invitation. ¡Þ but
that ---+ +- ÁÖ + ÇöÀ絿»ç : ¡ÀÌ
¾ø´Ù¸é expect
that | +-
ÁÖ + °ú°Åµ¿»ç : ¡ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´õ¶ó¸é but
what ---+ * As I am poor, I can not
go abroad. = If I were not poor, I could
go abroad. = Were I not poor, I could go
abroad. = But that I am poor, I could go
abroad. ¡Þ but that ´ÙÀ½¿£ Á÷¼³¹ýÀÌ ¿À¸ç ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ
Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î not¸¦ ¾²¸é Ʋ¸°´Ù.
ÁÖÀýÀÌ °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°ÅÀ̸é but that + Á÷¼³¹ý ÇöÀç ÇüÅ *
but that + Á÷
¼³¹ý ÇöÀç, ÁÖÀý (could +
¿øÇüµ¿»ç) but that + Á÷¼³¹ý
°ú°Å, ÁÖÀý (would + have p.p : °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á) 15. Á¶°ÇÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç¿Í ºÐ»ç * I
should be very glad to speak French : °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å = I
should be very glad if I could speak French. * I should be happy
to accompany you. = I should be happy if I could
accompany you. (´ç½ÅÀ» µ¿¹Ý ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é
±â»Ú°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.)
* The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to
disaster. (ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ¸¸¾à Àü½Ã¿¡ ÀϾٸé Å« Àç³ÀÌ µÉ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.) happening in wartime.
(ºÐ»ç±¸¹®) = if it should happen in
wartime. * Left to herself, she would have gone
astray. = If she had been left to herself, she ¡
. 16. ÁÖÀý ¶Ç´Â Á¶°ÇÀýÀÇ »ý·« * I could have come yesterday
(if I had wanted to come) * What if they should be
thieves? = What would be the result if
they should be thieves? 17. ¾ð¿Ü(åëèâ)¿¡ °¡Á¤ÀÇ ¶æÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °íÁ¤µÈ Ç¥Çö¾î±¸. ¡ÞÀ̵éÀº
ÁÖ·Î »ç¾çÇÏ´Â °â¼ÕÇÑ ¿Ï°î ¾î¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¨ç I should say he was a great scholar. (±×´Â
¾Æ¸¶ ´ëÇÐÀÚÀÌÁÒ) ¡â¿©±â¿¡¼ÀÇ was´Â should°¡ °ú°ÅÇüÀ̹ǷΠ½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
°Í. ¨è That would seem strange. (±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏ
°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.) ¡âIf you did not know the truth, (Áø»óÀ» ¸ð¸£½Ã¸é)ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ
åëèâ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ¨é I should like to make a tour round the world.(³ª´Â
¼¼°èÀÏÁÖ ¿©ÇàÀ» ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù
.) ¡âIf I couldÀÇ ¶æÀÌ åëèâ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî
ÀÖ´Ù. should like to: ¡Çϰí
½Í´Ù. ¨ê Would you mind lending me your
car? (¹Ì¾ÈÇÏÁö¸¸, ´ç½ÅÀÇ Â÷¸¦ Á» ºô·Á
ÁֽðڽÀ´Ï±î?) ¡âIf I could ask youÀÇ ¶æÀÌ åëèâ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî
ÀÖ´Ù. ¨ë A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had droppedÀÇ ¶æÀÌ
¼û¾îÀÖ´Ù.) I could do it now. (Áö±Ý ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÏ·Á¸é ÇÒ ¼öµµ
ÀÖ´Ù.) ¡âif I wouldÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ¼û¾îÀÖ´Ù.
ºÎÁ¤»ç (Infinitive)
1. ¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ý : to+RÀÌ ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼ ÁÖ¾î, ¸ñÀû¾î, ¸í»çº¸¾î, µ¿°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ. ¨çÁÖ¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì :
To learn English is very
easy. =
It is very easy to learn English. ¨è¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì : I want to read
this book ¡ÞÀǹ®»ç + to ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¸í»ç±¸ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.- µ¿»çÀÇ
¸ñÀû¾î. * I don't know what to
do. where
to
go. when
to do
it. whom
to go with............... ¨é¸í»çº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì
: * To see is to believe ¨êµ¿°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì
: * He has one aim, to make money. 2. Çü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ý : To
+ R ÀÌ ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼ ¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½Ä(ÇÑÁ¤Àû ¿ë¹ý)Çϰгª ¼¼ú(¼¼úÀû ¿ë¹ý,be to
¿ë¹ý)ÇÔ ¨çÇÑÁ¤Àû ¿ë¹ý : ¸í»ç µÚ¿¡¼
¼ö½Ä. * I have no friend to help
me. ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç + °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç + to ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¸í»ç¸¦
¼ö½Ä. * I have no house
in which to
live. = I
have no house to live in.
* I have got letters to write.( ½á¾ß ÇÒ ÆíÁö
) * I want something to write on. ( ¾µ °Í-Á¾ÀÌ
µî-) * I want something to write with. ( ¾µ µµ±¸-Ææ
µî-)
¨è¼¼úÀû ¿ë¹ý : be + to ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ °°Àº ÇüÅ·Π¾²À̳ª ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼
ÁÖ°Ý º¸¾î(Çü¿ë»ç º¸¾î)·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸ç °¢±â ¶æÀ» ´Þ¸®ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ë µÇ¸ç ¿¹Á¤,
ÀÇ ¹«, °¡´É, Àǵµ, ¿î¸í µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿. *
¿¹Á¤ : We are to meet at the post office. * Àǹ« : You
are to finish it by six. * °¡´É : No one was to be seen
on the
street. (ÁÖ·Î ¼öµ¿ÅÂ,
ºÎÁ¤¹®, Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼ »ç¿ë µÊ) * Àǵµ : If you are to succeed, you
must work
hard. (IfÀý ¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ
to be´Â ÁÖ·Î intend toÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ) * ¿î¸í : He was never to
see his home again. 3. ºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý : to + µ¿»ç ¿øÇüÀÌ ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼ ºÎ»çÀû ±â´ÉÀ» Çϸç
¸ñÀû, °á°ú, ¿øÀÎ, Á¶°Ç, ¾çº¸, ÀÌÀ¯.ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ ±Ù°Å, Á¤µµ µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿.
¨ç¸ñÀû * He works hard that
He
may pass the
examination. so
that
can in
order that will
= he works hard to
pass the
examination. so
as
to in
order to = He works hard for the purpose
of passing the
exam. with
the view
of with
a view
to with
the intention
of with
the object
of (ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸¡Çϱâ
À§ÇÏ¿©) ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç ´ÙÀ½Àº Ç׽à ¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç°¡ ¿Â´Ù. (ÀüÄ¡»ç ´ÙÀ½Àº
ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ¿Í¾ßÇÏ¸ç ¸ñÀû¾î´Â ¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç¸¸ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϱâ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.) ¡Þ º¹¹®À» ´Ü¹®À¸·Î °íÄ¡´Â ¹æ¹ý
: ¨ÍÁ¢¼Ó»ç thatÀÇ
»ý·«. ¨ÎÁÖÀýÀÇ ÁÖ¾î¿Í Á¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ Á־ °°À¸¸é
»ý·«. ¨ÏÁ¶µ¿»ç
»ý·«. ¨Ðto¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÎÁ¤»ç ±¸¹®À¸·Î
°íħ. * She kept quiet so that
she might not disturb her
father. = She
kept quiet so as not to disturb her
father. (ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ
ºÎÁ¤Àº ºÎÁ¤¾î¸¦ to ¾Õ¿¡ µÐ´Ù)
= She kept quiet lest she should disturb her
father. (lest
¡ should ±¸¹®, lest ´ÙÀ½Àº ÀýÀÇ ÇüŸ¦
ÃëÇÔ) = She kept
quiet for fear of disturbing her
father. (for
fear of ¡ing, of°¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç. for fear (that)ÀÇ ÇüÅ´ ÀýÀ» ÃëÇÔ) ¨è°á°ú:ÁÖ·Î ¹«ÀÇÁö µ¿»çÀÎ
awake, live, grow up ´ÙÀ½Àº °á°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¿ * He awoke to find
himself famous. * He tried to rise, but it was
useless. = He tried to rise only to
fail. = He tried in vain(vainly) to
rise. ¡Þ so that ¡, °ú so ¡
that. ¨Í so that¡: ¸ñÀû, °á°ú(therefor, and
so), Á¶°Ç(if only, so long
as) ¨±¸ñÀû *
He got up early so that he might be in time for the
train. =
He got up early so as to be in time for the
train. ¨²°á°ú *
A great storm arose, so that the ship were wrecked.
¨³Á¶°Ç *
Any book will do, so that it is
interesting. ¨Î so ¡ that (so that
ÀÌÇϰ¡ °á°ú
ºÎ»çÀý) * He got up
so early that he was in time for the
train. =
He got up so early as to be in time for the train. ¨é¿øÀÎ : °¨Á¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â
µ¿»ç³ª Çü¿ë»ç ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤»ç´Â ¿øÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿. °¨Á¤ µ¿»ç : smile, weep,
grieve. °¨Á¤ Çü¿ë»ç: glad, happy, sorry, delighted,
pleased, surprised. * I was surprised to find her
gone. = To my surprised, I found her
gone. ¡Þ to one's + Ãß»ó ¸í»ç (°á°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¿,
¡ÇϰԵµ) ¨êÁ¶°Ç * I should be glad to go
with you. = I should be very glad if I
could go with you. * I should be very happy to be of
any service to you. = I should be very
glad if I could be of any service to
you. ¨ë¾çº¸ * To do his best, he could
not succeed in it.
= Though he did his best, he could not
succeed in it. ¨ìÀÌÀ¯, ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ ±Ù°Å * must
be cannot be + to
ºÎÁ¤»ç °¨Åº¹® * He
must be honest to say so. * How foolish I was to
trust him. ¨íÁ¤µµ ¡ÞŸµ¿»ç³ª ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î´Â º»ÁÖ¾î·Î °íÄ¥
¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. * It is not good to drink this
water. = This water is not good to drink
(vt.ÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î) * It seems to be comfortable to sleep in
this bed. = This bed seems to be
comfortable to sleep in (pre.ÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î) ¨îµ¶¸³ ºÎÁ¤»ç : ¹®Àå Àüü¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇϹǷΠºÎ»çÀû
¿ë¹ý¿¡ ÇØ´ç * To tell the truth, I don't like your
sister (To do him justice, so to speak,
to begin with, strange to say, To
make a long story short, To be sure, not to speak
of, To make matters worse) 4.
ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦ ¨ç ÇüÅ ¡Þ´Ü¼ø ºÎÁ¤»ç
: to + µ¿»ç
¿øÇü (º»µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í ÀÏÄ¡) ¿Ï·á
ºÎÁ¤»ç : to + have + p.p (º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å)
* He seems to be
ill. = He seems that he is
ill. * He seems to have been
ill. = He seems that he
was(has been) ill.
¨è * It seems that + s + v --> s + seems
+ to
ºÎÁ¤»ç. appears
appears *
It happens that + s+ v --> s + happens + to
ºÎÁ¤»ç. chances
chances *
It seems that he studied
hard. = He seems to study
hard. * It appears that he was
rich. = He appears to have
been rich. * It happened that we were on the
same bus. = We happened to be on
the same bus. 5. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ Ç¥½Ã (¹Ì·¡ µ¿»ç + to ºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦°¡
º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ ¹Ì·¡) ¹Ì·¡ µ¿»ç: want, intend, expect, wish,
hope, be likely, be sure. * I hope to see
him = I hope that I shall see
him. * I hoped to see
him. = I hoped that I shall see
him. * It is likely that he will
win. = He is likely to win.
( It is likely that ¡ , »ç¶÷ ÁÖ¾î + be likely
to¡) 6. °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÌ·çÁö ¸øÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á ¡ÞÇü½Ä : s + had + ¹Ì·¡ µ¿»çÀÇ p.p + that
¡ had
+ ¹Ì·¡ µ¿»çÀÇ p.p + ´Ü¼ø
ºÎÁ¤»ç ¹Ì·¡
µ¿»çÀÇ °ú°ÅÇü + ¿Ï·á ºÎÁ¤»ç. * I hoped to see her
yesterday. = I hoped that I should see
her yesterday. (±×³à¸¦ ¸¸³ª±â¸¦ Èñ¸Á ÇßÀ½.¸¸³µ´ÂÁö
¸¸³ªÁö ¸øÇß´ÂÁö´Â Ç¥ÇöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½) * I had hoped that I would see her
yesterday. = I had hoped to see her
yesterday. = I hoped to have seen her
yesterday. = I had to see her yesterday,
but I couldn't. (±×³à¸¦ ¸¸³ª±â¸¦ Èñ¸Á
ÇßÀ¸³ª ¸¸³ªÁö¸¦ ¸øÇÔ) 7. Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î ¡ÞºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î for + ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ»
¾¸. * I think it difficult that he should solve the
problem. = I think it difficult for him to
solve the problem. ¡ÞºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀ̳ª Ư¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Çü¿ë»ç (good, fine,
bad, kind, unk
ind, wise, clever, stupid, foolish, silly,
polite, thoughtful, considerate, cruel, rude,
careful, generous.....) ´ÙÀ½ ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§´Â of + ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ»
¾´´Ù. * It is very kind of you to say
so. = You are very kind to say
so. = How kind (it is) of you to say
so. ¡Þ of + ¸ñÀû°Ý¿¡¼´Â ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» º»ÁÖ¾î·Î °íÄ¥ ¼ö°¡
ÀÖ´Ù. for + ¸ñÀû°Ý¿¡¼´Â ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» º»ÁÖ¾î·Î °íÄ¥ ¼ö°¡
¾ø´Ù. (´Ü, for + ¸ñÀû°ÝÀÏÁö¶óµµ Ÿµ¿»ç³ª ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î´Â
º»ÁÖ¾î·Î °íÄ¥ ¼ö°¡
ÀÖ´Ù) ¡ÞÀǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°À» ¶©
»ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. ¡¡* I expect to
succeed. = I expect that I
shall succeed. ¡ÞÀǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ ¹®Àå ÀüüÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ ÇÒ ¶© ÀüÄ¡»ç¸¦
»ý·«ÇÑ´Ù. * I expect (for) him to
succeed. = I expect that he will
succeed. 8. »ç¶÷À» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çü¿ë»ç. : convenient, necessary,
difficult, important, impossible, possible, pleasant,
easy, dangerous µîÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç¿Í a pity¿Í °°Àº ¸í
»ç´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷À» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷ Á־
ºÎ Á¤»çÀÇ Å¸µ¿»ç³ª ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¿¡¼ ¿Â °æ¿ì¿£ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. * It
is easy for Tom to master English. = English is easy
for Tom to master. (¡Û) ¡æ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î = Tom is easy to
master English. (¡¿) ¡æ ¸ñÀû°Ý * It is cruel of him to beat the dog
like that. = He is cruel to beat the dog like
that.(of + ¸ñÀû°Ý¿¡¼´Â °¡´É) * It is possible for me to solve the
problem. = I am possible to solve the problem.
(¡¿) * It is dangerous for her to bathe in this
river. = This river is dangerous for her to bathe in.
(¡Û) ¡æ ÀüÄ¡»çÀǸñÀû¾î = She is dangerous to bathe in this
river. (¡¿) * It is difficult to please
him. = He is difficult to
please. ¡Þ difficult´Â »ç¶÷À» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª himÀÌ
Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾îÀ̹ǷΠ°¡´É ¡Þ unable, incapable, be
sorry µîÀº ItÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. * It
is sorry
for me to hear of your father's
death.(¡¿) = I am
sorry to hear of your father's death. (¡Û) 9. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ
ÀǹÌ. :ºÎÁ¤»ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç¿¡ ºñÇØ "¹Ì·¡Àû", " ±¸Ã¼Àû", "°¡»óÀû"ÀÎ ¼ºÁúÀ» °®´Â´Ù.
¨ç¹Ì·¡Àû ¼ºÁú. * Mary remembers to go.
(In:¹Ì·¡¼º-->°¥ °Í) * Mary remembers going.
(G:°ú°Å¼º-->°£ °Í) ¨è±¸Ã¼Àû ¼ºÁú. * To
swim is better exercise than to row for older
people. (¼ö¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¸Ã¼¼º, ¿îµ¿ È¿°ú
µîµî...) * Swimming is better than exercise
rowing for older people. (¼ö¿µ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ) ¨é°¡»óÀû ¼ºÁú. *
John likes Mary to stay at
home. (Mary°¡ Áý¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ¿©ºÎ´Â Ç¥ÇöµÇÁö
¾ÊÀ½) * John likes Mary staying at
home. (Mary°¡ Áý¿¡
ÀÖÀ½) ¡ÞÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀû ¼ºÁúÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î
Ãë ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â µ¿»çµéÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. ¡ÞÁÖ·Î ºÎÁ¤»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â
µ¿»ç : want, wish, hope,
expect, choose, decide,
determine, refuse,
pretend, manage, offer, agree,
promise......... ¡ÞÁÖ·Î µ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â
µ¿»ç : admit, consider, give
up, deny, finish, mind
, stop,
quit, escape,
postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off......... ¡¡
* He decided to leave
school. ¡æ He
decided leaving school.
(¡¿) ¡æ He decided
on leaving school. (¡Û) * He
gave up drinking and smoking. ¡ÞºÎÁ¤»ç¿Í µ¿¸í»ç¸¦
¸ðµÎ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç. ¨Í like, hate,
love, dread,
intend, +
ºÎÁ¤»ç : »ç½Ç¼ºÀÇ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ¾øÀ½.(I like her to
sing) µ¿¸í»ç
: »ç½Ç¼ºÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÊ. ( I like her singing
) ¨Î forget, remember, regret,
report, recall,
anticipate, acknowledge,
emphasize, announce, suspect,
admit.... +
ºÎÁ¤»ç: ¹Ì·¡¼º (I remember to post the letter),ºÎÄ¥
°Í. +
µ¿¸í»ç: °ú°Å¼º (I remember posting the letter),ºÎÄ£
°Í. ¨Ï stop + ºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎ»çÀû
¿ë¹ý.(I stoped to
smoke) +
µ¿¸í»ç : stopÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î. (I stoped smoking)
¨Ð try + ºÎÁ¤»ç : ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Ù.
(Mary tries to write a
book) µ¿¸í»ç
: ½ÃÇè»ï¾ÆÇغ¸´Ù (Mary tries writing a
book) ¨Ñ go on + ºÎÁ¤»ç: ½¬¾ú´Ù°¡ ´Ù½Ã
°è¼ÓÇÏ´Ù. µ¿¸í»ç:
°è¼ÓÇØ¼
--ÇÏ´Ù. *
He went on to talk about his
accident. *
He went on talking about his accident. 10. ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç : Áö°¢ µ¿»ç³ª »ç¿ª µ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿£ to°¡ »ý·«µÇ°í
µ¿»ç ¿øÇü ¸¸ÀÌ ¿À´Âµ¥ À̸¦ ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç¶ó ÇÑ´Ù. ¨ç Áö°¢ µ¿»ç ¶Ç´Â
»ç¿ª µ¿»ç + ¸ñÀû¾î + ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç. * Áö°¢ µ¿»ç : see, behold,
hear, feel, watch, observe,
notice, look
at, listen to.......... * »ç¿ª µ¿»ç : make, let,
have, bid, help(toµµ °¡´É) * I saw him
enter the room. * I made him write
a letter of apology. =
He was made to write a letter of apology by
him. (´Éµ¿Å¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç°¡
¼öµ¿Å·Π°íÃÄÁö¸é ´Ù½Ã to°¡ µÇ»ì¾Æ³´Ù) * He let
Betty use his diction
ary. = Betty was
allowed to use his dictionary by him. ¨è get, allow, order, cause,
compel, force, oblige + ¸ñÀû¾î + toºÎÁ¤»ç ¡Þ ¿°ÅÇÑ µ¿»ç´Â
»ç¿ªÀÇ Àǹ̴ °®°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ »ç¿ª µ¿»ç´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù) * The rain
made the river rise. = The
rain caused the river to rise. ¨é°ü¿ë¾î±Í ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¿øÇü
ºÎÁ¤»ç. * had better(best) + µ¿»ç ¿øÇü (ºÎÁ¤: had better
not) * cannot but + µ¿»ç¿øÇü (cannot help ¡
ing) * do nothing but +
µ¿»ç¿øÇü. * would
rather would sooner
A than B (A,B°¡
µ¿»ç¿øÇü) had
rather * You had better stay in
bed. = It would be better for you
to stay in bed. 11. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎÁ¤ : ºÎÁ¤¾î¸¦ to ¾Õ¿¡ ³õ´Â´Ù. * He
did not try to smile. (try¸¦ ºÎÁ¤) * He tried not to
smile. (to smileÀ» ºÎÁ¤) 12. ´ëºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© to¸¸À»
¾¸. * You may go if you wan
t to. (go; »ý·«) 13. ºÐ¸® ºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎ»ç°¡ ºÎÁ¤»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Çϱâ
À§ÇØ to + µ¿»ç¿øÇüÀÌ ºÎ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐ¸®µÇ´Â
°Í. * He entirely failed to understand
it. (entirely°¡ failed¸¦ ¼ö½Ä,
¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤) He failed to entirely
understand it. (entirely°¡
understand¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ºÐ¸® ºÎÁ¤»ç, ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤) 14. °¨Åº¹®À» ¸¸µå´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç. *
To think that such a little boy should have done it. 15. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ Å : ´Éµ¿ÇüÀ¸·Î ¼öµ¿ÀÇ
Àǹ̸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °Í. * You are to
blame = You are to be
blamed. * To teach is to be taught. 16.
°ü·Ã±¸¹® ¨ç so¡ that ¡¦ , such ¡ that
¡¦. so + a/ad + that + s +
v such + n + that + s +
v * As the book is very small, I can put it in my
pocket. = The book is so small that I put
it in my pocket. = The book is small
enough for me to put in my pocket.
* It was such a lovely day that he went
out. = It was so lovely a day that he
went out. ¡Þº¹¹® ¢¡
´Ü¹® ¨Í a/ad + enoughÀÇ
ÇüÅ·Π¨Î Á¢¼Ó»ç that
»ý·«. ¨Ï that ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ÀýÀÌ º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°À» ¶§´Â »ý·«, ´Ù¸¦ ¶© for
+ ¸ñÀû°Ý ¨Ð Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°À» ¶© »ý·«, ´Ù¸¦ ¶©
½áÁÜ. ¨è so ¡ that ¡¦ not so +
a/ad + that ¡¦ not too + a/ad + for + ¸ñÀû°Ý + to
ºÎÁ¤»ç * This stone is too heavy for me to
lift. = This stone is so heavy that
I can not lift it. ¨é TooÀÇ Æ¯¼ö
¿ë¹ý ¡Þ not too ¡ to = not so that ¡
not * He is not too old to do
the task. = He is
not so old that he can not do the
task. = However
old he may be, he can do the
task. = He is not
so old but he can do the task. ¡Þ too ¡ not to £½
so ¡ that cannot but ¡¦ *
The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by
us) = The statesman is
so great that he cannot but be respected.(by
us) = The statesman is
so great that we cannot but respect
him. (cannot
but = canÀÇ ÀǹÌ) ¨ê±âŸ * ,too (I
have much
money. I
have much money, too.= So do I
) too = very, only too =
very, too liable to ¡ , too ready
to ¡ (°ÉÇÍÇÏ¸é ¡ ÇÏ´Ù, ¡Çϱâ
ÀϾ¥´Ù) * I am only too good to help
you. * He is too liable
(ready, apt) to despise the poor.
¨ë too ¡ to, enough ¡ to. * This stone
is too heavy for me to lift. = This stone
is so heavy that I cannot lift it. * This book is
easy enough for me to read. = This
book is so easy that I can read it.
ºÐ»ç(Participle)
1. ºÐ»çÀÇ ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý: ¸í»ç ¾ÕÀ̳ª µÚ¿¡¼ Á÷Á¢ ¼ö½Ä. ¨çÀüÀ§¼ö½Ä (¾Õ¿¡¼
¼ö½Ä) * Who is the sleeping
baby? ¨èÈÄÀ§¼ö½Ä. * I received a latter
written in English. = I received a latter
which was written in English. 2. ¼¼ú¿ë¹ý ¨çÁְݺ¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ
¶§ * He sat reading the magazine. (ÇöÀçºÐ»ç: ´Éµ¿ÀÇ
°ü°è) * He remained satisfied with his salary. (°ú°ÅºÐ»ç:
¼öµ¿ÀÇ °ü°è) ¨è¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§ * I don't like to
see you disappointed. * I saw him crossing the
street. (O.C) * Of those invited only a few
came to the party. (¡ÞºÐ»ç°¡ ´ë¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÒ °æ¿ì
´Üµ¶ÀÏÁö¶óµµ µÚ¿¡ ³õÀδÙ.) 3. ºÐ»çÀÇ ºñ±³ * ÀÚµ¿»çÀÇ ÇöÀçºÐ»ç ¡æ ÁøÇà, ¡Çϰí
ÀÖ´Â. ÀÚµ¿»çÀÇ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç ¡æ ¿Ï·á³ª »óÅÂ, ¡ÇÑ, ¡Çعö¸°. *
playing children = children who are playing. fallen
leaves = leaves which are fallen. (³«¿±) (Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ÇöÀçºÐ»ç: ´Éµ¿
¶Ç´Â »ç¿ª, ¡½ÃŰ´Â, ¡ÇϰÔÇÏ´Â.
Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç: ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ¶æ, ¡µÈ, ¡´çÇÑ,
¡¹ÞÀº.) ¡Þ an exciting
game = a game which excites the
one. (¿±¤ÀûÀÎ °æ±â) an excited
spectator = a spectator who is
excited. (¿±¤µÈ °üÁß) 4. ºÐ»çÀÇ ±âŸ¿ë¹ý ¨çÀÇ»çºÐ»ç: ¸í»çÀÇ ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ed¸¦ ºÙ¿©¼ °ú°ÅºÐ»çÀÇ
ÇüÅ·Π'¡À»
°¡Áö °í
ÀÖ´Â'ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÓ. * a long-tailed monkey = a monkey
having a long tail. a three-legged stool
= a stool having three legs. a blue-eyed
girl = a girl who has blue eyes. ¨è 2Çü½Äµ¿»ç + Çü¿ë»ç(º¸¾î) ¡æ Çü¿ë»ç +
ÇöÀçºÐ»ç. * The rose smells sweet ¡æ the sweet-smelling
rose. (Çâ±â³ª´Â Àå¹Ì) * The wine tastes nice ¡æ the
nice-tasting wine. (¸ÀÀÌÁÁÀº ¼ú) ÁÖ¾î + be + p.p
+ by + ¸í»ç ¡æ ¸í»ç + p.p. + ÁÖ¾î. * The fruit is dried by
the sun. ¡æ the sun-dried fruit.(ÇÞºû¿¡ ¸»¸° °úÀÏ) * Citizens
are struck by terror. ¡æ terror-stricken citizens. (°øÆ÷¿¡ Áú¸° ½Ã¹Î)
ÁÖ¾î + be + ºÎ»ç + p.p. ¡æ ºÎ»ç + p.p. +
ÁÖ¾î. * English is widely spoken. ¡æ widely-spoken
English. (³Î¸®¾²ÀÌ´Â ¿µ¾î) * The worker is well trained. ¡æ
the well-trained worker. (ÀßÈÆ·ÃµÈ ÀϲÛ) ÁÖ¾î + Ÿµ¿»ç + ¸ñÀû¾î ¡æ
¸ñÀû¾î + ÇöÀçºÐ»ç + ÁÖ¾î. * The drug kills pain. ¡æ the
pain-killing drug. (ÁøÅëÁ¦) * The animals eat plants. ¡æ
the plant-eating animals. (Ãʽĵ¿¹°) ¨éºÎ»ç·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ºÐ»ç ¢¡ ¸Å¿ì(very)ÀÇ
¶æ. * It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold.
(¸Å¿ìÃä´Ù) * He got soaking wet. (±×´Â Èì»¶
Á¥¾ú´Ù.) ¨ê the + ºÐ»ç. * They dying and the
dead were carried on stretchers. (Á׾´Â
»ç¶÷µé°ú Á×Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µé °Í¿¡ ½Ç·Á°¬´Ù.) 5. ºÐ»çÀÇ
½ÃÁ¦ +---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ |
¡¬ | ´Ü¼øÇüºÐ»ç(¼öµ¿Çü) | ¿Ï·áÇüºÐ»ç(¿Ï·áÇü
¼öµ¿ºÐ»ç) | +---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ |
g
o | going
(Ùí) | having gone (Ùí;
ÀÚµ¿»çÀ̹ǷÎ) | +---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ |
make | making (being made) | having made
(having been
made) | +---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ |
write | writing (being written) |
having written (having been
written) | +---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | |
ÁÖÀý µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í °°À½ | ÁÖÀýµ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦º¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ
°ú°Å½ÃÁ¦ | +---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ *
Living in the country I am very health. = As I live
in the country. I am very healthy. * Living in the country, I was
very healthy. = As I lived in the country, I was very
healthy. * Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.
= As I have finished (finished) my work, I have
nothing to do. * Having written my letter, I posted
it. = After I had written my letter, I posted
it. * While bathing in the river, he was
drowned. ¡æ ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ÀÌÀ¯, Á¶°Ç µî ¾î´À °ÍÀÎÁö È¥µ¿À» ¹æÁöÇϱâ
À§ÇØ ÇØ´ç Á¢¼Ó»ç¸¦ ºÐ»ç±¸¹® ¾Õ¿¡ ºÎ°¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Áï,
Bathing in the river¸¦ As he bathed
in the river·ÎÀÇ ¿À¿ªÀ» ¸·±âÀ§ÇØ While À»
µÎ¾ú´Ù. 6. ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ Á¾·ù ¨ç½Ã°£ (¡ÇÒ ¶§) *
Walking along the street, he met an old friend of
mine. = While he walked along the street,
he met an old friend of mine. * Left alone, I began
to read. = When I was left alone, I began
to read. ¨èÀÌÀ¯, ¿øÀÎ (¡À̹ǷÎ) * Not knowing
what to do, I asked for his advice. (ºÎÁ¤¾î´Â ºÐ»ç
¾Õ¿¡) = As I didn't know what to do, I
asked for his advice. * Tired, I went t
o bed early. = As I was tired, I went
to bed early. ¨éÁ¶°Ç (¡ÇÑ´Ù¸é) * Turning to
the right, you will find the house. = If
you turn to the right, you will find the house. *
Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than
good. = Some books, if they are read
carelessly, will do more ¡ ¨ê¾çº¸ (ºñ·Ï
¡ÇÑ´ÙÇÒÁö¶óµµ) * Admitting what you say, I still don't
believe it. = Though I admit what you
say, I still don't believe it. * Born of the same
parents, they bear no resemblance to each
other. = Though they were born of the
same parents, they bear ¡ ¨ëºÎ´ë»óȲ (µ¿½Ãµ¿ÀÛ: while, as;
¡Çϸé¼) * Smiling brightly, she extended her
hand. = While she smiled brightly, she
extended her hand. * Walking on tiptoe, I approached
the window. = I walked on tipto
e and approached the window. * Singing and dancing
together, we had a good time. = As we
sang and danced together, we had a good time. ¨ìºÎ´ë»óȲ (¿¬¼Óµ¿ÀÛ: ¡, and
+ µ¿»ç; ±×¸®°í ¡ÇÏ´Ù) * We started in the morning, and
arrived in Seoul at noon. = We started in
the morning arriving in Seoul at noon. 7. µ¶¸³ºÐ»ç±¸¹®: ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ µû·Î ÀÖ´Â
°æ¿ì. ¨ç¶§. * The sun having set, we gave
up looking for them. = After the sun had
set, we gave up looking for
them. ¨èÀÌÀ¯. * It being fine, we went
for a walk. = As it was fine, we went for
a walk. ¨éÁ¶°Ç. * We shall start
tomorrow, weather permitting. = We shall
start tomorrow, if (the) weather
permits. ¨êºÎ´ë»óȲ. * He was reading a
book, his wife knitting beside him. = He
was reading a book,
and his wife knitting beside
him. (±×´Â Ã¥À» Àаí ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×ÀÇ ºÎÀÎÀº ³²Æí
¿·¿¡¼ ¶ß°ÔÁúÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.) ¡Þ Having read a book, it was thrown
away. (¡¿) Having read a book, I was
threw it away. (¡Û) 8. Being, Having beenÀÇ »ý·«. : Çü¿ë»ç, ¸í»ç,
°ú°ÅºÐ»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¾²ÀÎ being ¶Ç´Â having beenÀº »ý·«°¡´É. ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ
½ÃÁ¦°¡ º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦¿Í °°À» ¶§ beingÀÌ º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦º¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦ÀÏ ¶©
having been »ý·«. * (Being) Angry at my words, he made no
reply. = As he was angry at my words, he made no
reply. * Dinner (being) over, he went out for a
walk. = When dinner was over, he went out for a
walk. * (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a
great scholar. = If he had been born in better times,
he would have been a great scholar. 9. ºÐ»çÀÇ °Á¶¿ë¹ý * As I live in
a remote village, I rarely have visitors. = Living as
I do
in a remote village, I rarely have visitors. ¡ÞºÐ»ç¿¡
»ç¿ëµÈ µ¿»ç°¡ live, stand, write¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀϹݵ¿»çÀÏ ¶©
do ¸¦ »ç¿ë, be µ¿»çÀÏ ¶© be¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¡Þ being + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç±¸¹® °Á¶ ¡æ as + ÁÖ¾î + be µ¿»ç. ¡Þ
¡ing as it does Çü. * Standing as it does on the hill,
the villa commands a fine view. (Àú·¸°Ô ¾ð´ö
À§¿¡ ¼ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±× º°ÀåÀº Àü¸ÁÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.) (as; ¾çÅÂÁ¢¼Ó»ç, it;
the villa, does; standsÀÇ ´ëµ¿»ç) * I feel it as a rare
occasion, occurring as it does only once in many
years. (¸î ³â ¸¸¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø¹Û¿¡ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â µå¹® ÀÏÀ̶ó°í ³ª´Â
»ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.) (occurringÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â
occasionÀÌ´Ù.) 10. ºñÀÎĪ µ¶¸³ºÐ»ç±¸¹®: ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ we, you,
they, people, one µî°ú °°ÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶©
»ý·«. * Generally speaking, our country lacks natural
resources. = If we speak generally, our country lacks
natural resources. * Strictly speaking, he is not an
artist. = If we spea
k strictly, he is not an artist. 11. with + ¸ñÀû¾î + ºÐ»ç (ºÎ´ë»óȲ) ¢¡ »ý»ýÇÑ ¹¦»çÀû
È¿°ú. ¨ç with + ¸ñÀû¾î + ÇöÀçºÐ»ç. (¸ñÀû¾îÀÇ ´Éµ¿Àû
Çൿ) * He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his
feet. = He sat silently, the cat dozing
at his feet. = He sat silently, with the
cat dozing at his feet. * It was a mistry morning,
with little wind blowing. = It was a
mistry morning and little wind was
blowing. (¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ºÒÁö ¾Ê´Â ¾È°³ ³¤
¾ÆÄ§ À̾ú´Ù.) ¡æ ¿©±â¿¡¼ with¸¦ »«´Ù¸é
little wind blowingÀº µ¶¸³ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
¨è with + ¸ñÀû¾î + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç. (¸ñÀû¾îÀÇ ¼öµ¿Àû Çൿ) *
He stood there, and he closed his eyes. =
He stood there, closing his eyes. = He
stood there, and his eyes were closed by
him. = He stood there, his eyes (being)
closed (by him). = He stood there, with
his eyes closed. (with ºÐ»ç±¸¹®) * With an eye bandaged,
I could not write properly. (ÇÑ ´«À» ºØ´ë °¨°í
ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ±ÛÀ» Àß ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.) ¨é with + ¸ñÀû¾î +
ºÎ»ç(±¸) * I shall be lonely with you away. (´ç½ÅÀÌ ¸Ö¸®
¶°³ª¹ö¸°´Ù¸é) * with his feet on the pillow. (µÎ ´Ù¸®¸¦ º£°Ô À§¿¡
¿Ã·Á ³õÀº ä) with his head against a cushion.
(¸Ó¸®¸¦ ¹æ¼® À§¿¡ ±â´í ä) ¨ê with + ¸ñÀû¾î + Çü¿ë»ç. *
Don't speak with your mouth full. (ÀÔ¿¡ À½½ÄÀ» °¡µæ ³ÖÀº ä) 12. ¹®µÎ¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â
Áְݺ¸¾î (BeingÀ» º¸ÃæÇϸé ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÌ
µÈ´Ù.) * Impatient of the heat, he left town for the
country. =
Being impatient of ¡ (´õÀ§¸¦ ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾î¼, ±×´Â
µµ½Ã¸¦ ¶°³ª ½Ã°ñ·Î ³»·Á°¬´Ù.) * A man of social instincts, he had many
acquaintances. = Being a man of
¡ (»ç±³¼ºÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×´Â ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù.)
µ¿¸í»ç(Gerund)
1. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ ÇüÅ ¨çÀÏÀ½Àý¾î·Î ´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ´ÜÀÚÀ½À¸·Î ³¡³¯
¶§. * swim ¡æ swimming.
run ¡æ running. ¨è 2À½Àý¾î·Î¼ Èݼ¼¾î
(ÀÚÀ½ Çϳª ´õ) * prefer ¡æ preferring. ¨é -ie
+ ing ¡æ -ying. lie ¡æ lying. die ¡æ
dying. ¨ê±âŸ: ¾î¹Ì°¡ c·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ [k]·Î ¹ßÀ½µÉ °æ¿ì¡æk¸¦ ¾´ µÚ¿¡
ing. ¾î¹Ì°¡
¹ßÀ½µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â e·Î ³¡³ ´Ü¾î´Â e¸¦ »ý·«Çϰí ing. * mimic ¡æ mimicking.
picnic ¡æ
picnicking. smoke ¡æ smoking.
decide ¡æ
deciding. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: be ¡æ being.
see ¡æ
seeing. dye[dai]
¡æ dyeing. ; ¿°»öÇÏ´Ù. 2. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ ±â´É: µ¿»çÀÇ ¼ºÁú, ¸í»çÀû
¿ªÇÒ. ¨çÁÖ¾îÀÚ¸®. * Making much money is not
the end aim of life. * It is very pleasant walking in
the country. (ÁøÁÖ¾î) ¨è¸í»çº¸¾îÀÚ¸®. (ÁÖ¾î =
¸í»çº¸¾î) * His hobby is collecting stamps.
(µ¿¸í»ç) * He is collecting stamps.
(ÇöÀçºÐ»ç) *
It is throwing your money
away. (±×°ÍÀº µ·À» ¹ö¸®´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ¾µµ¥¾ø´Â
³¶ºñ´Ù.) ¨é¸ñÀû¾îÀÚ¸®. * I don't like playing
baseball. * I found it unpleasant walking in the
rain. * Thank you for your answering so
promptly. ¡âµ¿»ç answeringÀº ÀüÄ¡»ç forÀÇ
¸ñÀû¾îÀ̸ç(¸í»çÀû ¼ºÁú), ±×¸®°í so
promptly¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö½Ä(µ¿»çÀû ¼ºÁú)µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç your°¡
µ¿¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. 3. µ¿¸í»ç¿Í ÇöÀçºÐ»çÀÇ
±¸º° * ¸í»ç(µ¿¸í»ç)/ + ¸í»ç Çü¿ë»ç(ÇöÀçºÐ»ç) +
¸í»ç/ * a /sleeping car = a car for sleeping.
(ħ´ëÂ÷) a sleeping /child = a child who is
sleeping. ¡Þµ¿¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é ¸ñÀûÀ̳ª ¿ëµµ ¡Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ÇöÀçºÐ»ç´Â »óųª
µ¿ ÀÛÀ¸·Î ¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Â... ¡Þµ¿»ç¿øÇü + ing + ¸í»ç¿¡¼
¸ñÀû(¡Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©)À¸·Î ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿© ¹®¸ÆÀÌ ÅëÇÏ¸é µ¿¸í»çÀÌ¸ç »óųª µ¿ÀÛÀ¸·Î ÅëÇϸé
ÇöÀçºÐ»çÀÌ´Ù.
4. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î * That she come here was
surprising. = For her to come here was surprising.
(ºÎÁ¤»ç±¸¹®) = Her coming here was surprising.
(µ¿¸í»ç±¸¹®) ¡Þµ¿¸í»çÀÇ Àǹ̻ó Á־ ¸í»çÀÏ ¶© ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ̳ª ¸ñÀû°Ý ¸ðµÎ
°¡´É. Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ ¹«»ý¹°À̸é ÀϹæÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ñÀû°Ý. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ
Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־
»ý·«. * Studying English is no easy task. (Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î »ý·« -
ÀϹÝÀÎ) * He insist that he should attend the
party. = He insist on (upon) attending
the party. (his¸¦ »ý·«) ¡Þ insist´Â ÁÖÀåÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀ̹ǷÎ
that¡ ¿¡¼´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã should +
µ¿»ç ¿øÇüÀ» ¾²¸ç Á¢¼Ó»ç thatÀº »ý·«,
onÀ̳ª uponÀ» ¾´ µÚ he´Â
º»ÁÖ¾î ¿Í °°À¸¹Ç·Î attendingÀ»
¾¸. ¡Þµ¿¸í»ç attendingÀÇ Àǹ̻ó Á־ »ý·«µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í
°°´Ù. * He insist that Tom should attend the party.
(º¹¹®) = He insist on (upon) Tom('s) attending the
party. (´Ü¹®) ¡æ that »ý·«, on ¶Ç´Â uponÀ» ¾´ µÚ that ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á־
º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í ´Ù
¸£¹Ç·Î TomÀ» Tom's ¶Ç´Â Tom µîÀ¸·Î °íÄ£ µÚ Á¶µ¿»ç
should »ý·«. 5. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦ *
ÇüÅÂ. +---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+ |
¿øÇüµ¿»ç| ´Ü¼øµ¿¸í»ç |
´Ü¼ø¼öµ¿µ¿¸í»ç | ¿Ï·áÇüµ¿¸í»ç |
¿Ï·áÇü¼öµ¿µ¿¸í»ç | +---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+ |
be |
being |
Ùí |
having been |
Ùí(ÀÚµ¿»çÀ̹ǷÎ) | +---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+ |
write |
writing | being
written | having
written | having been
written | +---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+ |
make | making |
being made | having made | having been
made | +---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+ |
º»µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í
µ¿ÀÏ |
º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ
°ú°Å½ÃÁ¦ | +------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+ *
He is proud that he is a poet. (º¹¹®) = He is proud of
being a poet. (´Ü¹®) ¡ÞÁ¢¼Ó»ç thatÀ» »ý·«Çϰí of¸¦ ¾µ °Í. that¡ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î
he´Â º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°À¸¹Ç·Î
»ý·«. ¡Þ¹Ì·¡µ¿ÀÛÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç, µ¿»ç, ¸í»ç µîÀÇ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â
thatÀý¿¡ ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦°¡ ¿À°í º»µ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ÀÏÁö¶óµµ ´Ü¼øµ¿¸í»ç¸¦
»ç¿ë. * There is no hope that of his
succeeding. ¡æ There is no
hope that he will succeed. ¡Þ remember, forget µîÀÇ ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â
¿Ï·áÇü µ¿¸í»ç ´ë½Å ´Ü¼øµ¿¸í»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ °Í, remember
´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¿À¸é ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
* I remember that I saw
her. = I remember having seen her.
(¡¿) = I remember seeing her.
(¡Û) * I am sure of his being a man of
ability. (³ª´Â ±×°¡ À¯´ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÓÀ» È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù; ½ÃÁ¦´Â
º»µ¿»ç¿Í ÀÏÄ¡) = I am sure that he is a
man of ability. * I am sure of his having been
a man of ability in his youth. (³ª´Â
±×°¡ Àþ¾úÀ» ¶§´Â À¯´ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù;
µ¿¸í»çÀÇ ¿Ï·áÇü, ½ÃÁ¦°¡ º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª
¾Õ¼±´Ù.) = I am sure that he was a man
of ability in his youth. * I don't like being
asked to make a speech. (³ª´Â ¿¬¼³ ºÎŹÀ»
¹Þ´Â °ÍÀ» ½È¾îÇÑ´Ù; being asked´Â ¼öµ¿ÅÂ) * I never heard
of such a thing having been
done. (³ª´Â ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù°í´Â µé¾îº¸Áö
¸øÇß´Ù.) = I never heard that such a
thing had been done. 6. µ¿¸í»ç¿Í ºÎÁ¤»ç ¨çµ¿»çÀÇ Æ¯¼º¿¡ µû¶ó ¾î¶² µ¿»ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ȤÀº
¾î¶² µ¿»ç´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç ¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÑ´Ù.
¨Íµ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç. :
mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, admit,
consider, deny, postpone,
practice µî... ¡â I finished writing my
composition. ¨ÎºÎÁ¤»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â
µ¿»ç. : wish, hope, care, choose, expect,
refuse, decide, mean, plan µî... ¡â I hope
to see you again. ¨èµ¿¸í»ç¿Í ºÎÁ¤»ç¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇϳª Àǹ̰¡ ´Þ¶óÁö´Â
µ¿»ç. ¨Í remember, forget + ¡ ing: °ú°ÅÀÇ
ÀÏ. remember, forget + ºÎÁ¤»ç: ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ
ÀÏ. * I remember to see him. (¸¸³¯
°Í) I remember seeing
him. (¸¸³ °Í) * I forget posting the
letter. (³ª´Â ÆíÁö ºÎÃÆ´ø ÀÏÀ»
ÀذíÀÖ´Ù.) Don't forget to
post the letter. (ÆíÁö ºÎÄ¥ °ÍÀ» ÀØÁö ¸¶¼¼¿ä.) ¨Î stop + µ¿¸í»ç
: ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
±×¸¸µÎ´Ù. stop + ºÎÁ¤»ç
: ¡ÇϱâÀ§ÇØ °¡´ø ±æÀ»
¸ØÃß´Ù. * I stopped
smoking. I stopped to
smoke. ¨Ï
try + µ¿¸í»ç
: ½ÃÇè»ï¾Æ
¡ÇÏ´Ù. try + ºÎÁ¤»ç
: ¡ÇÏ·Á°í
½ÃµµÇÏ´Ù. * He tried moving the
piano.(±×´Â ½ÃÇè»ï¾Æ ÇǾƳ븦 ¿Å°å´Ù;
¿Å±è) He tried to move
the piano. (±×´Â ÇǾƳ븦 ¿Å±â·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù; ¿Å±âÁö ¾ÊÀ½)
¨Ð go on + µ¿¸í»ç
: °è¼ÓÇØ¼
¡ÇÏ´Ù. go on + ºÎÁ¤»ç
: ½¬¾ú´Ù°¡ ´Ù½Ã
°è¼ÓÇÏ´Ù. * He went on talking about
his accident. (±×´Â ÁÙ°÷ ±×ÀÇ
»ç°í¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱⸦ Çß´Ù.) He
went on to talk about his
accident. (±×´Â Àá½Ã ½¬¾ú´Ù°¡
±×ÀÇ »ç°í¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱⸦ Çß´Ù.) 7. There is no + ¡ ing: ¡À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. * There
is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to
know what may happen. = We cannot know what may
happen. = ¹«½¼ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. * There is
no trusting him. = It is impossible to trust
him. = We cannot trust him. 8. It is no use + ¡
ing : ¡Çصµ ¼Ò¿ë¾ø´Ù. * It is no use(good) crying over spilt
milk. = It is +- of no
use -+ to cry over spilt
milk. +-
useless -+ = There
is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.
= What is the use (the point) of crying over spilt
milk? 9. of one's own + ¡ ing : ÀڱⰡ Á÷Á¢ ¡ÇÏ´Â * This is a picture
of my own
painting. which
I have painted
myself. (which
is) painted by myself. (p.p + by oneself) 10.It goes without saying
that health is above
wealth. It is needless to
say It is a matter of
course It is not too much to
say = °Ç°ÀÌ ºÎº¸´Ù Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº µÎ¸»ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù. 11. cannot help
¡ing : ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. cannot but +
µ¿»ç¿øÇü: ¡ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. * I cannot help admiring his courage. 12. on
+ ¡ ing, in + ¡ ing * on + ¡ ing = as soon as (when) + ÁÖ¾î
+µ¿»ç:¡ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ. ¡ÇÒ ¶§. in + ¡ ing = when + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç: ¡ÇÒ
¶§¿¡´Â. * As soon as he received the letter he turned
pale. = On (his) receiving the letter, he tu
rned pale. = He had no sooner received the
letter than he turned
pale. scarcely
when hardly
before
= No sooner had he received the letter,
than he turned pale. Scarcely
when Hardly
before 13.
cannot too: ¾Æ¹«¸® ¡Çصµ Áö³ªÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Ù. * We cannot be too careful when we
choose friends. = We cannot be too careful in
choosing friends. 14. What, Need + ´Éµ¿µ¿¸í»ç * What
+ ´Éµ¿µ¿¸í»ç
(¡Û) Need
¼öµ¿µ¿¸í»ç
(¡¿) Require ¼öµ¿ºÎÁ¤»ç
(¡Û) ¡æ ¡À» ÇÊ¿ä·ÎÇÑ´Ù. ¡À» ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. * His house needs
being painted.
(¡¿) wants
painting.
(¡Û) requires
to be painted. (¡Û) 15. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ °ü¿ëÀû ¿ë¹ý ¥° ¨ç be busy
with +
¸í»ç. (in)
+ ¡ ing. : ¡Çϴµ¥ ºÐÁÖÇÏ´Ù. ¹Ù»Ú´Ù. * I am busy with my
task. * She was busy (in) tidying up his
desk. ¨è feel like + ¡ ing.
feel inclined + to do : ¡ÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº »ý°¢ÀÌ
³ª´Ù. * I feel like sleeping
now. = I feel inclined to sleep
now. ware a mind
to am disposed
to ¨é What do you say to + ¡ ing? : ¡ÇÏ´Â °Ô
¾î¶§? * Let's play baseball after lunch, shall
we? = How
about -+ playing baseball after
lunch? What
about -+ =
What do you say to playing baseball after
lunch. = What do you think about playing
baseball after lunch. ¡Þ
Let's·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®Àº shall we? ¨ê be on the point of + ¡ ing: ¡ÇÏ·Á´Â
Âû¶ó´Ù, ¸· ¡ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Ù. * He was on the point of
being
drowned. on
the verge
of on
the brink
of on
the edge of = He was about to be
drowned. ¨ë cannot ¡ without ¡¦ ing: ¡¦¾Ê°í ¡ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» ¾ø´Ù.
cannot ¡ but ¡¦(S+V) : ¡¦ÇÏ¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã
¡ÇÏ´Ù.
* Whenever I met him, I think of his
brother. = I never meet him without
thinking of his brother. = I never meet
him but I think of his brother. = ±×¸¦ ¸¸³¯ ¶§
¸¶´Ù ±×ÀÇ µ¿»ýÀÌ »ý°¢³ª´Ù. ¨ì be worth
¡ing = be worth while + µ¿¸í»ç,
ºÎÁ¤»ç = be worthy of + µ¿¸í»ç,
¸í»ç = ¡ÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. *
This is worth while to read this book. =
It is worth while to read this book. 16. °ü¿ëÀû¿ë¹ý ¥± ¨ç make a
point of + ¡ ing : ¡À» ±ÔÄ¢À¸·Î ÇÏ´Ù. * I make a point of
getting up early. = I am in the habit of
getting up early. = It is my rule to get
up early. = I make it a rule to get up
early. ¨è come near + ¡ ing. go
near + ¡ ing. nearly escape + ¡
ing. : Çϸ¶ÅÍ¸é ¡ÇÒ »·ÇÏ´Ù. * He came near being
drowned. ¨é not A bu
t B = instead of + ¡ ing = not only A but also
B = besides
+ ¡
ing in addition
to * She is not shy, but
unsocial. = Instead of being shy, she is
unsocial. * He is not only brave, but also
wise. = Besides being brave he is
wise. 17. To + ¡ ing ¨ç be opposed
to object to
+
¡ ing : ¡À» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Ù. have an objection
to * I am very much opposed to going
there. * Have you any objection to my wearing
this suit? ¨è contribute to + ¡ ing : ¡¿¡ °øÇåÇÏ´Ù.
±â¿©ÇÏ´Ù. * He contributed to the growth of the
city. ¨é turn one's attention to + ¡ ing (¸í»ç) : ¡¿¡ ÁÖÀǸ¦
µ¹¸®´Ù. ¡¿¡
°ü½ÉÀ» °®´Ù. * He did not turn his attention to
making a fortune until he was
forty. (±×´Â
40ÀÌ µÇ°í³ª¼¾ß Àç»ê ¸ðÀ¸´Âµ¥ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Ù.) ¨ê with a view to + ¡ ing :
¡Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©. (for the purpose) * I study English
with a view to going abroad. ¨ë be equal to + ¡ ing
: ¡ÇÒ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. * I am equal to
doing the task. ¨ì revote -+ A
to
B(µ¿¸í»ç) dedicate -+
:
A¸¦ B¿¡ ¹ÙÄ¡´Ù. * He devoted all his time to
studying history. ¨í be use to + ¡
ing. be accustomed to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü(µ¿¸í»ç) : ¡¿¡
Àͼ÷ÇÏ´Ù. * I am used to playing the
piano. = I am accustomed to playing
(¶Ç´Â play) the piano. ¨î what do you say to + ¡ ing : ¡ÇÏ´Â °Ô
¾î¶§? * What do you say to playing tennis with
me? ¨ï take to + ¡ ing :
¡¿¡ ºüÁö´Ù, Á¤À̵é´Ù. * He took to writing after he
retired from the college. ¨ð look forward to + ¡ ing : ¡À» ±â´ëÇÏ´Ù,
°í´ëÇÏ´Ù. * I am looking forward to
seeing you again. ¨ç fall to + ¡ ing = begin to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü :
¡À» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Ù. * They fell to discussing the serious
problem. 18. µ¿¸í»ç ±¸¹®ÀÇ ¹®Àå Àüȯ ¥° ¨ç insist that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = insist
on + ¡ ing: ¡À» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Ù. * I insisted he should be
invited to the party. = I insisted
on his being invited to the party. ¨è decide that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç =
decide on + ¡ ing: ¡Çϱâ·Î °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù * My father
decided that I should marry her. =
My father decided on my marrying her. ¨é hear, think, complain,
know, dream + that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = hear, think,
complain, know, dream + of + ¡ ing * I am glad
to hear that you have succeeded. =
I am glad to hear of your having succeeded. ¨ê repent that + ÁÖ¾î +
µ¿»ç = repent + (of) + ¡ ing. * He repent
that he was idle in his youth. = He
repents (of)
having been idle in his youth. ¨ë suggest, deny, regret,
like + that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = suggest, deny, regret,
like + ¡ ing. (Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠÀüÄ¡»ç¡¿) * I suggested that
we should play tennis. = I
suggested our playing tennis. 19. ¹®ÀåÀüȯ ¥± ¨ç be sorry that + ÁÖ¾î
+ µ¿»ç = be sorry for + ¡ ing :¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ
À¯°¨ÀÌ´Ù.(¹Ì¾È,°¨»ç,¹ú,²ÙÁß µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© ÀÌÀ¯ÀüÄ¡»ç for¸¦
»ç¿ë) * I am sorry that I offended
you. = I am sorry for having
offended you.
¨è scold, blame A for B: B ¶§¹®¿¡ A¸¦ ²Ù¢´Ù.
³ª¹«¶ó´Ù. * He scolded me that I had neglected my
duty. = He scolded me for having
neglected my duty. ¨é punish A for B: B ¶§¹®¿¡ A¸¦
¹úÁÖ´Ù. ¨ê be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + that + ÁÖ¾î +
µ¿»ç = be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant)
+ of + ¡ ing * I am glad that my brother passed the
exam. = I am glad of my brother having
passed the exam. ¨ë be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + that
+ ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = be sure (certain, convinced,
confident) + of + ¡ ing : ¡À»
È®½ÅÇÏ´Ù. * I am sure that he will live to
eight. = I am sure of his living to
eighty. ¨ì be aware (conscious) + that + ÁÖ¾î +
µ¿»ç = be aware (conscious) + of + ¡ ing : ¡À»
¾Ë´Ù. * He was conscious that the matter was
important.
= He was conscious of the matter being important. 20. µ¿°Ý¸í»çÀýÀÇ
¹®ÀåÀüȯ ¡ÞÁÖ·Î µ¿°Ý ¸í»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â ¹®Àå. * fact(»ç½Ç), doubt(ÀǽÉ),
evidence(Áõ°Å), chance(±âȸ), report(º¸ °í), rumor(¼Ò¹®),
proof(Áõ°Å), hope(Èñ¸Á), news(¼Ò½Ä),
idea(»ý°¢), certainty(È®½Ç), suggestion(Á¦¾È), possibility
= probability = likelihood(°¡´É¼º, °¡¸Á),
conclusion(°á·Ð) * The fact that he is honest is known to
everybody. = The fact of his being honest
is known to
everybody. his
honesty ¡Þµ¿°Ý¸í»çÀýÀÎ that¡´Â Á־ ¸ñÀû¾î, º¸¾î µîÀÌ »ý·«µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº
¿Ï ÀüÇÑ ¹®Àå. 21. Ç®¾î º¼
¹®Á¦... ¨ç°¢ ¹®ÀåÀÇ Æ²¸° ºÎºÐÀ» °íÃĶó. ¨Í He insisted
to go for a drive. ¨Î The rain prevented me to go to
the party. ¨Ï Are you sure of he will
come? ¨Ð No one has ever succeeded to explain this
phenomenon. ¨Ñ Exercise strengthens instead of we
akens the body. ¨Ò She came near to be
drowned. ¨Ó I objected to be treated like
that. ¨Ô I don't care running the
risk. ¨Õ She devoted herself to look after
him. ¨Ö You will have to speak a little louder. He is
hard to hear. ¨× He is above to do such a mean
thing. ¨Ø He regrets being not able to help
me. ¨è´ÙÀ½ °¢ ¹®Ç×ÀÇ ¶æÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ¸»ÇÏ¿©¶ó. ¨Í I hate
lying. I hate to
lie. ¨Î I like
swimming. I like to swim
now. ¨Ï He is sure of
success. He is sure of to
succeed. ¨é°ø¶õÀ» Àû´çÇÑ ´Ü¾î·Î ä¿ö¶ó ¨Í This
picture is ( ) her own painting. ¨Î
This book is ( ) reading
intensively. ¨Ï The glass is very brittle; It wants (
) with care.
ÀÏÄ¡¿Í ȹý(Agreement & Narration)
1. ¼öÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ ¨ç The poet and statesman is
dead. The poet and the statesman are
dead. ¨èºÎÁ¤»ç + and +
ºÎÁ¤»ç --+ every
+ ¸í»ç + and + every + ¸í»ç | ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç
»ç¿ë. each
each | no
no --+ ´Ü,
µ¿¸í»ç + and + µ¿¸í»ç´Â º¹¼öµ¿»ç »ç¿ë. * Early to bed and early to
rise makes a man healthy. * Every policeman and
official is on the alert. ¨é many a + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç +
´Ü¼öµ¿»ç many + º¹¼ö¸í»ç +
º¹¼öµ¿»ç. * Many a soldier was killed at the
field. * Many boats have been
wrecked. ¨ê a number of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç +
º¹¼öµ¿»ç. the number of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç +
´Ü¼öµ¿»ç. a total of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç +
´Ü¼öµ¿»ç. * The number of patients is
increasing. * A number of patients are
dying. * A total of 300 Koreans lives in this
country.
¡âa total of ¡´Â 'ÃѰè, ÇÕ°è'ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÀüüÀÇ ÇÑ ´ÜÀ§¸¦
³ªÅ¸³» ¹Ç·Î ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç¸¦
¾´´Ù. ¨ë
ºÐ¼ö ---+ most
(´ëºÎºÐ) | a
lot, lots | of + º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç ¡æ
º¹¼öµ¿»ç half | the
rest (³ª¸ÓÁö) | of +
´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç part |
¹°Áú,Ãß»ó¸í»ç ¡æ
´Ü¼öµ¿»ç a large
part | all ---+ *
Two-thirds of my books are novels. * Most of his
books are English novels. * Half of the passengers
were injured in the accident. * A large part of the
land is barren. ¨ì either A or B : AÀ̰ųª B°¡ ¡ÀÌ´Ù.
(¾çÀÚÅÃÀÏ) neither A nor B : Aµµ Bµµ ¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
(¾çÀÚºÎÁ¤) not only A but also B = B as well as
A = A»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó B ¿ª½Ã ¡ÀÌ´Ù. ( BÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ÀÎĪ¿¡ ¸Â´Â µ¿»ç¸¦ ¾µ
°Í) * Either you or Tom has made the
mistake. * Neither of the answers you gave is
satisfactory to us. * Not only you but also he is
interested in music. = He as well as you
is interested in music. ¨í º¹¼ö¸íÀÇ Çаú¸íÀÎ mathematics, politics,
physics, ethics, gymnastics, phonetics µîÀº ¸ðµÎ ´Ü¼ö
Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. * Mathematics is a difficult
subject. ¨î ½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·® µîÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀÏ °³³äÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϸé
´Ü¼öµ¿»ç * There were ten people in line already when we
arrived. * Ten years is a long way to walk in a cold
weather. 2. ½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ ¹× ¿¹¿Ü ¨çÁÖÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç, ÇöÀç¿Ï·á, ¹Ì·¡À϶© Á¾¼ÓÀý¿¡´Â ¾î´À ½ÃÁ¦³ª
»ç¿ë ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ÁÖÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç ¡æ
°ú°Å·Î ¹Ù²î¸é Á¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ÇöÀç, ¹Ì·¡
¡æ
°ú°Å ÇöÀç¿Ï·á, °ú°Å ¡æ
°ú°Å¿Ï·á ÇöÀçÇü Á¶µ¿»ç ¡æ °ú°ÅÇü Á¶µ¿»ç·Î
¹Ù²ñ. * He told me that he was going to write a
letter. * I went to his house that I might see
him. * She said that she would be all right by the
next wee
k. ¨è½ÃÁ¦ÀÏÄ¡ÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü. ¨Í ºÒº¯ÀÇ Áø¸®, ¼Ó´ã, ÇöÀçÀÇ ½À°üÀû
µ¿ÀÛ, ¼ºÁú ¡æ ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦. ¨Î °ú°ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀÛÀÌ ÇöÀç¿¡ °è¼Ó ¡æ
ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦. ¨Ï ¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç ¡æ Ç×»ó
°ú°Å½ÃÁ¦. ¨Ðthan, as µî¿¡ À̾îÁö´Â ±¸¹®; ÁÖÀýµ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ
ÀÖÀ½. ¨ÑÁ¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ must, ought to, should, had, better µîÀº ±×´ë·Î
»ç¿ë. ¨ÒÁ¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ °¡Á¤¹ý ½ÃÁ¦´Â º¯ÇÏÁö
¾ÊÀ½. * He said that the earth is
round. * I told him that I go to church on
Sundays. * She was not aware that those woolen
clothes always shrink in the wash. * He told us
that the roads are still under repair. * He
said that he had been ill. * He said that
Columbus discovered America in 1492. * He did
it far better than you will do it. 3. ȹý - Æò¼¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ. ¨ÍÀü´Þµ¿»ç: say
¡æ say, say to ¡æ tell. ¨ÎÀοëºÎÈ£¾ÈÀÇ ÇÇÀü´Þ¹®Àº that- Àý·Î ¹Ù²Ü
°Í. ¨ÏÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÇ 1ÀÎĪ(I, my, me)Àº Àü´Þµ¿»çÀÇ ÁÖ¾î¿Í ÀÏÄ¡. ¨ÐÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÇ
2ÀÎĪ(you, your)Àº ¼öÈÀÚ (say to + »ç¶÷)¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡. ¨ÑÀü´Þµ¿»ç°¡ °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦À̸é ÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â
½ÃÁ¦ÀÏÄ¡¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ÁØÇÔ. * He said, "You are kind to my
brother." = He said that I was kind to
his brother. * He said to me "I have once seen
you" = He told me that he had once seen
me. ¡ÞºÎ»ç, Áö½Ã´ë¸í»çÀÇ
º¯È here ¡æ there, come ¡æ go,
now ¡æ before, this ¡æ
that, these ¡æ those, tomorrow ¡æ the
next(following) day, yesterday ¡æ the day
before (the previous day) last night ¡æ
the night before (the previous
night) next week ¡æ the next week (the
following week) 4. Àǹ®¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ ¨Í Àü´Þµ¿»ç say´Â ask ¶Ç´Â inquire
of. ¨Î Àǹ®»ç when, where, why, who, what µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Àǹ®¹®Àº ¨Ï
Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ ¾î¼ø (°£Á¢Àǹ®¹®À¸·Î ¸í»çÀý) ¨Ð Àǹ®»ç°¡ ¾ø´Â Àǹ®¹®Àº if(whether) + ÁÖ¾î +
µ¿»ç ¡æ ¸í»çÀý. * He said to me "Who is he?"
= He asked me who he was.
* He said to me "Are you fond of this
music?" = He asked me if(whether) I was
fond of that music. ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: °£Á¢È¹ý¿¡¼ Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ ¾î¼øÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌÁö¸¸
ÁÖ¾îºÎ ºÐÀÌ ±ä °æ¿ì´Â Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¾î¼øÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¡ÞºÎŹ,
±ÇÀ¯¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Àǹ®¹®Àº ÇüÅ´ ºñ·Ï Àǹ®¹®À̳ª ºÎŹ, ±ÇÀ¯¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸í·É¹®ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ̹ǷÎ
ask(beg) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to doÀÇ ÇüÅÂ. * He said tome "Which is
the shortest way to the station?" = He
asked me which was the shortest way to the station. *
He said to me "Could you give me a
lift?" = He asked (begged) me to give him
a lift. 5. ¸í·É¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ ¡ÞÀü´Þµ¿»ç say to ¢¡ ¨ÍÀϹÝÀû ¸í·É¹®;
tell + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do. ¨Î»ó°üÀÌ ºÎÇÏ¿¡°Ô; order(command) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to
do. ¨ÏÀǻ簡 ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô Ãæ°í; advice + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do. ¨ÐºÎŹ, ÀÇ·ÚÀÇ
¸í·É¹®,Àǹ®¹®; ask(beg) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do. ¨ÑÁ¦¾È,Á¦ÀÇ; propose, suggest + that
+ ÁÖ¾î + should to do. * He said to me, "Open the
window." = He told me to open the
window. * He said to me, "Don't come in till you are
called." = He told me not to come in till
I was called. = He forbade me to come in
till I was called. * The officer said to his men,
"Stay where you are." = The officer
commanded (or order) his men to stay where they
were. * He said to me, "You had better work
harder." = He advised me to work
harder. * He said to me, "Let's go to the
park." = He suggested (or proposed) (to
me) that we should go to the park. = He
proposed to go to the park. 6. °¨Åº¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ ¨Í Àü´Þµ¿»ç say ¡æ exclaim,
shout, cry(out), remark·Î... ¨Î±â»Û³»¿ë, Hurrah, Bravo µîÀÇ °¨Åº»ç ¡æ with
delight, with joy, with pleasureµîÀÇ ºÎ»ç±¸¸¦ Àü´Þµ¿»ç
´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÷°¡. ¨Ï½½Ç³»¿ë, Alas µîÀÇ °¨Åº»ç - with regret, with a sigh, in sorrow
µîÀÇ ºÎ»ç
±¸ »ç¿ë. (°¨Åº¹®À» ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ëÇϰųª very¸¦ »ç¿ë, Æò¼¹®À¸·Î °íÃļ °£Á¢È¹ýÀ¸·Î
°íÄ£ °Í.) * He said "What a beautiful sight it
is!" = He exclaimed (cried out) what a
beautiful sight it is! = He exclaimed
that it was a very beautiful sight. * He said, "Oh,
my friend has come!" = He cried out with
joy that his friend had come. 7. ±â¿ø¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ ¨ÍÇÇÀü´Þ¹®¿¡ GodÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¡æ
pray that God may¡ ¨Î»ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á ¡æ express one's wish that + ÁÖ +
may¡ * She said "God save my son!"
= She prayed that God might save her
son. * He said to he "May you have a happy
life!" = He expressed his wish that she
might have a happy life. 8. Áß¹®°ú º¹¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ ¨ÍÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÌ and, but À¸·Î ¿¬°áµÈ
Áß¹®ÀÏ ¶§ and¿Í but´ÙÀ½¿¡ Á¢¼Ó»ç thatÀ» ¾µ °Í. ¨ÎÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÌ for, because, as,
since, so µîÀÇ Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ¿¡´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ µû·Î thatÀ» ¾µ Çʿ䰡
¾øÀ½. ¨Ï¸í·É
¹® + Àǹ®¹® ¡æ tell + ¸ñ + to do, and ask ¡ * He said
"The sun has set, and the stars are
out." = He said (that) the sun had set,
and that the stars were out. * He said to me "Listen!
Can you hear someone talking?" = He told
me to listen, and asked if I could hear someone talking. 9.
¹¦Ãâȹý ¡ÞµîÀåÀι°ÀÇ »ý°¢À̳ª ½É¸®¸¦ »ý»ýÇÏ°Ô Ç¥Çö)°ú »ý·«¹®ÀÇ °£Á¢È¹ý. ¨Í¹®ÀåÀÇ ¾î¼ø,
±¸µÔÁ¡ - Á÷Á¢È¹ý¿¡ ÁØÇÔ. ¨ÎÀÎΰú ½ÃÁ¦ - °£Á¢È¹ý°ú °°À½. *
He said to me "Will you go to the movies?"
Á÷Á¢È¹ý = He asked me if I would go to
the movies. °£Á¢È¹ý = He asked me
would I go to the movies.
¹¦Ãâȹý * He said
"Yes" = He agreed.
= He answered in the affirmative.
(±àÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î) * He said "No"
= He answered in the negative.
(ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î) * He said "Good
morning" = He wished me a good morning.
Á¢¼Ó»ç(Conjunction)
1. Á¢¼Ó»çÀÇ Á¾·ù ¨ç Àǹ̻ó Á¾·ù * µîÀ§ Á¢¼Ó»ç : and,
but, or, for µî * Á¾¼Ó Á¢¼Ó»ç : if, whether, that, because
µî ¨è ÇüÅ»ó Á¾·ù * ´Ü¼ø Á¢¼Ó»ç : and, when, as,
for µî * »ó°ü Á¢¼Ó»ç : either ¡ or, both ¡ and, not only ¡
but also * Á¢¼Ó»ç±¸ : as soon as, as well as, as long as
µî 2. µîÀ§ Á¢¼Ó»ç and * She is pretty and clever. *
Work hard, and you will pass the exam. = If you work
hard, you will pass the exam. * Bread and butter is good for most
sick people. * The poet and statesman is
dead. The poet and the statesman are
dead. * Slow and steadily wins the
race. ¡ÞºÒ°¡ºÐÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ Àְųª ´ÜÀϰ³³äÀº ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. *
go, come, try, send µîÀÇ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â and´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç to ´ë¿ë ¡Þ Come
and see me next week. = Come to see
me next week. * Çü¿ë»ç + and + Çü¿ë»ç¿¡¼ ¾ÕÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ºÎ»çÀû
±¸½ÇÀ» ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì. ¡Þ I am good and
tired = I am very tired. 3. µîÀ§
Á¢¼Ó»ç But, Or, Nor ¨ç But. * He works
slowly but accurately. * He did not come on Sunday,
but on Monday. * Not that I don't like the game, but
that I have no time. ¡Þnot that A but that
B = not because A but because
B =A ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó B
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¨è Or. * You may dance or sing
here. * Make haste or you will be late for
school. = If you do not make haste, you
will be late for school. = Unless you
make haste, you will be late for
school. ¡Þ¸í·É¹® + or: ¡Çضó, ±×·¸Áö
¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. * The distance is five miles, or about
eight kilometers. (= that is; Áï)
¨é Nor. * Not a man, a woman, nor a
child is to be seen. ¡Þnor´Â and + not: ±×¸®°í
¡µµ ¿ª½Ã ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. 'nor + Á¶µ¿»ç(¶Ç´Â be
µ¿»ç) + ÁÖ¾î'ÀÇ ÇüÅÂ¿Í °°ÀÌ nor ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â µµÄ¡. * I am nothing rich,
and I do not wish to be (rich). = I am
not rich, nor do I wish to be. 4. Á¢¼Ó»ç that * If I complain, it
is that I want to get justice. (because) * He must be mad that he
should cry out at this time of night.(ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ ±âÁØ) * That he should
betray me! That I were in England again! (³î¶÷,½½ÇÄ,Èñ¸Á) * That he is
guilty is certain. (¸í»çÀý À¯µµ; It is certain that he is guilty) * He
realized the fact that he had made a great mistake.(µ¿°ÝÀÇ ¸í»çÀý À¯µµ) 5.
µîÀ§Á¢¼Ó»ç ¨ç Both * He is both a novelist
and a poet. * He is remarkable both for his
intelligence and for his skill. ¡Þat once (alike,
both) A and B: Aµµ Bµµ ¡ÀÌ´Ù.
(¾çÀÚ±àÁ¤) ¡Þ»ó°üÁ¢¼Ó»ç´Â °°Àº ǰ»ç³ª »ó´ç¾î±¸¸¦ »ó°üÀûÀ¸·Î
¿¬°áÇØ¾ßÇϸç, ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ¾î±¸°¡ °°Àº ÇüÅÂÀ̾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù.) ¨è either A or B: AÀ̰ųª BÀÌ´Ù.
(¾çÀÚÅÃÀÏ) neither
A nor B: Aµµ Bµµ ¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. (¾çÀÚºÎÁ¤) * He must either
mad or drunk. * Either of these buses goes to the
stadium. ¡Þeither A or B, neither A or B¿¡¼
µ¿»ç´Â µ¿»ç¿¡¼ °¡±î¿î °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ¾îÀÎ B¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡
½ÃŲ´Ù. * He neither had money not food.
(¡¿) * He had neither money nor food.
(¡Û) ¡Þeither A or B, neither A nor B¿¡ ¿¬°áµÇ´Â
ºÎºÐÀº ¹®¹ý»ó °°Àº ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø
»ó´ç¾î±¸À̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¨é not only (not merely) A but (also)
B = B as well as
A = A»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Bµµ ¡ÀÌ´Ù. (µ¿»ç´Â B¿¡
ÀÏÄ¡) * He not only teaches English but also write many
novels. =Besides (In addition to)teaching
English, he writes many novels. * He gave me both
food and money.
not
only food but also
money. not
merely food but also money. = He gave me
money as well as food. = He gave me food,
and money. * as well = besides = in to the bargain =
in addition = additionally.
6. ¸í»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç ¡Þthat, whether, if, Àǹ®»ç,
°ü°è´ë¸í»ç. * That he will succeed is
certain. = It is certain that he will
succeed. * Whether it is a good plan or not is a matter for
argument. ¡Þthat¡ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¹®ÀåÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î¼
thatÀÌ À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¹®ÀåÀº ¿ÏÀüÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 7. ½Ã°£ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â
Á¢¼Ó»ç ¡Þwhen, while, after, since, before, as soon as, the moment,
the instant, instantly... * I did not
realize the value of the documents till yesterday. =
It was not until yesterday that I realized the value of the
documents. = Not until yesterday did I realize the
value of the documents. * I'll have finished the work by the time
you get back. ¡ÞÁ¶°ÇºÎ»çÀý°ú ½Ã°£ºÎ»çÀý¿¡¼´Â ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ ´ë½Å ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦¸¦
»ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. 8. ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç : because, since, as, for, now
that, seeing that... * I did not go, because
I was busy.(³»°¡ ¹Ù»¦±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °¡Áö ¸øÇß´Ù.) I did not go
because I wanted to.(³»°¡ °¡°í ½Í¾î¼ °£ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù) 9. °á°úÀÇ ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â
Á¢¼Ó»ç ¡Þ so ¡ that, such ¡ that
µî... *
As --+ he
is poor, he cannot buy the
car. since | Because | Now
that | Seeing
that | On
the ground that --+ ¡æ ÀÌÀ¯Á¢¼Ó»ç; ¡Çϱâ
¶§¹®¿¡. = Because
of --+ his poverty, he
cannot buy the car. Owing
to | On
account
of | On the
ground of --+ ¡æ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â
ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸. ¡ÞÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ ´ÙÀ½¿£ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç
±¸¹®À» »ç¿ë. = He is so poor that he cannot buy the
car. = He is so poor as not to buy the
car. = He is too poor to buy the
car. = His poverty is such that he cannot buy
the car. = His povert
y prevents him from buying the car. = His
poverty forbids him to buy the car.
10. ¾çº¸ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â
Á¢¼Ó»ç Though --+ Although |
he is poor, he is
happy. If | Even
if --+ ¡æ ¾çº¸Á¢¼Ó»ç = In
spite of --+ his poverty, he is
happy. Despite | After
all | For
all | With
all | In the face
of | Not
withstanding --+¡æ ¾çº¸ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ (ºñ·Ï ¡ÀÏÁö¶óµµ) 11. ¸í·ÉÇü
¾çº¸ºÎ»çÀý ¨ç¸í·É¹®(¿øÇüµ¿»ç) + wh- clause. *
Wherever he may(will) go --+ he will be
welcome. No matter where he may
go | Let him go where he
will | Go where he
will --+ (±×°¡ ¾îµð¿¡ °¡´õ¶óµµ ȯ¿µ ¹ÞÀ»
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.) ¨è¸í·É¹® + as clause * However hard
you may try --+ you can never to it in a
weak No matter how hard you may
try | Try as you
may (will)
--+ (³×°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¿½ÉÈ÷ ÇØº¼Áö¶óµµ, ³Ê´Â ±×°ÍÀ» 1ÁÖÀÏ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î
ÇØ³¾ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.) ¨é±âŸ * Be it ever so
humble --+ there is no place like
home. However humble it may
be | No matter how humble it
may be --+ (¾Æ¹«¸®
´©ÃßÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ³»Áý °°Àº °÷Àº ¾ø´Ù.) * Be a man ever so
rich --+ he should not
idle. However rich a man may
be | No matter how rich a man may
be --+ (»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ºÎÀÚ¶ó
ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, °ÔÀ»·¯¼´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.) * Be it true or not --+
it is not worth
considering. Whether it be true or
not --+ (±×°ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌµç ¾Æ´Ïµç, »ý°¢ÇØ º¼¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡
¾ø´Ù.) 12. As ¾çº¸ ºÎ»çÀý : Çü¿ë»ç, ºÎ»ç, ¸í»ç, °ú°ÅºÐ»ç + as(¶Ç´Â
though) + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·μ ¾çº¸ÀÇ ¶æÀ» °¡Áø °Í.
¨çÇü + as (though) + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç * Rich as
he is ---+ he cannot afford such
extravagance Rich though he is |
forever. Though he is
rich ---+ (ºñ·Ï ±×´Â ºÎÀÚÀÏÁö¶óµµ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ±×·± ³¶ºñ¸¦
°¨´çÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.) ¨èºÎ»ç + as + S + V * Though
he studied hard --+ he failed in the
exam. Hard as the
studied --+ ¨é¸í»ç + as + S
+ V * Though he was a
coward --+ he could not bear such an
insult. Coward as he
was | Coward though he
was --+ ¡Þ
a coward°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a¸¦ »ý·«ÇÒ °Í. ¨ê°ú°ÅºÐ»ç (p.p) + as + S +
V * Though he was
startled ---+ he didn't lose his
balance. Startled as he
was | Startled
though he
was ---+ (ºñ·Ï ±×´Â
³î¶úÁö¸¸ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤À» ÀÒÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.) ¡Þ keep one's
balance = keep steady : ¸öÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ
´Ù. ¡Á lose one's
balance : ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÒ´Ù. (become
unsteady) ¸¶À½ÀÇ
¾ÈÁ¤À» ÀÒ´Ù. (be upset) 13. Á¶°Ç ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç * If you ask him, he
will help you. * Unless you work harder, you will
fail. = If you do work harder, you will
fail. * Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we
do? = If he refuses, what shall we
do? * In case you find the man, please let me know at
once. ¡Þ unless: if ¡ not, ¸¸ÀÏ ¡ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é. suppose that: ¸¸ÀÏ
¡ÇÑ´Ù¸é. in case (that): ¸¸ÀÏ ¡ÇÑ´Ù¸é,¡ÇÏ´Â
°æ¿ì¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏ¿©. : Á¢¼Ó»çÀ̹ǷΠ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüŰ¡
¿Í¾ßÇÑ´Ù. * In case of (In the event of) fire, ring the alarm
bell. ¡Þ in case of, in the event of´Â Á¶°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â
ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸À̹ǷΠ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç ±¸¹®ÀÌ
¿Í¾ßÇÑ´Ù. 14. ¸ñÀûÀÇ ºÎ»çÀýÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç * He works hard that -+
he may pass the e
xamination. so
that | in
order that-+ ¡æ ¸ñÀûÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ºÎ»çÀý
= He works hard to -+ pass the
examination. so
as
to | in
order to -+ ¡æ ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý = He works hard for
the purpose of passing the
exam. with
a view
to -+ with
the view
of | with
the object
of | with
the intention of -+ ¡æ
ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ * Make a note of it that you may not forget
it. ¡Þthat ¡ may not: ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï, ºÎÁ¤¾î notÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ºÎÁ¤»ç to
¾Õ¿¡. * He works hard lest
he should fail
in the
exam. for
fear (that) ¡Þ lest ¡ should³ª for fear (that) ¡
should´Â ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï, ¡ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇÏ¿©·Î ±× ¼Ó¿¡
ºÎÁ¤¾î notÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
ÀüÄ¡»ç(Preposition)
1. ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ÇüÅ ¹× ¸ñÀû¾î ¨ç´Ü¼øÀüÄ¡»ç: at, by, till, after, on, concerning,
excepting, considering... ¨èÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ : for want of, in
place of, on account of, in spite of.. * She left the
house by the back door. ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç µÚ¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸ñÀû¾î´Â ¸ðµÎ ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ̾î¾ßÇϸç,
ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î ¿¡´Â ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç, ¸í»ç»ó´ç¾î±¸ (µ¿¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»ç)°¡
µÊ. * I want to the park with her. 2. ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ À§Ä¡ ¹×
¿ªÇÒ ¨çÀüÄ¡»ç´Â ±× ¸ñÀû¾î ¹Ù·Î ¾Õ¿¡ ³õÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌÁö¸¸ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ
°æ¿ì ¿¡¼´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç°¡ ¸ñÀû¾î¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î »ç¿ëµÇ°í
ÀÖÀ½. * For whom are you looking? =
Whom (Who) are you looking for? ¨èÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î
¿ªÇÒ ¨Í of + Ãß»ó¸í»ç ¡æ
Çü¿ë»ç±¸. ¨ÎÀüÄ¡»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç ¡æ
ºÎ»ç±¸. ¨ÏºÎ»çÀû´ë°Ý : ½Ã°£, °Å¸®, ¹æ¹ý, Á¤µµ Ç¥½Ã ¡æ ÀüÄ¡»ç »ý·«, ºÎ»ç±¸
¿ªÇÒ. ¨ÐÇü¿ë»çÀû´ë°Ý: ³ªÀÌ, Å©±â, ¸ð¾ç, »öä, °¡°Ý µî ¡æ of »ý·«, Çü¿ë»ç±¸·Î
¾²ÀÓ. * He is a man of ability.
= He is an able
man. * He walked (for) ten miles. (ºÎ»çÀû´ë°Ý)
* They are (of) the s
ame age. (Çü¿ë»çÀû´ë°Ý)
3. Àå¼ÒÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç ¡ÞatÀº Á¼Àº Àå¼Ò, inÀº ³ÐÀº
Àå¼Ò. õÁ¤À̳ª º®¸é¿¡ ºÎÂøµÈ °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ
on. betweenÀº 2°³ »çÀÌ¿¡, amongÀº 3°³ ÀÌ»ó
»çÀÌ. * I was staying at a hotel in New
York. * There is a fly on the
ceiling. * The moon has risen above the
horizon. * They went up the
mountain. * Let's divide this money between you and
me. * My house is in forest of the theater. 4. ¿îµ¿
¹æÇâÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç ¨ç to ¡æ µµÂøÁöÁ¡, from ¡æ
Ãâ¹ßÁöÁ¡. ¨è¾î´À ¹üÀ§ ¾ÈÀÇ Á¤ÁöµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼ "¡ÀÇ ¾È¿¡"ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ °æ¿ì ¡æ in. ¨é¹Û¿¡¼
¾ÈÀ¸·Î µé¾î¿À´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¡æ into. ¨ê¾È¿¡¼ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª°¡´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¡ÀÇ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ¡æ out
of. ¨ëóÀ½°ú ³¡ÀÇ ÇѰ谡 ¸íÈ®ÇÏ¸ç ¡À» °¡·ÎÁú·¯, Ⱦ´ÜÇÏ¿© ¡æ across. ¨ìóÀ½°ú
³¡ÀÇ ÇѰ谡 ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »óȲ ¡À» µû¶ó¼ ¡æ along. ¨í through´Â ¾î´À °÷À» °üÅëÇÏ¿© Áö³ª°¡´Â °Í,
¿îµ¿¹æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÀ½. ¨î for´Â ¹æÇâÀ̳ª Ç༱Áö Ç¥½Ã, ¡À» ÇâÇÏ¿©. ¨ï toward´Â
¸·¿¬ÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÇâÇÏ´Â °Í. ¨ð° ¶Ç´Â
°Å¸® µîÀ» µû¶ó¼ °¥¶§ ¡æ along. * He was standing in the
corner of the room. * He made a running dive into the
river. * A fish cannot live out of the
water. * We sailed sown along the river to see the
beautiful scenery. * The road goes through the
forest. 5.½Ã°£ÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç ¨ç at : ¸î½Ã, ¸îºÐ, ¹ã, Á¤¿À, »õº®,
½Ã°¢. on : ³¯Â¥, Á¤ÇØÁø
½Ã°£. in : ¿ù, °èÀý, ³â, ¼¼±â, ¾ÆÄ§, Àú³á,
¿ÀÈÄ. ¡Þ¾î´À ƯÁ¤ÀÇ ¾ÆÄ§, ¿ÀÈÄ, Àú³áÀº in ´ë½Å¿¡ onÀ»
¾¸. * at seven o'clock, at noon, on Sunday, on
the tenth of April, in April, in summer, in
1937... ¨è in : ¡ÀÌ Áö³ª¸é (½ÃÁ¦´Â ¹Ì·¡°¡
Áß½É) within : ¡À̳»¿¡ (ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ
±âÇѳ»¿¡) after : ¡ÈÄ¿¡ (µ¿ÀÛÀÇ ¿Ï·á ±âÁØ,
°ú°Å½ÃÁ¦) * Cancer will kill him in a few
days. * He will come back within a few
months. * The work was finished after a
month. ¨é by : ¡±îÁö (¾î´À ¶§ ±î
Áö µ¿ÀÛ¿Ï·á) till : ¡±îÁö (¾î´À ¶§ ±îÁö µ¿ÀÛÀÇ
°è¼Ó) * I will be here by six. (³ª´Â ¿©¼¸½Ã±îÁö ¿©±â¿¡ ¿À°Ú´Ù;
by´Â ÇѰèÁ¡¸¸ ³ªÅ¸³¿) * I will be here till six. (³ª´Â
¿©¼¸½Ã±îÁö ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÖ°Ú´Ù; tillÀº °è¼ÓÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÔ) ¨ê since : ¡ÀÌ·¡ ÁÙ °ð (°ú°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇöÀç±îÁö
°è¼Ó) from : ¡·Î ºÎÅÍ (Ãâ¹ßÁ¡¸¸
Ç¥½Ã) * I have lived here since my
birth. (³ª´Â ÅÂ¾î³ ÀÌ·¡ ÁÙ°ð ¿©±â¼
»ì°íÀÖ´Ù.) * He works hard form morning till
night. (±×´Â ¾ÆÄ§ºÎÅÍ Àú³á±îÁö ¿½ÉÈ÷
°øºÎÇÑ´Ù.) ¨ë for : ¡µ¿¾È (ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ýÀÚ
¾Õ) during : ¡Áß¿¡ (µ¿ÀÛÀ̳ª »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó, ƯÁ¤ÀÇ »ç°Ç, ±â°£
¾Õ¿¡) through : ¡µ¿¾È ÁÙ°ð (óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ³¡±îÁö
°è¼Ó) * The war lasted for seven years. (±× ÀüÀïÀº 7³â
µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.) * He slept during the meeting. (±×´Â
ȸÀÇ µµÁß¿¡ ÀáÀ» Àä´Ù; Àá±ñµ¿¾È) * He slept through the
meeting. (±×´Â ȸÀǰ¡ ½ÃÀÛÇØ¼ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö ÁÙ°ð Àä´Ù;
°è¼Ó) * I stayed in Seoul for three days. During
the three days, I met him.
6. ¿øÀÎ, ÀÌÀ¯ÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç ¨ç from : Á÷Á¢Àû
¿øÀÎ. ¨è through : °£Á¢Àû, ¼Ò±ØÀû ¿øÀÎ. (Ÿ¸, °ú¿À, °áÁ¡, ¸Å°³ÀÇ
¼ö´Ü) ¨é at : °¨Á¤ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ (¡À» º¸°í¼ (µè°í¼) ±â»Ú´Ù
(½½ÇÁ´Ù).) ¨ê over : °¨Á¤ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ (¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ï´Ù
(¿ô´Ù)). ¨ë for : ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯
(¡¶§¹®¿¡) ¨ì with : ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ (¡¶§¹®¿¡; ÃßÀ§, µÎ·Á¿ò, ¹«¼¿ò,
ÈïºÐ) * He was taken ill from
fatigue. * He died of consumption
(cholera). * We lost ourselves through not knowing
the way. * I was surprised at the news of his
death. * We rejoiced over the
victory. * She couldn't speak for
laughing. * He was trembling with fear (rage). 7.
Àç·á, ¿ø·áÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç ¨ç of : ¹°¸®Àû º¯È (Çüųª ÁúÀº º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½) ¨è from :
ÈÇÐÀû º¯È (Çüųª ÁúÀÌ º¯ÇÔ) ¨é into : ¿ø·á°¡ Á¦Ç°ÀÌ µÉ ¶§ ( A is made into B
) ¨ê in : Ç¥Çö¹æ¹ý (speak), ¼ö´Ü (write), Àç·á (paint),
Âø¿ë. * The house was made of stone. (±× ÁýÀº
µ¹ÁýÀ̾ú´Ù.) * We can make chemical fibers from
petroleum. (¼®À¯¿¡¼ ÈÇм¶À¯¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.) * The huts can be made into temporary
houses. (±× ¿ÀµÎ¸·µéÀº Àӽà ÁÖÅÃÀ¸·Î °³ÃàµÉ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.) * This picture is painted in oils. (ÀÌ ±×¸²Àº À¯Ã¤ Àç·á·Î
±×¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù.) ¡Þthe man in uniform = Á¦º¹À» ÀÔÀº ³²ÀÚ.
speaking in English = ¿µ¾î·Î ¸»ÇÏ´Â. a
statue in marble = ´ë¸®¼®À¸·Î ¸¸µç Á¶»ó. bound in
leather = °¡Á×À¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø. the woman in white =
Èò ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº ¿©ÀÎ. dressed in rags = ´©´õ±â¸¦
°ÉÄ£. 8. ¼ö´Ü, µµ±¸ÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç ¨ç with : µµ±¸ (¡À» °¡Áö°í,
¡À¸·Î) ¨è by : ÇàÀ§ÀÚ (¼öµ¿ÅÂ), ¼ö´Ü
(´Éµ¿ÅÂ) ¨é through : Áß°³, °æ·Î (¡À» ÅëÇÏ¿©), ¸Å°³,
¼ö´Ü. * He was killed with a
pistol. * We eat soup with a
spoon. * He spoke through an
interpreter. * Our party went by bus and returned by
train. 9. ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ ¥° ¨ç at the me
rcy of ¡ £½ in the power of : ¡¿¡ Á¿ìµÇ¾î, ¡ÀÇ Ã³ºÐ´ë·Î. *
The ship was at the mercy of the wind and the waves. ¨è at the
risk of one's life : ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °É°í, Á×À» °¢¿À¸¦ Çϰí. * He saved
the child at the risk of his own life. ¨é by means of ¡ £½ by dint
of ¡ £½ by virtue of ¡ : ¡ÀÇ ´öÅÃÀ¸·Î, ¡¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼. * Thoughts are expressed by means of
words. ¨ê by way of ¡ : ¨ç ¡À»
°æÀ¯ÇÏ¿©. ¨è
¡Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¡ÇÏ´Â ¼ÀÀ¸·Î. * I went to London by way of
Paris. * They are making inquiries by way os learning
the facts. ¨ë for the purpose of ¡ = with the object of¡ £½ with a
view to £½ with the view of ¡ : ¡ÇÒ
¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î. * He entered college for the purpose of
studying law. ¨ì for the sake of ¡ = for the good of ¡ = for the
benefit of ¡ £½ for the interest of ¡ : ¡À» À§ÇÏ¿©,
¡ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ. * He argues
for the sake of arguing. ¨í in accordance with ¡ : ¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ¡¿Í
ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿©. * He acted in accordance with his
words. ¨î in comparison with ¡ = compared with ¡ : ¡°ú
ºñ±³Çϸé. * There is an over-supply in comparison with
the demand. ¨ï in consequence of ¡ = as a result of ¡ : ¡ÀÇ
°á°ú·Î¼. * In consequence of the inflation of the
currency, the prices of things have
greatly risen. ¨ð according to + ¸í»ç = in proportion to +
¸í»ç. * According to the rule, we can choose neither of
them. ¨ç according as + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = in proportion as + ÁÖ¾î +
µ¿»ç : ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¡¿¡
µû¶ó¼. * You will receive according as you
give. ¨è in case (that) + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç : ¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â, ¡¿¡
´ëºñÇÏ¿©. * Take a sweater in case (that) the weather
should turn cold. ¨é in case of + ¸í»ç = in the event of : ¡ÇÒ
°æ¿ì¿¡´Â. * In case
of fire, ring the alarm bell. ¨ê on account of ¡ = because of ¡
= on the ground of ¡ = owing to ¡ = due to ¡ :
¡¶§¹®¿¡ (ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸) * I cannot accept your
invitation on account of my illness. ¨ë in spite of ¡ = despite ¡
= in the face of ¡ = with all ¡ = for all ¡ £½
after all ¡ : ¡¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí. * They went out in spite of
the heavy rain. ¨ì in company with ¡ = together with ¡ : ¡°ú
ÇÔ²². * He came in company with a group of
boys. ¨í in common with ¡ = together with ¡ : ¡°ú ÇÔ²²,
¡Ã³·³. in the course of ¡ = during ¡ : ¡ÇÏ´Â
µ¿¾È¿¡. in favor of ¡ = in one's favor = for : ¡¿¡
Âù¼ºÇÏ¿©, ¡¿¡ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï in the light of ¡ = in view of
¡ : ¡¿¡ ºñÃß¾î¼, ¡ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼. in addition to ¡ =
besides : ¡À̿ܿ¡µµ, ¡»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó. in place of ¡ = in
one's place = instead of ¡ : ¡´ë½Å¿¡. 10. ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ ¥± ¨ç
in terns of ¡ : ¡ÀÇ ¸é¿¡¼, ¡ÀÇ
°ßÁö¿¡¼. ¡ÀÇ
¸»Åõ·Î, ¡ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î. ¨è in honor of ¡ : ¡¿¡ °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÏ¿©, ¡À»
ÃàÇÏÇÏ¿©. ¨éin (on) behalf of¡=in (on) one's behalf¡ :¡À» À§ÇÏ¿©, ¡À»
´ë½ÅÇÏ¿©. ¨ê as for ¡ = with reference to ¡ : ¡¿¡ °üÇØ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¡¿¡
°üÇÏ¿©. (ÁÖ·Î
¹®µÎ¿¡ »ç¿ë) ¨ë as to ¡ = about ¡ = concerning ¡ = regarding ¡ = as
concerns = in regard to ¡ = in respect to ¡ =
with reference to ¡ : ¡¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©. ¨ì
apart from ¡ : ¡Àº º°¹®Á¦·Î Çϰí, ¡Àº ±×¸¸µÎ°í. ¨í at the cost of ¡ : at the
expense of ¡ : ¡À» Èñ»ýÇÏ¿©. ¨î in pursuit of ¡ = in search of ¡ : ¡À»
ã¾Æ¼, ¡À» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿©. ¨ï without regard to ¡ = regardless of ¡ =
irrespective of ¡ : ¡¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ, ¡¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ. 11. µ¿»ç
+ ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ À¯Çü ¨ç agree with +
»ç¶÷
agree with + Á¦¾È
agree
with + Àǰß
¨è answer to ¡ : ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù,
ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Ù. answer for ¡ : ¡À» Ã¥ÀÓÁö´Ù.
ask a favor of ¡
: ¡À» ºÎŹÇÏ´Ù. ask for ¡ : ¡À» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Ù.
ask
after ¡ : ¹®º´ÇÏ´Ù. ¨é call on + »ç¶÷ : ¡À»
¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Ù. call at + Àå¼Ò
call
for ¡ : ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Ù. ¨ê correspond with ¡ : ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù, ¼½Å¿Õ·¡¸¦ ÇÏ´Ù.
correspond to ¡ : µ¿µîÇÏ´Ù, »ó´çÇÏ´Ù.
¨ë compare A with B : A¿Í B¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ´Ù.
compare A to B :
A¸¦ B¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù. ¨ì deal in ¡ : ¡À» °Å·¡ÇÏ´Ù,
ÆÈ´Ù. deal with ¡ : Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Ù,
´Ù·ç´Ù. ¨í inquire into ¡ = look into ¡ = investigate :
Á¶»çÇÏ´Ù. inquire after ¡ = ask after ¡ :
¹®º´ÇÏ´Ù. inquire of ¡ :
Áú¹®ÇÏ´Ù. ¨î pass for ¡ : ¡À¸·Î ÅëÇÏ´Ù. ¨ï put up at =
stop at : ¡¿¡ Åõ¼÷ÇÏ´Ù. ¨ð put up with = endure = bear = stand =
tolerate : ¡À» Âü´Ù, °ßµð´Ù. ¨ç st
and by ¡ = stand for ¡ : ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Ù, ³ªÅ¸³ª´Ù.
°Á¶, µµÄ¡, »ý·«, °øÅë°ü°è, »ðÀÔ, µ¿°Ý, ¹°ÁÖ±¸¹®...
1. ±¸¹®»ó ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µµÄ¡ ¨ç What are you reading now? (Àǹ®¹®; Àǹ®»ç + µ¿»ç +
ÁÖ¾î) ¨è Long live the king! (±â¿ø¹®; ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î) ¨é If
I were rich, I could buy the car. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å) =
Were I rich, I could buy the car. ¨ê He never forgets what he has
once heard. = What he has once heard.
(He never forgets, ¸ñ + ÁÖ + µ¿) ¨ë She did not say
a word all day long. = Not a word did she say
all day long. ¡Þ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ºÎÁ¤¾î¿Í ÇÔ²² ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é "Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ +
º»µ¿»ç" ¾î¼ø. Áְݺ¸¾î°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é "º¸¾î + µ¿ +
ÁÖ"ÀÇ ¾î¼ø. 2. ºÎ»ç, ºÎ»ç±¸ÀÇ µµÄ¡ ¨çÀÚµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ºÎ»ç°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡ µÉ
¶§, Á־ ´ë¸í»ç ¡æ ºÎ»ç + ÁÖ¾î +
µ¿»ç, Á־ ¸í»ç ¡æ ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç +
ÁÖ¾î. * He fell down. = Down he
fell. (ºÎ + ´ë¸í»ç + ÁÖ + µ¿) * The man fell down.
= Down fell the man. (ºÎ + µ¿ + ¸í +
ÁÖ) ¨èŸµ¿»çÀÎ °æ¿ì ¡æ ºÎ»ç(±¸), ºÎÁ¤ºÎ»ç + Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»çÀÇ
¼ø. * I well re
member his name. = Well do I remember
his name. * I have never seen such a wonderful
sight. = Never have I seen such a
wonderful sight. ¡ÞÁ¶µ¿»ç°¡ µû·Î ¾øÀ» ¶© do¸¦ ÀÎΰú
½ÃÁ¦¿¡ ¸Â°Ô »ç¿ë, ´Ü beµ¿»çÀÏ ¶© beµ¿»ç +
ÁÖ¾î. * I little dreamed that I should never see her
again. = Little did I dream that I should
never see her again. ¡Þ littleÀº "°ÅÀÇ ¡ÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÁغÎÁ¤¾îÀ̳ª dream,
realize, imagine,
think, know µî°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÌ¸é ¼ø¼öºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ "°áÄÚ
¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â"ÀÌ
µÊ. ¨é not ¡ until : ¡ÀÌ µÇ¾î¼¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò
¡ÇÏ´Ù. no sooner ¡ than : ¡ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ
¡¦ÇÏ´Ù. * He did not know the fact until this
morning. = Not until this morning did he
know the fact. * She had no sooner seen him
than she burst into tears. = No
sooner had she seen him than she burst into tears.
3. °Á¶ ¨çµ¿»ç°Á¶: ±× ¾Õ¿¡ do¸¦ ÀÎΰú ½ÃÁ¦¿¡ ¸Â°Ô »ç¿ë, °Á¶ÀÇ do´Â °¼¼°¡
ÀÖ´Ù. * I know his name. (³ª´Â ±×ÀÇ À̸§À» ¾Ë°í
ÀÖ´Ù.) I d/o know his name. (³ª´Â ±×ÀÇ À̸§À» ÂüÀ¸·Î
¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.) ¨è¸í»ç°Á¶: very°¡ the, this, that, one's µîÀÇ µÚ¿¡ ¾²¿©¼ ¸í»ç¸¦
° Á¶ÇÒ ¶© '±×, ¹Ù·Î ±×', '¡¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Â, ¡±îÁöµµ'ÀÇ
¶æ. * This is the very book I have been looking
for. (À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ³»°¡ ã°í ÀÖ´ø
Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù.) ¨éÀǹ®¹® °Á¶: on, earth, in time world, the devil, at all,
whatever µîÀÇ ¾î±Í°¡ Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼ °Á¶¾î±Í·Î ¾²À̸é 'µµ´ëü, Á¶±ÝÀ̶óµµ'ÀÇ
¶æ. * Why on earth are you weeping? (³Ê´Â µµ´ëü ¹«¾ù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿ï°í
ÀÖ´À³Ä?) ¨êºÎÁ¤¹® °Á¶: not ´ÙÀ½¿¡ at all, in the least, whatever, in
the slightest, by any means, a bit, on any way µîÀÇ ¾î±¸°¡
¿À¸é ºÎÁ¤¾î notÀ» °Á¶, 'Á¶±Ýµµ, ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ'ÀÇ
¶æ. * He is not happy at all. (±×´Â Á¶±Ýµµ ÇູÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Ù.) * I know nothing whatever about it. (³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ °üÇØ
Á¶±Ýµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.) 4. »ý·« ¨ç when, while, though, if,
as if, wherever µîÀÌ À̲ô´Â ºÎ»çÀý¿¡¼ Á־ ÁÖÀýÀÇ
ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°°í beµ¿»çÀÎ °æ¿ì¿£ 'ÁÖ¾î + beµ¿»ç'°¡ »ý·« µÇ´Â °æ¿ì°¡
¸¹À½. * When (he was) a boy, he liked to play
tennis. * Insert commas wherever (they are)
needed. ¨è ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ý·«. * Some
people go to the mountain, Others (go) to the seaside. ¨é °ü¿ë¾î±¸,
Àλ縻, °Ý¾ð, °Ô½Ã¿ë¾î µî¿¡¼ °ü¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î »ý·« °¡´É. * (It is) So much for
today. 5. °øÅë°ü°è ¡Þ AX AY £½ A (X + Y): ÁÖ¾î, ÇǼö½Ä¾î µîÀÌ
°øÅë¾îÀÎ °æ¿ì. XB + YB £½ (X + Y) B: ¼ú¾î, µ¿»ç , ¸ñÀû¾î
¼ö½Ä¾î±¸°¡ °øÅë. * I met home, and I watched
television. A X
A
Y =
I met home, and watched television. * We cannot
live by ourselves and for
ourselves. X
B
X
B =
We cannot live by and for ourselves.
6. »ðÀÔ¾î ¡Þ¹®¸Æ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ¸»À» ºÎ°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î, ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î
¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ´Ü¾î³ª ±¸, Àý µîÀ» ¹®Àå Áß°£¿¡
»ðÀÔ. * He was, indeed, a good
boy. * He is, I believe, a great statesman.
= I believe that he is a great statesman. 7.
µ¿°Ý * ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â ¸í»ç »ó´ç¾î±¸°¡ ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ³¹¸»°ú equal °ü°è·Î¼ ¼³¸í,
¼ö ½ÄÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì, ¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»ç, ¸í»çÀý µîÀÌ
¾²ÀÓ. * Mr. Brown, an English teacher, lives in the
next door. * He gave up the idea of borrowing money.
(µ¿°ÝÀÇ of) 8. ¹° ÁÖ ±¸ ¹® (Úªñ«Ï°Ùþ) ¨ç. ¹°ÁÖ±¸¹®
¥° * »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + can + µ¿»ç
¡ be
able to = ¹°ÁÖ + enable + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do
¡ * People can travel through the air by
airplanes. = Airplanes enable people to
travel through the air. ¨è. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + cannot + µ¿»ç
¡ = ¹°ÁÖ +
prevent(keep,prohibits,hinders) + ¸ñÀû¾î + from + µ¿¸í»ç
¡ = ¹°ÁÖ + forbid + ¸ñÀû¾î +
to ºÎÁ¤»ç ¡ * As I am ill, I cannot attend the
meeting. = Because of my illness, I
cannot attend the meeting. = My illness
prevents me from attending the meeting. =
My illness forbids me to attend the meeting. ¨é. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + have to
(=must) + µ¿»ç ¡: ¡ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù. = ¹°ÁÖ + force
(compel,oblige) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to ºÎÁ¤»ç
¡ : ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¡ Çϵµ·Ï
°¿äÇÏ´Ù. * He had to put off his departure because of
the rain. = The rain force(comple,oblige)
him to put off his departure. ¨ê. why + Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»ç ¡
? = what + make + ¸ñÀû¾î + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç(¶Ç´Â
Çü¿ë»ç)? * why do you think so?
= what make you think
so? * You have come here for that
reason. for
what. why. =
For what have you come here? (= Why) =
What have y
ou come here for? ¡Þ why¿Í
for´Â ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÏ ¼ö ¾øÀ½ ¨ë. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + go ¶Ç´Â get to
¡ = ¹°ÁÖ + take + »ç¶÷¸ñÀû¾î
¡ * We rode in a bus for an hour, and got to the
park. = An hour's bus ride took us to the
park. = It took us an hour to get to the
park. = It took an hour for us to get to
the park.
* How long does it take to ¡ ? : ¡Çϴµ¥ ¾ó¸¶³ª
°É¸³´Ï±î? * It takes + »ç¶÷ + ½Ã°£ + to
¡ ½Ã°£
+ for + ¸ñÀû°Ý + to
¡ :»ç¶÷ÀÌ
¡Çϴµ¥ ¾ó¸¶ÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É¸®´Ù. A: How long does
it take to go home? B: It take me
an hour (to go home) ¨ì. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + come, reach
¡ = ¹°ÁÖ + bring + ¸ñÀû¾î
¡ * When she heard the cry, she came to the
spot. = The cry brought her to the
spot. = ±×³à°¡ ±× ¿Üħ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µè°í, ±× Àå¼Ò·Î
¿Ô´Ù. ¨í. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + have, derive +
¸ñÀû¾î = ¹°ÁÖ + give + »ç¶÷(I.O) +
¹°°Ç(D.O) * I have a good appetite after a short
walk. = A short walk gives me a good
appetite. ¨î. ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»ç±¸, ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»çÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ»
¶§ = ¹°ÁÖ + make, cause, drive + ¸ñÀû¾î +
toºÎÁ¤»ç, Çü¿ë»ç, p¡¤p * He got angry because they
laughed.(ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»çÀý) = Their laughter made him
get angry.
¨ï. ¹«»ý¹°Á־ Á¶°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ´ë * A glance at the
map will show you the way to the
airport.(¹°ÁÖ±¸¹®) = If you glance at the
map, you will find the way to the
airport.(ÀÎÁÖ±¸¹®) ¡Þ¾àÀ» º¹¿ëÇÏ´Ù À϶© drink³ª eat¸¦ ¾²Áö
¾Ê°í take¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
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