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³»      ¿ë  (¹® ¹ý ¼³ ¸í)

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1. Ù£Þò ¥° (NOUN) (Á¾·ù)

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2. Ù£Þò ¥± (NOUN) (â¦.àõ.Ì«)

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3. ήÞò (ARTICLE)

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4. û¡é»Þò (ADJECTIVE) ¥°

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5. û¡é»Þò (ADJECTIVE) ¥± - ÝïÎò-

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6. ÜùÞò(ADVERB)

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7. ÓÛÙ£Þò (PRONOUN) ¥°

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8. ÓÛÙ£Þò (PRONOUN) ¥±

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9. ÔÑÞòÀÇ ðú×¾

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10. ÔÑÞòÀÇ ãÁð¤ (TENSE)

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11. ð¾ÔÑÞò(AUXILIARY VERB)

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12. ÷¾(VOICE)

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13. Ûö(MOOD)

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14. ÜôïÒÞò(INFINITIVE)

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15. ÝÂÞò(PARTICIPLE)

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16. ÔÑÙ£Þò(GERUND)

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17. ìéöÈ¿Í ü¥Ûö(AGREEMENT & NARRATION)

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18. ïÈáÙÞò(CONJUNCTION)

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19. îñöÇÞò(PREPOSITION)

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20. ÓîöÇ, Ë­ðà, ßèÕÔ, Íì÷×μÌõ, ߺìý, ÔÒÌ«  


 

Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥°

1. ¸í»çÀÇ Á¾·ù: °íÀ¯, º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ, ¹°Áú, Ãß»ó¸í»ç
   ¨ç ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö °¡´É
             many, few·Î ¼ö½Ä. º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç.
   ¨è ¼¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö ¾øÀ½.
             much, little ÀÌ ¼ö½Ä. ¹°Áú, °íÀ¯, Ãß»ó¸í»ç.

2. Á¾Á· ´ëÇ¥ : ¾î¶² Á¾Á·ÀÇ Àüü.
   ¨ç A(an) + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç.(´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö)
             A horse is a useful animal.
   ¨è The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç. (´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö)
             The horse is a useful animal.
   ¨é º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç. (´ëÇ¥º¹¼ö)
             Horse are useful animal.
3. The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç = Ãß»ó¸í»ç
   * The pen is mightier than the sword.
4. ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç¿Í ±ºÁý¸í»ç
   * The audience was a large one.
   * The audience were deeply impressed
     ±ºÁý¸í»ç:º¹¼öµ¿»ç were, °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ±íÀº °¨¸í.
     ¡Þ ÇϳªÀÇ ÁýÇÕü : ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç
        °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î Ãë±Þ : ±ºÁý¸í»ç ¡æ º¹¼öµ¿»ç

5. consist of
   * My class consist of       sixty students.
              is composed of
              is made up of
              comprises ¡æ Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠof »ç¿ë ¸øÇÔ.
                = ¡­À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Ù.

6. Ç×»ó º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞµÇ´Â ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç
   ¨ç PoliceÇü
      * The police (°æÂûµé)    ¡æ a policeman (°æÂû ÇÑ»ç¶÷)
        The clergy (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé)  ¡æ a clergyman (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ)
        The nobility (±ÍÁ·µé)  ¡æ a nobleman (±ÍÁ·)
        The peasantry (³ó¹Îµé) ¡æ a peasant (³ó¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷)
        ¡æ  ¡­µîÀÇ ÁýÇÕ ¸í»ç´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»çµµ ¸ø ºÙÀÌ°í º¹¼öÇüÀ¸·Îµµ
            ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç º¸Åë the¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²¿© º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ.
  ¨è CattleÇü
     : Cattle, People, Poultry, verminÀº ´ÜÁö ¾à°£ ¼öÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̸ç, ÁýÇÕ
       ÀÇ ÇѰ谡 ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î °ü»çµµ ¾ÈºÙ°í º¹¼öÇüµµ ¾øÀÌ ±×´ë·Î º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ
       µÇ¾î º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
      * Cattle are grazing in the pasture
      ¡Þpart, portion, half, the rest, the majority, most, the bulk µî
        Àº µÚ¿¡¿À´Â ¸»¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ¼ö°¡ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
        * The rest of the boys are playing baseball.
  ¨é FamilyÇü
     Nation, Army, People, Party µîÀº ÁýÇÕÀÇ ÇѰ谡 ¸í·áÇϸç, ¶ÇÇÑ
     ÁýÇÕü¸¦ ´ÜÀ§·Î ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´Ü,º¹¼ö °¡´É.
     ¡Þ many people (¸¹Àº

»ç¶÷µé), some people (¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé)ó·³
        peopleÀÌ "»ç¶÷µé"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î¼­ ±ºÁý¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÏ
        ¸ç º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.  ±×·¯³ª peopleÀÌ ±¹¹Î, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¶æ
        À¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç·Î ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
        * many people  = ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé.       many peoples = ¸¹Àº ¹ÎÁ·µé.
          people       = »ç¶÷µé (±ºÁý)       a peoples    = ÇϳªÀÇ ¹ÎÁ· (ÁýÇÕ)
          two people   = µÎ°³ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µé (ÁýÇÕ)

7. ÁýÇÕÀû ¹°Áú¸í»ç
   * furniture(°¡±¸), clothing(ÀÇ·ù), merchandise(»óǰ), produce(³ó»ê¹°),
     game(»ç³É°¨), baggage(¼ÒÆ÷).
     À§ÀÇ ´Ü¾î´Â ¹°°ÇÀÇ ÁýÇÕüÀÌÁö¸¸ ¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹°Áú ¸í»ç·Î Ãë±Þ.
   ¡Þ ÁýÇÕÀû ¹°Áú¸í»ç´Â
      ¨çºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀ» ºÙÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. (¹°Áú¸í»çÀ̹ǷÎ)
      ¨èÇ×»ó ´Ü¼öÃë±ÞÀ» ÇϹǷΠ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç
      ¨é¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â much, little·Î ¼ö½Ä
      ¨êÇϳª, µÑ ¼¿ ¶§ ¡æ a piece of ¡­ , an article of ¡­

8. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ­
  ¨çÁ¦Ç°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
     * Glass is apt to break.   À¯¸®¡æ¹°Áú¸í»ç
     * He has a glass in his hand.  À¯¸®Àܡ溸Åë¸í»ç
        +- paper(Á¾ÀÌ)           ¡æ ¹°Áú    +- copper(±¸¸®)          ¡æ ¹°Áú
        +- the paper(¼­·ù, ½Å¹®) ¡æ º¸Åë     +- a copper(µ¿ÀüÇÑ´Ø)    ¡æ º¸Åë
                
  ¨è±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼
     * The bridge is built of stone.    µ¹ ¡æ ¹°Áú
     * The boy picked up a stone.       µ¹¸æÀÌ ¡æ º¸Åë

  ¨éÁ¾·ù¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
     * Wine is made from grapes.   ¼ú ¡æ ¹°Áú
     * This is a good wine for health.  ÁÁÀº ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë
     * They sell various wines at that store. ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë
  ¨ê»ç°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§ (±¸Ã¼Àû Çö»ó)
     * Fire burns wood. ºÒ ¡æ ¹°Áú¸í»ç
     * They was a fire last night. È­Àç ¡æ º¸Åë
  ¨ë¹°Áú¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§´Â Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
     * Water is turned into steam by heat. ¡æ ¹°Áú¸í»ç
     * The water in this glass is not good to drink. (À¯¸®ÀÜ ¼Ó¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ¹°)

9. °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ­
  ¨ç±¹¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷, °¡Á·, ¡­ÀÇ Áý¾È »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶§
     * He is a swiss. ½ºÀ§½º »ç¶÷.
     * His father is a Lincoln. ¸µÄÁ °¡¹®ÀÇ »ç¶÷.
     * The Bakers loved to entertain others. º£ÀÌÄ¿¾¾ ºÎºÎ.
     ¡ÞThe + °íÀ¯¸í»ç º¹¼öÇü : Baker¾¾ Àϰ¡Á·
                               Baker¾¾ ºÎºÎ.
  ¨è ¡­¶ó´Â »ç¶÷ (a certain)ÀÇ ¶æ.
     * A Mr. Lee called you up in your absence.
  ¨éÁ¦Ç°,ÀÛǰÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
     * He bought a Ford. Æ÷µå ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ÇÑ´ë.
     * There are two Rembrandts in the gallery. µÎÁ¡ÀÇ ·½ºê·±Æ® ÀÛǰ.
  ¨ê ¡­°ú °°Àº »ç¶÷, »ç¹°(¼ºÁúÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿)À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
     * A Newton cannot become a Shakespeare.
     * He is the Newton of the age. Çü¿ë»ç±¸. (´ç´ëÀÇ)
     ¡Þ°íÀ¯¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç±¸°¡ ¿Í¼­ ¼ö½ÄÀÌ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç
       a, an ´ë½Å ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.

10. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»ç ¹× ÁýÇÕ¸í»çÈ­
   : Á¾·ù, ±¸Ã¼ÀûÇൿ, ¾î¶² ¼ºÁúÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
     * He was wild in his youth. Ãß»ó(ûÃá½ÃÀý)
     * He is an ambitious youth. û³â - º¸Åë¸í»ç.
     * Youth should respect age. ÀþÀºÀÌ - ÁýÇÕ. ´ÄÀºÀ̵é.
     * She has beauty and intelligence. Ãß»ó.
     * She was once a beauty. ¹ÌÀÎ - º¸Åë.
     * The beauty of the scenery is beyond description.
      ¡Þof the scenery ¶ó´Â Çü¿ë»ç±¸¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ¹Ç·Î The beauty.
      * Happiness consists in contentment. Ãß»ó.
      * I now have the happiness of being with you.
      ¢¿Çü¿ë»ç±¸·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ¹Ç·Î the happiness.
        ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ÇູÀ̹ǷΠthe happiness.

11. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã
    *  a piece  of  bread  :  »§ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.       *  a glass of milk     : ¿ìÀ¯ ÇÑ.ÀÜ  
         slice      toast  :  Å佺Ʈ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.                  water    : ¹° ÇÑÀÜ.
    *  a lump  of sugar    : ¼³ÅÁ Çѵ¢¾î¸®.   *  a shoal  of fish    : ¹°°í±â ÇѸ¶¸®.
         pound             : ¼³ÅÁ ÇÑÆÄ¿îµå.        school
         spoonful          : ¼³ÅÁ ÇѼý°¡¶ô.
    *  two cups of coffee  : Ä¿ÇÇ µÎÀÜ.      *  a shower of rain    : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¼Ò³ª±â.
    *  three cakes of soap : ºñ´© ÇÑÀå.      *  a bolt of thunder   : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ÃµµÕ¼Ò¸®.
    *  a sheet of paper    : Á¾ÀÌ ÇÑÀå.      *  a flash of lightning: ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¹ø°¹ºÒ.
    *  a roar of laughter  : ÇѹÙÅÁ ¿ôÀ½.     *  a piece of chalk    : ºÐÇÊ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.
      ¡Þshower  [ au ]:  ¼Ò³ª±â. »þ¿ö.
                [ ou ]:  º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷. º¸ÀÌ´Â ¹°°Ç.
12. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã
    * a piece of information. (good luck, advice)
        ÇÑÆíÀÇ Á¤º¸. (ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ Çà¿î, ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ Ãæ°í)
   

 *  a piece of news     : ´º½º ÇÑÆí.
    *  a piece of fully    : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¿ìµÐÇÑ Áþ.   *  several cases of theft : ¸î°ÇÀÇ Àýµµ.
    *  a bit of nonsense   : ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ ÇãÆ°¼Ò¸®.   *  a stroke of luck    : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ Çà¿î.
        
13. Of + Ãß»ó¸í»ç = Çü¿ë»ç±¸
    *  a man of ability = an able man.       *  a man of use = a useful man.
    *  a man of wisdom = a wise man.      *  a man of sense = a sensible man.
    *  a man of learning = a learned man.    *  of use = useful, of valuable = valuable,
    *  a man of experience = an experienced man.
    *  of experience =  experienced, of importance = important.

14. ÀüÄ¡»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç = ºÎ»ç±¸
    *  with ease = easily : ½±°Ô.            *  in succession = successively : ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î.
    *  with kindness = kindly : Ä£ÀýÇϰÔ.    *  in reality = really : »ç½Ç»ó.
    *  with fluency = fluently : À¯Ã¢ÇϰÔ.    *  in haste = hastily : ±ÞÈ÷.
    *  with safety = safely.                 *  in earnest = earnestly : ÁøÁöÇϰÔ.
    *  with care = carefully.                *  by accident = accidentally : ¿ì¿¬È÷.
    *  with patience = patiently.             *  to perfection = perfectly : ¿ÏÀüÇϰÔ.
    *  with rapidity = rapidly : À绡¸®.      *  on purpose = purposely : °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î.
    *  without doubt : ÀǽÉÇÒ¹Ù¾øÀÌ.        *  on occasion = occasionally : ¶§¶§·Î.
    *  without hesitation : ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í.
    

15. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ °ü¿ë¾î¹ý
    * He is kindness itself.--+  Ãß»ó¸í»ç + itself
            all kindness        |  = all + Ãß»ó¸í»ç
            very kind   |  = very, extremely + Çü¿ë»ç.
            extremely kind      --+  ( ¸Å¿ì ¡­ ÇÑ)
            ±×´Â ¸Å¿ì Ä£ÀýÇÏ´Ù.

16. An angel of a wife
    * She is an angel of a wife.(of-µ¿°Ý, ÀüÄ¡»ç¿Í °°Àº ¾Æ³»,
             an angelic wife.           of ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a)
      that fool of a ¡­  = that foolish ¡­
      a saint of a   ¡­  = a saintly  ¡­
      a devil of a   ¡­  = a devilish  ¡­

17. Have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to do
    * He had the kindness to help me.   (have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to do)
      = He was so kind that he helped me.    (so + Çü + that + S + V)
      = He was so kind as to help me.        (so + Çü + as to do)
      = He was kind enough to help me.      (Çü + enough + to do)
      = He kindly helped me.                (ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç)

18. CH. GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½
   ¡Þ -CHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº [t ], [k], [ ] ¼¼ Á¾·ù·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÊ.
     * [t ]°¡ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÓ.
      church    [t  :t ]  : ±³È¸.         choice    [t ois]   : ¼±ÅÃ.
      chin      [t in]    : ÅÎ.           cheer     [t i ]    : ȯȣ.
      chew      [t u:]    : ¾Ã´Ù.        charity   [t  r ti] : ÀÚ¼±.
      cheek     [t i:k]   : »´.           mischief  [mist if] : ¼ÕÇØ.
      cheat     [t i:t]   : ¼ÓÀÌ´Ù.        approach  [ prout ] : Á¢±Ù.
      choke     [t ouk]   : Áú½Ä½ÃŰ´Ù.
      
     * [k] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
      mechanic   [mik nik]   : ±â´É¾÷.    christ     [kraist]    : ¿¹¼ö.
      chaos      [keias]     : È¥¶õ.       chronicle  [kranik]    : ¿¬´ë±â.
      character  [k rikt r]  : ÀΰÝ.        stomach    [st m k]    : À§.
      ache       [eik]       : ÅëÁõ.       monarch    [man k]     : ±ºÁÖ
      chasm      [k z m]     : ºóÆ´.     christmas  [krism s]

      chemistry  [k mistri]  : È­ÇÐ.       psychology [saikal d ] : ½É¸®ÇÐ.
      choir      [kwai ]     : ÇÕâ´Ü.     
      chorus     [k :r s]    : ÇÕâ.
      
     * [ ] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
      chagrin    [  grin]   : ¿øÅë.      machine    [m  i:n]   : ±â°è
      champagne  [  mpein] : ¼¤ÆäÀÎ   moustache  [m st : ]  : Äà¼ö¿°
      chauffeur  [ ouf ]    : ¿îÀü¼ö.     chandelier [  nd li ] : ¼§µ¨¸®¾Æ.
      chivalry   [ iv li]   : ±â»çµµ.      parachute  [p r  u:t] : ³«ÇÏ»ê.

   ¡Þ -GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº ¹¬À½À̰ųª [f], [g]·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÊ.
     * ¹¬À½ÀÌ µÉ ¶§.
      bough    [bau]  : ³ª¹µ°¡Áö.      weigh    [wei]  : ¹«°Ô¸¦ Àç´Ù.
      though   [ ou]  : ¡­ÇÒÁö¶óµµ.    thought  [  :t] : »ý°¢.
      dough    [dou]  : °¡·ç¹ÝÁ×.      through  [ ru:] : ¡­À» ÅëÇÏ¿©.
      plough   [plau] : Àï±â.           bought   [b :t] :  buyÀÇ °ú°Å
      
     * [f] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
      rough     [r f]   : °ÅÄ¥Àº.    laugh     [la:f]  : ¿ô´Ù.
      enough    [in f]  : ÃæºÐÇÑ.    draught   [draft] : Åëdz.
      tough     [t f]   : ´Ü´ÜÇÑ.    drought   [draut] : °¡¹³.
      cough     [k :f]  : ±âħ.
     * [g]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
      ghost     [goust] : À¯·É.     aghast    [aga:st]: ³î¶õ.

19. Accent ±ÔÄ¢
  ¨ç´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº 2À½Àý ¾Õ¿¡ accent°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
    -tion  : invention, function,
    -sion  : occasion, confusion, decision,
             ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : television.
    -ian   : musician, comedian.
    -cial  : official, especial.
    -tial  : presidential.
    -ious  : licentious.
    -cience, -ciency, -cient : deficiency, sufficient.
    -ity, -ety, : ability, activity, anxiety.
    -sive  : exclusive.
    -ical  : botonical, mechanical.
    -ic    : energetic.
           ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : catholic[k   lik], lunatic[lu:n tik] ,
                    politic[pal tik] , politics[pal tiks].
                    arithmetic[ rism til]    : »ê¼ö.
                    arithmetical[ rismetikal]: »ê¼öÀÇ.
    -logy  : geology.
    -pathy : apathy.
    -graphy: geo

graphy, photography.
           ¡ÞÁÖÀÇ : photograph [fout gra:f]
                    telegraph  [teligra:f]
    -meter, -metry  : barometer, geometry.
    -nomy  : astronomy.
  ¨è´ÙÀ½ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ¹Ù·Î ±× À½Àý¿¡ accent.
    -ee    : employee.
    -eer   : engineer.
    -ese   : chinese.
    -oon   : balloon.
    -oo    : bamboo, taboo.
           ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : cuckoo[kuku:]
    -esque : picturesque.
    -ette  : cigarette.
  ¨é´ÙÀ½ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ÀüÀü À½Àý¿¡ accent.
    -ate   : accurate.
    -tude  : solitude.

 

    Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥±

1. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥°
  ¨ç¹«¼ºÀ½ [p,t,k,f, ]       + s ¡æ [s]
    À¯¼ºÀ½ [b,d,g,v, , ¸ðÀ½] + s ¡æ [z]
    * desks [desks], beds [bedz].
  ¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ [s],[z],[ ],[t ],[d ] ·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÇ¸é -es¸¦ ºÙÀ̰í [iz]·Î ¹ßÀ½ÇÔ.
    * ass[ s] ¡æ asses [ siz]
      dish    ¡æ dishes[di iz]
      breeze [bri:z] ¡æ breezes [bri:ziz]
    ¡ÞÁÖÀÇ : monarch[man k] ¡æ monarchs [man ks]
             patriarch[peitria:k] ¡æ patriarchs [peitria:ks]:°¡Àå,Á·Àå
             stomach[st m k] ¡æ stomachs[st m ks] : À§.
    ¡Þ¾î¹Ì°¡ -chÀÎ ´Ü¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº ÁÖÀÇ.
      [t ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -es ºÙÀ̰í [iz]
      [k ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -s¸¸ ºÙÀ̰í [s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
  ¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -th·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì
     ´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ [ s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
     myth[mi ] ¡æ myths[mi s] : ½ÅÈ­.
     Àå¸ðÀ½ ¶Ç´Â 2Á߸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ [ z]
     path[p : ] ¡æ paths[p  z] : ±æ.
     bath[ba: ] ¡æ baths[ba: z] : ¸ñ¿å.
     mouth[mau ] ¡æ mouths[mau z]

     ¡Þmouth°¡ µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© [mau ] : ¸Ô´Ù, ¿¬¼³ÇÏ´Ù.
       bathÀÇ µ¿»çÇüÀº bathe[bei ] : ´ã±×´Ù, ¸ñ¿å½ÃŰ´Ù.
       bathing suit [bei i ][su:t] : ¼ö¿µº¹.
    ¡ÞÀå¸ðÀ½ + r + ths¿¡¼­´Â ths°¡ [ s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
      earth[ :  ] ¡æ earths[ :  s]
2. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥± (ÀÚÀ½ + y)
   ¨çÀÚÀ½ + y´Â y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£ µÚ -es
     lady ¡æ lades[- z]
     ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : 1) °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÎ °æ¿ì -s¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
                 Henry ¡æ Henrys.
              2) ¸ðÀ½ + y´Â -s¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
                 day ¡æ days.
              3) -quy·Î ³¡³ª´Â ¸»Àº ¸ðÀ½ + yÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πº¸°í±×³É -s¸¸ ºÙ
                 ÀÌ¸é ¾ÈµÊ.  -quy´Â ºñ·Ï ¸ðÀ½(u) + yÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀ̳ª ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ
                 qu[kw] À̹ǷΠÀÚÀ½ + y·Î º¸°í y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£µÚ -es¸¦ ºÙ
                 ÀÓ.

                 soliloquy[s lil kwi] : È¥À㸻.
                 ¡æ soliloquies[s lil kwiz]
3. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥² (ÀÚÀ½ + o)
  ¨çÀÚÀ½ + o´Â -es¸¦ ºÙÀÎ µÚ [z]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
     potato ¡æ potatoes, hero ¡æ heroes, echo ¡æ echoes.
     ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : ÀÚÀ½ + o·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î Áß¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÙ¿©¼­ µÈ ¸»
              (automobile ¡æ auto)ÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº -es ´ë½Å -s¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
              piano(pianoforte) ¡æ pianos.
              curio(curiosity) ¡æ curious : °ñµ¿Ç°.
4. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥³ (f, fe Çü)
  ¨ç¾î¹Ì°¡ -f, -feÀÎ ´Ü¾î´Â f¸¦ -v·Î °íÄ£ µÚ -es¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
    half[ha: f] ¡æ halves[ha: vz]
    calf[ka:f] ¡æ calves[ka:vz] : ¼Û¾ÆÁö.
    ¡Þ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü¾î´Â -f, -fe·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì¶óµµ -s¸¸ ºÙÀÏ °Í.
    chief ¡æ chiefs,        roof   ¡æ roofs:ÁöºØ.
    cliff ¡æ cliffs:Àýº®,   dwarf  ¡æ dwarfs:³­ÀåÀÌ.
    safe  ¡æ safes:±Ý°í,    grief  ¡æ greifs:½½ÇÄ,ºñź.
    proof ¡æ proofs:Áõ°Å,   strife ¡æ strifes: ÅõÀï,½Î¿ò.
    gulf  ¡æ gulfs:¸¸(ÇØ¾È¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë)
  ¨è¹®ÀÚ, ¼ýÀÚ, ¾à¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº º¸Åë 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
    R ¡æ R's, 8 ¡æ 8's, M.P ¡æ M.P's
5. ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ º¯È­
 ¨ç¸ðÀ½ÀÌ º¯ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
   man - men,     woman - women[wimin], foot - feet,
   goose[gu:s] - geese[gi:s]:°ÅÀ§.     ox - oxen,
   tooth - teeth, louse[laus] - lice[lais]:ÀÌ.
  ¨è´Ü¼ö,º¹¼öÇüÀÌ °°Àº °æ¿ì
    deer, sheep,  swine[swain]:µÅÁö,   trout[traut]:¼Û¾î,
    salmon[s m n]:¿¬¾î, corps[k : ] ¡æ corps[k : z]:±º´Ü(¡Þ¹ßÀ½¿¡ÁÖÀÇ)
    ¡Þfoot  "¹ß"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü      ¡æ feet.
            "º¸º´"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü    ¡æ foot.
      horse "¸»"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü     ¡æ horses.
            "±â¸¶º´"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¡æ horse.
      fish°¡ ¹°°í±âÀÇ Á¾·ù    ¡æ fishes.
             ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ¹°°í±â ¸¶¸®¼ö ¡æ fish.
6. ¿Ü·¡¾î º¹¼ö
 ¨ç -um, -onÀ¸·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº -a·Î...
   datum - data, memorandum - memoranda, medium - media:Áß°£,¸Å°³Ã¼.
   phenomenon - phenomena:Çö»ó,»ç°Ç.

 ¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ -us·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î´Â -i·Î...
   stimulus - stimuli:ÀÚ±Ø, focus - foci:ÃÐÁ¡. fungus - fungi:±Õ,¹ö¼¸
 ¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -sis[sis]·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº -ses[siz]·Î...
    oasis[oueisis] ¡æ oases[oueisi:z], thesis[ i:sis] ¡ætheses[ i:siz]
    analysis ¡æ analyses           synthesis¡æsyntheses : Á¾ÇÕ
    crisis ¡æ crises : À§±â        basis ¡æ bases
    parenthesis[p ren isis] ¡æ parentheses[p ren isi:z]: °ýÈ£
7. ÀÌÁß º¹¼ö
  * brother [br   ]     +- brothers [br   rz] : ÇüÁ¦ÀÇ º¹¼ö
        +- brethren[bre rin] : µ¿Æ÷,Á¾±³»óÀÇ ÇüÁ¦
  * genius  [d i:ni s]+- geniuses[d i:ni siz]: õÀç
        +- genii   [d i:niai] : ¾Ç¸¶, ¼öÈ£½Å
  * penny   [peni]      +- pennies[peniz]     : µ¿Àü °¹¼öÀÇ º¹¼ö
        +- pence  [pens]      : °¡°Ý, °ªÀÇ º¹¼ö
  * cloth   [kl : ]     +- cloths[kl : s]     : ¿Ê°¨, õÀÇ Á¾·ù
        +- clothes[klou( )z]  : ÀǺ¹, ¿Ê
  * staff   [st f]      +- staffs[st fs]   

   : Á÷¿ø, °£ºÎ
        +- staves[steivz]     : ÁöÆÎÀÌ, ¸·´ë±â
8. º¹ÇÕ ¸í»çÀÇ º¹¼öÇü
 ¨çÁß¿äÇÑ ¸»À̳ª ¸í»ç¿¡ -s
   * looker-on  ¡æ lookers-on : ±¸°æ²Û (spectator)
     by-stander ¡æ by-standers      passer-by ¡æ passers-by
     commander-in-chief ¡æ commanders-in-chief : »ç·É°ü
     dropper-in ¡æ droppers-in : ¹æ¹®°´
     father-in-law ¡æ fathers-in-law : ÀåÀÎ, ½Ã¾Æ¹öÁö
     mother-in-law ¡æ mothers-in-law : Àå¸ð, ½Ã¾î¸Ó´Ï
     brother-in-law ¡æ brothers-in-law : ó³²
     son-in-law ¡æ sons-in-law : »çÀ§, ¾çÀÚ
     tooth-brush ¡æ tooth-brushes : Ä©¼Ö
     ¢¿ tooth--·Î µÈ º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â µÚ¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¸ º¹¼ö·Î °íÄ£´Ù.
 ¨è¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¾ø´Â º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â ³¡¿¡ --s ¶Ç´Â --es
   * forget-me-not ¡æ forget-me-nots, have-not ¡æ have-nots
     go-between(Á߸ÅÀÎ) ¡æ go-betweens(¸Å°³ÀÚ)
     merry-go-round ¡æ merry-go-rounds : ȸÀü¸ñ¸¶.
     good-for-nothing ¡æ good-for-nothings : ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ÀÚ.

9. »ó½Ãº¹¼ö
  ¨ç¦ ¶Ç´Â µÎ ºÎºÐÀÌ Çϳª¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ÀÇ·ù ¹× µµ±¸ÀÇ ¸íĪ. (º¸Åë º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ)
    trousers, gloves, scissors, glasses, spectacles,
    tongs[ta z]:ºÎÁ£°¡¶ô, pants.

  ¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ Çаú¸í ¡æ ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÔ(´Ü¼öµ¿»ç)
    economics, politics, physics, mathematics, phonetics, ethics,
    statistics[st tistiks]: Åë°èÇСæ´Ü¼öÃë±Þ, Åë°è(Ç¥)¡æº¹¼öÃë±Þ.
  ¨é±âŸ »ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼­ º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ
    goods, riches:Àç»ê, valuables:±ÍÁßǰ, belongings,
    savings:Àú±Ý(savingÀº ±¸Á¶, Àý¾àÀÇ ¶æ)
  ¨ê»ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼­ ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ
    news, means´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö °¡´É.
10. ºÐÈ­º¹¼ö
   * air       : °ø±â    -  airs      : °Ç¹æÁø ŵµ.
     advice    : Ãæ°í    - advices    : ÅëÄ¡.
     arm       : ÆÈ      - arms       : ¹«±â, ÆÈµé.
     manner    : ¹æ¹ý    - manners    : ¿¹Àý, ¹æ¹ýµé.
     ash[  ]   : Àç      - ashes       : À¯°ñ.
     custom    : ½À°ü    - customs    : °ü¼¼, ¼¼°ü, ½À°üµé.
     provision : Áغñ    - provisions : ½Ä·®.
     pain      : °íÅë    - pains      : ³ë·Â, ¼ö°í.
     color     : »ö      - colors     : ±â, »ö±òµé.
11. »óÈ£º¹¼ö : µÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀÌ »óÈ£ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå

    ½Ã º¹¼öÇüŸ¦ ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
   * shake hands with      : ¾Ç¼öÇÏ´Ù.
     change cars           : Â÷¸¦ °¥¾ÆÅ¸´Ù.
     exchange seats with   : ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Ù.
     be friends with       : ¡­¿Í Ä£±¸»çÀÌ´Ù.
     take turns            : ¡­±³´ëÇÏ´Ù.
     make friends with     : ¡­¿Í Ä£±¸°¡ µÇ´Ù.
     exchange letters with : ÆíÁö¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÏ´Ù.
     be on good terms with : ¡­¿Í »çÀ̰¡ ÁÁ´Ù.
12. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥°
 ¨çº¹¼öÇü ¸í»ç°¡ ¼ö»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Í¼­ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶§ ´Ü¼öÇü.
    * He is two years old.
      ¡æ He has a three-year-old daughter.
  ¨è¼ö»ç + º¹¼ö¸í»ç°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶© ´Ü¼ö »ç¿ë.
    * a ten-mile race : 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ °æÁÖ.
      a six-line gun  : 6ÀÎÄ¡ÀÇ ´ëÆ÷.
      the three-power conference : 3´ë °­´ë±¹ ȸ´ã.
      two-horse carriage : ½ÖµÎ¸¶Â÷.

13. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥±
  ¨ç dozen, score, hundred, thousand, percent µîÀÌ ¼ö»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Ã¶§´Â
     º¹¼öÀÏÁö¶óµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ü¼öÇüÀ» ¾µ °Í.
    * one dozen   - three dozen.
      one hundred - five hundred.
    ¡Þscore : "µæÁ¡"ÀÇ ¶æµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸ 20ÀÇ â¦µµ ³ªÅ¸³¿.
      two score ¡æ 40.  three score and ten ¡æ 70.
  ¨è dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million µîÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ¼ö¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾
     ¶© º¹¼öÇüÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * dozens of eggs    : ¿©·¯´Ù½ºÀÇ °è¶õ.
      Hundred of people : ¼ö¹é¸íÀÇ Çлýµé.
      scores of books   : ¼ö½Ê±ÇÀÇ Ã¥.
  ¨é pair, couple µîÀÌ Â¦À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö°¡´É. (head´Â Ç×»ó´Ü¼ö)
    two pair(s) of shoes     : ±¸µÎ µÎÄÓ·¹.
    four couple(s) of hounds : 4½ÖÀÇ »ç³É°³.
    five head of oxen        : ¼Ò 5¸¶¸®.
    ¡Þhead´Â Áü½ÂÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¼ö¸¦ ¼¿¶§ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¾Õ¿¡ º¹¼ö ¼ö»ç°¡ ¿Íµµ Ç×»ó ´Ü
      ¼öÇüÀ¸·Î ¾´´Ù.
14. º¹¼öÇüÀÇ ³¹¸»À» ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
  ¨çÇаú¸í.
  ¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ±¹°¡¸í.
    * The Netherlan

ds, The Philippines, The United States (of America)
      µîÀÇ ±¹°¡¸íÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç The¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
      ´Ü, ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ü¼ö µ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãë±ÞÇÒ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
    * Thirty miles is a good distance.
  ¨êº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ¼­ÀûÀ̸§ : ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ.
  ¨ëºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸».

    half(¹Ý)    ---+
    the rest(³ª¸ÓÁö)    | of + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç -+ ¡æ ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç.
    a lot(¸¹Àº) |      ¹°Áú¸í»ç |
    most(´ëºÎºÐ)        |      Ãß»ó¸í»ç -+
    the majority(´ëºÎºÐ)        | of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç    ¡æ º¹¼öµ¿»ç.
    lost(¸¹Àº)  ---+
15. àõ
  ¨çº°°³ÀÇ ³¹¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
    *  husband : ³²Æí       - wife  : ¾Æ³».
    *  nephew  : Á¶Ä«       - niece[ni:s]: Á¶Ä«µþ.
    *  wizard  : ³²ÀÚ¸¶¹ý»ç - witch : ¸¶³à.
    *  monk    : ³²ÀÚ¼öµµ½Â - nun   : ¼ö³à.
    *  bull    : Ȳ¼Ò       - cow   : ¾Ï¼Ò.
    *  bachelor[b t  l ]:µ¶½Å³² - spinster : µ¶½Å³à.
  ¨è³²¼º¸í»çÀÇ ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ess¸¦ ºÙÀÓ
    *  lion     : ¼ý»çÀÚ     - lioness  : ¾Ï»çÀÚ.
    *  heir[   ]: »ó¼ÓÀÎ(Ñû) - heiress  : »ó¼ÓÀÎ(åü).
    *  prince   : ȲÅÂÀÚ     - princess : °øÁÖ.
    *  host     : ³²ÀÚÁÖÀÎ   - hostess  : ¿©ÀÚÁÖÀÎ.
    *  emperor  : ȲÁ¦ - empress : ȲÈÄ.
    *  tiger - tigress,     God - God

dess,        actor - actress,
    *  negro - negroes,     waiter - waitress,    author - authoress
    *  master - mistress.
  ¨é±âŸ
    * he-goat : ¼ý¿°¼Ò ¡Á she-goat.      man-servant ¡Á maid-servant.
      bridegroom[braidgru:m]: ½Å¶û  ¡Á  bride[braid]: ½ÅºÎ.
      widower[widou ]: Ȧ¾Æºñ ¡Á widow[widou]: °úºÎ.
      hero[hi rou]: ¿µ¿õ ¡Á heroine[herouin]: ¿©ÀåºÎ, ¿©°É.
16. Å뼺¸í»ç¿Í Áß¼º¸í»ç
  ¨çÅ뼺¸í»ç : parent, monarch, spouse(¹è¿ìÀÚ)
    µ¿¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Å뼺¸í»çÀÇ ´ë¸í»ç´Â it·Î ¹ÞÁö¸¸ »çÀÚ, °³¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç
    ³ª¿î µ¿¹°Àº ³²¼º Ãë±ÞÀ» Çϸç he·Î ¹Þ°í, °í¾çÀÌ, ¾Þ¹«»õ µî°ú °°ÀÌ
    ¾àÇÑ µ¿¹°Àº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î  child, baby µîÀº it·Î ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
  ¨èÁß¼º¸í»ç(¹«»ý¹°)ÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ­
    * °­Çϰí, ¸Í·ÄÇϰí, À§´ëÇÑ °Í. :³²¼º¸í»ç (sun, war...)
    * ¾Æ¸§´ä°í ¿ì¾ÆÇÏ°í °¡·ÃÇÑ °Í. :¿©¼º¸í»ç (moon, peace...)
    ¡Þ±¹°¡¸íÀº °æÁ¦¡¤»çȸ¡¤¹®È­Àû Ãø¸éÀº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î, ±¹Å䳪
      Áö¸®Àû Ãø¸éÀº Áß¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© it·Î ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
      * England is justly proud her poets. (±¹°¡, ¿©¼º)
      * America is rich in its natural resources. (±¹Åä, Áß¼º)
17. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ Çü¼º
  ¨ç»ç¶÷À̳ª µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
    * A man's stick.  The cat's ear.
  ¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº [of + ¸í»ç]ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πǥ½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
    * The legs of the table.
  ¨é -s·Î ³¡³ª´Â º¹¼ö¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº '(apostrophe)¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
    * girls'.  rings.
  ¨ê°íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¾î¹Ì°¡ -s·Î ³¡³ª´õ¶óµµ 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
    * Charles's hat.  Jones's Dictionary.
    ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: °í´ë Èñ¶øÀÎ, ±×¸®°í Jesus, Moses, Socrates, ColumbusµîÀÇ
      °íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â -s·Î ³¡³¯Áö¶óµµ 's¸¸ ºÙ¿©¼­ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ» ¸¸µë.

  ¨ëº¹ÇÕ¸í»ç³ª ÇϳªÀÇ ¾î±ºÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ¸»ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ 's¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
    * father-in-law  : ÀåÀÎ(º¹ÇÕ¸í»ç).    fathers-in-law : ÀåÀεé.
      father-in-law's hat  : ÀåÀÎÀÇ ¸ðÀÚ
      fathers-in-law's hat : ÀåÀεéÀÇ ¸ðÀÚµé.
  ¨ìµ¿°Ý¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î µÚ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿°Ý¸í»ç¿¡ 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
    * my friend John's wife.
  ¨í°¢ÀÚ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í °øµ¿¼ÒÀ¯
    * Tom's and Frank's books : º°°³ÀÇ Ã¥.
    * Tom and Frank's books   : Tom°ú Frank°¡ °øÀ¯Çϴ å.
18. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ÀǹÌ
  ¨ç¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Tom's book.
  ¨èÀúÀÚ, ¹ß¸íÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Shakespeare's Macbeth.
  ¨é»ç¿ë¸ñÀû¡¤´ë»ó Ç¥½Ã: a girl's high school.
  ¨êÁÖ°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÁÖü) Ç¥½Ã.
    * My daughter's death: ³» µþÀÇ Á×À½(£½ My daughter died. ÁÖ°Ý)
    * Mother's love of children.
    * John's success.
  ¨ë¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °Í) Ç¥½Ã.
    * My daughter's education: ³» µþÀÇ ±³À°. (¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è)
                              (£½Someone educates my daughter)
    * Caesar's murderers = those who murdered Caesar.
    * Shakespeare's admirers = those who admire Shakespeare.
19. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç »ç¶÷ ¶Ç´Â µ¿¹°¿¡ ÇÑÇØ¼­´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
  ¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÌ ÀÇÀÎÈ­ µÈ °æ¿ì.
    * Fortune's smile: ¿î¸íÀÇ ¹Ì¼Ò.
    * Nature's works : ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÀÛǰ.
  ¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸í»ç.
    *  today's paper: ¿À´Ã ½Å¹®.       tomorrow's lesson: ³»ÀÏ ¼ö¾÷.
    *  a day's journey    : ÀÏÀϰ£ÀÇ ¿©Çà.
    *  five minutes's walk: µµº¸·Î 5ºÐ°Å¸®.
    *  ten miles' distance: 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ °Å¸®.
    *  a pound's weight: 1ÆÄ¿îµåÀÇ ¹«°Ô.     ten pound's weight.
    *  a dollar's worth of sugar.
  ¨ê µ¶¸³ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý
     ¨±¼ÒÀ¯°Ý('s) ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â house, shop, office, store, place µîÀÇ
       °ø°ø °Ç¹°, »óÁ¡, Áý µîÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
       * My uncle's (house)
     ¨²°°Àº ¸í»ç°¡ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÉ¶§ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â
       ¸í»ç´Â »ý·«ÇÔ.
       * This book is my brother's (book)
  ¨ë ÀÌÁß¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: a, an, this, these, that, these, some, any, no,
     which, what, such, each, every µîÀº ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý°ú ÇÔ²² ³ª¶õÈ÷ ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø
     °í, Áï a, an, this¡¦ + ¸í»ç + of + ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π½á¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
     * this my father's camera.    ( X )
     * this camera of my father's. ( O )
  ¨ì °ü¿ëÀû Ç¥Çö.
    *  for mercy's sake: Á¦¹ß.  for conscience' sake: ¾ç½É»ó.
    *  at once wits'(wit's) end: ¾îÂîÇÒ¹Ù¸¦ ¸ô¶ó.
22. Cannot ¡­ without
    * I  cannot  see this picture but I am reminded of him.
         never
      £½ I cannot see this picture without being reminded of him.
      £½ Wherever  I see this picture, I am reminded of him.
         Everytime
      £½ This picture always puts me in mind of him.
      £½ This picture always reminds me of him.
23. Á¢µÎ¾î
  ¨çÁ¢µÎ¾î in-, im-, -inter, intro-´Â ¸ðµÎ ¾È(Ò®)ÀÇ ¶æ.

  ¨è ex-, e-, out- ´Â ¹ÛÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.


 Î® Þò (Article)

1. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç: ÀÚÀ½ ¾Õ a, ¸ðÀ½ ¾Õ an.
2. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç one(Çϳª)À» ¶æÇÒ ¶§.
    * We shall stay here a day or two. (ÇϷ糪 ÀÌÆ²)
    * They resigned their posts in a body. (ÀϰýÀûÀ¸·Î)
  ¨è´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö.
    * A dog is a faithful animal.
  ¨é A certain(¾î¶²)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * A Mr. John came to see you .
    ¡ÞIn a sense, It is true: ¾î¶² Àǹ̷δ ¡­
  ¨ê The same(°°Àº)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * Birds of a feather flock together.
    * We are of an age. (µ¿°©ÀÌ´Ù)
             of a mind. (¸¶À½ÀÌ °°´Ù)
             of a humor.(¼ºÁúÀÌ °°´Ù)
  ¨ë per(¸¶´Ù)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * I write to her once a day. (ÇÏ·ç¿¡ Çѹø¾¿)
  ¨ì some(¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ, ¾à°£)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * He was speechless for a time. (Çѵ¿¾È, ¾ó¸¶µ¿¾È).
    * He is industrious to a degree. (¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ)
3. Á¤°ü»ç TheÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ¸í»ç°¡ ¹Ýº¹µÉ ¶§.
    * I met a boy, and the boy showed me the way.
  ¨è¼ö½Ä¾î±¸(Çü¿ë»ç±¸, Çü¿ë»çÀý)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§.
    ¡Þ¹°Áú¡¤Ã߻󡤰íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª ¼ö½Ä
      ¾î±¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤, Á¦ÇÑÀÌ µÇ¸é Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
      * Water is changed into steam by heat.
      * The water of this well is not good to drink. (ÀÌ ¿ì¹°ÀÇ ¹°)
  ¨é¹®¸Æ»ó ÀüÈİü°è¸¦ ´©±¸³ª ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì.
    * The post office is near the station.
  ¨ê½Ã°£, ¼ö·®ÀÇ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
    * Sugar is sold by the pound.
    ¡Þ¹°°ÇÀ» »ç°í ÆÈ ¶§ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº [by the + ´ÜÀ§]¿Í °°ÀÌ
      ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the »ç¿ë.
      * She rented the apartment by the month.
      * They hired a man by the day. (ÀÏ´çÀ¸·Î, ÇÏ·ç´ÜÀ§·Î).

  ¨ëÁ¾Á·´ëÇ¥.
    * The dog is a faithful animal.
  ¨ì½Åü ÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÒ ¶§.
    * He caught me by the hand.
  ¨íÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀϹ«ÀÌÇÑ °Í¿¡ »ç¿ë.
    * The sun is much larger than the moon.
    * I wish to make a journey round the world.
    * We are living in a busy world.
    * English is a world language now.
    ¡Þ World ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç busy°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, world°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§
       ¿¡´Â the ´ë½Å "a"¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔ.
  ¨îÃÖ»ó±Þ, ¼­¼ö(first, second ¡¦), any, last, same ¾Õ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë.
    * Seoul is the largest city in korea.
    * Egypt was the first country to become civilized.
    * February is the second month of the year.
    * You will need a second pair of shoes.
    ¡Þsecond°¡ "µÎ¹øÂ°"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¼ø¼­¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© a second¸¦ »ç¿ë.
  ¨ï±â°è, ¹ß¸íǰ, ¾Ç±â¸í.
    * The steam-engine was invented by J.watt.
    * Does the lady play the piano well?

  ¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸¿¡¼­
    * in the morning.  in the evening.  in the sun(ÇÞºµ¿¡¼­).
    * in the dark(¾îµÎ¿î °÷¿¡¼­).
4. ½ÅüÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý
  ¨ç catchÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç.
    S + V + »ç¶÷ + by the ½ÅüÀϺκÐ.
    catch, seize, take, hold, grasp µîÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç by¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * He caught me by the neck.
  ¨èstrike(Ä¡´Ù)ÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç
    S + V + »ç¶÷ + on the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
    Ä¡´Ù, ¶§¸®´Ù ¶æÀÎ strike, hit, pat, tap, touch, kiss µîÀÇ µ¿»ç.
    on the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
    * He struck me on the ear.
         hit       on the head.
  ¨é look(º¸´Ù)ÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç.
    S + V + »ç¶÷ + in the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
    * I looked him in the eye.
        gazed      in the face.
        stared

  ¨ê±âŸ.
    * He was short through the head.
    * He embraced his mother round the neck.
    * He chucked me under the chin.
    ¡ÞºÙÀâ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â by,
      Ä¡´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â   on,
      º¸´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â   inÀÌ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÊ.
5. °íÀ¯¸í»ç¿Í Á¤°ü»ç.
  ¨ç°­, ¹Ù´Ù, ¼±¹Ú, ÇØÇù µîÀÇ À̸§.
    * The Thames.  The Han River.
  ¨è¹Ýµµ, ±ºµµ, »ê¸ÆÀÇ À̸§.
    * The Korean peninsula[p ninsjul ]: Çѹݵµ.
  ¨é¾î¶² ³ª¶óÀÇ À̸§À̳ª Áö¸í, ±¹¸íÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«°ü»çÀÌÁö¸¸ º¹¼ö³ª
    'of ÇÑÁ¤±¸'°¡ ºÙÀ¸¸é the¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
    * The United States of America.  The Netherlands.
    ¡Þ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸»ÇÒ ¶© English, Koreaó·³ °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ language¸¦
      ÇÔ²² ¾²¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨ê°ü°ø¼­, °ø°ø°Ç¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
    * The State Department: ¹Ì±¹¹«¼º.
    ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ¿ª, Ç×±¸, È£¼ö, ´Ù¸®, °øÇ×, °ø¿ø¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î the¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
      * Seoul Station.  Pagoda Park. Pusan Harbor. Kimpo airport.
  ¨ëöµµ, ¿­Â÷, Ç×°ø±â, ¹è, ½Å¹®, ÀâÁö, ÇÐȸÀÇ À̸§ ¾Õ¿¡.
    * The Pullman(Ç®¸¸È£:öµµÀ̸§).
    * the Queen Mary. the Royal Academy.(¿µ±¹¹Ì¼ú¿ø)
  ¨ìÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¼ºÁú Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§.
    * The ambitious Caesar: ¾ß¸Á¿¡ Âù ½ÃÀÌÀú.
    ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: honest, old, young, poor, little µîÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰ¿¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ ¾²
      ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
  ¨í°íÀ¯¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÉ ¶§. (±¹¾î À̸§°ú ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¸»À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§)
    * London is the capital of English.
    * The London of the 19th.: 19¼¼±âÀÇ ·±´ø.
    * What is the German for the English "flower"?
6. °ü»çÀÇ À§Ä¡
  * so, as, too, how, however  + Çü¿ë»ç + ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç.
    * Such a work cannot be done in so short a time.
    * He is as kind a boy as you are.

  * such, half, rather, many, quite, what, whatever  + ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç + Çü¿ë»ç + ¸í»ç.
    * She is quite a good painter.
    * He is rather an old man.
  * all, double, both + Á¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç.
    * All the boys were present.
    * I paid double the price for it.
7. °ü»çÀÇ »ý·«
  ¨çÈ£°Ý, °¡Á·°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
    * Water, two cups of coffee.
    * Father, may I go out?      * Father is looking for you, John.
  ¨è½Ä»ç, Áúº´, ¿îµ¿, °èÀý, ÇаúÀÇ À̸§.
    * They were having breakfast when I arrived.  Because I have a
      heavy breakfast.  I have no appetite.  The breakfast I had this
      morning was too light.
    ¡Þ½Ä»ç¸í ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§ ½Ä»ç¸íÀÌ Çü¿ë»ç±¸³ª Àý·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§
      ¿¡´Â °ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
      * He is suffering from fever.
                             cancer.
                             consumption.(Æó°áÇÙ)
      * I have a headache.    (µÎÅë)
               a toothache.   (Ä¡Åë)
               a stomachache. (º¹Åë)
        ¡Þ ache°¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °¡º­¿î º´¸í ¾Õ¿¡´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * They are playing tennis.
      ¡Þ¿îµ¿¸íÀº °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Ç±â¸íÀº the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * He majors in English literature.
    * I major in the English literature of the 20th.
      ¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç±¸(of-)·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
  ¨é°üÁ÷, Īȣ, ½ÅºÐ + °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÏ ¶§.
    * Professor Lee: ÀÌ ±³¼ö.
    ¡ÞĪȣ, ½ÅºÐ, °üÁ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸í»ç°¡ °íÀ¯¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§, ±×¸®°í
      Emperor, Empress, Zar´Â ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
      * The widow Smith: °úºÎ ½º¹Ì½º.
      * The Emperor Napoleon: ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë ȲÁ¦.
  ¨ê°üÁ÷, ½ÅºÐ, Ç÷ÅëÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»ÀÌ Áְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    Mr. Lee was appointed principal of our school.(Áְݺ¸¾î)
  ¨ë a kind of ¡­ , a sort of ¡­  ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
    °ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
    * He is a kind of gentleman.

  ¨ì¦À» ÀÌ·ç´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¸í»ç°¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç ȤÀº Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áµÉ ¶§.
    * We are man and wife before heaven.
    * Rich and poor celebrate New year's day.
      ¡Þ the rich and the poor´Â [the + Çü¿ë»ç]·Î¼­ º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»çÀ̳ª
         and·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î the°¡ »ý·«µÊ.
    * father and son.  body and soul.  arm in arm(ÆÈ¯À» ³¢°í).
      side by side(³ª¶õÈ÷)
  ¨í°ø°ø°Ç¹°ÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * I am going to the school to see him.
    * School begins at 9 O'clock
      ¡ÞschoolÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÎ °øºÎ, ¼ö¾÷µîÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * in school: ÀçÇÐÁß                 * go to church: ¿¹¹èº¸·¯ °¡´Ù.
    * go to hospital: ÀÔ¿øÇÏ´Ù.         * go to prison: ¡¿ª»ìÀÌ ÇÏ´Ù.
    * at church: ¿¹¹è Áß.               * go to sea: ¼±¿øÀÌ µÇ´Ù.
    * go to bed: ÀáÀÚ¸®¿¡ µé´Ù.         * at table: ½Ä»ç Áß.
    * at sea: Ç×ÇØ Áß.
  ¨î±³Åë, Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
    * I came here by steamer.
                  by tra

in. (£½in a train)
                  by car.   (£½in a car)
    * I informed him by telephone.
      ¡Þ±³Åë¼ö´ÜÀ̳ª Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â [by + ±³Åë(Åë½Å)¼ö´Ü]ÀÇ
        ÇüÅÂÀ̸ç, by ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
  ¨ï man ÀÌÀΰ£, ³²¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î womanÀÌ ¿©¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * Man is stronger than woman.
  ¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    ¨ÍÀüÄ¡»ç + ¸í»ç.
      * in the morning.         * at noon       : Á¤¿À¿¡.
      * in the afternoon.              * at night      : ¹ã¿¡.
      * in the evening.               * at midnight   : ÇѹãÁß¿¡.
      * in the daytime.               * at hand       : °¡±îÀÌ¿¡, ¼Õ´ê´Â °÷¿¡.
      * at dawn[d :n] : »õº®¿¡.       * in town       : µµÈ¸Áö¿¡¼­.
      * at daybreak   : »õº®¿¡.       * in the country: ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼­.
      
      ¨Îµ¿»ç + ¸í»ç.
      * take place    : ÀϾ´Ù, ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Ù.     * lose sight of : ½Ã¾ß¿¡¼­ ³õÄ¡´Ù.
      * take the place of ¡­ : ¡­À» ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Ù.   * keep house    : »ì¸²À» ÇÏ´Ù.
      * take part in  : ¡­¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Ù.          * take hold of  : Àâ´Ù, Áã´Ù.
      * take cold     : °¨±âµé´Ù.
      
8. °ü»çÀÇ »ý·«°ú ¹Ýº¹
    * A poet and statesman is dead. (°ü»ç»ý·«; µ¿ÀÏÀÎ 1¸í)
    * A poet and a statesman are dead. (°ü»çÀÖÀ½; 2¸í)
     ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ºÒ°¡ºÐÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â µÎ»ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ and ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °ü»ç¸¦
       ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í ù ¸í»ç¿¡¸¸ °ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
       * The king and Queen.  a doctor and nurse.  a cup and saucer.
         a watch and chain.  a knife and fork.  a needle and thread.
9. Ư¼öÇÑ Çü¿ë»ç
  ¨ç father
     * fatherly: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ, ¾Æ¹öÁö °°Àº.      * paternal[p t :n l]: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ, ºÎ°èÀÇ.
     * paternal care : ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ º¸»ìÇË.     * fatherly love  : ºÎ¼º¾Ö.
  ¨è mother
   * motherly: ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Ù¿î.    *

 maternal[m d :n l]: ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ.  * maternal instincts: ¸ð¼ºº»´É.
  ¨é sun
     * solar: žçÀÇ.            * sunny: ÇÞºµÀÌ Àßµå´Â, ¾çÁö¹Ù¸¥.
  ¨ê moon
     * lunar[lu:n ]: ´ÞÀÇ.
  ¨ë sea
     * marine[m ri:n]: ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ, ¼±¹ÚÀÇ, ÇØ±ºÀÇ.
  ¨ì see
     * visible: º¸ÀÌ´Â, º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.   ¡Á invisible: º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â.
  ¨í hear
     * audible: µé¸®´Â, ûÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.   ¡Á inaudible: µé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â.
  ¨î eat
     * eatable[i:t bl]: ¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.    * edible[edibl]: ¸Ô±â¿¡ ÁÁÀº, µ¶¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â.
  ¨ï carry
     * portable: ÈÞ´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, À̵¿ °¡´ÉÇÑ.
  ¨ð town
     * urban[ : b n]: µµ½ÃÀÇ. µµ½Ã¿¡ ÀÖ´Â.   ¡Á country ¡æ rural[ru r l]: ½Ã°ñÀÇ.
  ¨ð read
    * readable: Àб⠽¬¿î. ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.    * legible : Àϱ⠽¬¿î.
10. Á¦°Å¡¤¹ÚÅ»µ¿»ç
    rob + ´ë»óÀÚ + of + ¹°°Ç.
    deprive A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ °­Å»ÇÏ´Ù.
    ¡ÞÂü°í: He stole my watch from me.
            £½ I had my watch stolen. (have + ¹°°Ç + p¡¤p)
            £½ My watch was stolen.
               (¹°°ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÀÎ °æ¿ì be stolenÀ»»ç¿ë)
    ¡Þ be stolenÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â µµµÏ´çÇÑ ±× ¹°°Ç ÀÚüÀ̸ç, be robbed of ¡­ ÀÇ
       ÁÖ¾î´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù.
       * strip   A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ ¹þ±â´Ù, ¸ô¼öÇÏ´Ù.
       * clear   A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ Ä¡¿ì´Ù, Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù.
       * cure    A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ Ä¡·áÇÏ´Ù, Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù.
       * relieve A of B: A·ÎºÎÅÍ B¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù, ÈÉÄ¡´Ù.
11. Not ¡­ till (until)
    * I did not know the fact, till(until) the next morning.
      = It was not till the next morning that I knew the fact.
      = Not till the next morning did I know the fact.
      = Only after the next morning did I know the fact.
    * not A till B: BÇÏ°í ³ª¼­¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò AÇÏ´Ù.
    ¡Þ nott till the next morningÀ» ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡½ÃŰ¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã
       Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüÅÂ·Î ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
12. cannot but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç  ; ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù

    * I cannot but laugh.
      = I cannot choose but laugh. (cannot choose but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç)
      = I cannot help  laughing.   (cannot help  + ¡­ing)
                 avoid                     avoid
      = I cannot keep from laughing.(cannot keep from + ¡­ing)
      = I have no choice but to laugh.
      = I have no alternative but laugh.
      = Nothing remains but to laugh.
      = There is nothing for it but to laugh.
      = How can I help laughing?

 

   Çü¿ë»ç(Adjective) ¥°

1. ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý: Çü¿ë»ç°¡ Á÷Á¢ ¸í»ç ¾Õ ¶Ç´Â µÚ¿¡¼­ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ¿ë¹ý.
    * I found an empty box.
    * He was awake all the night. (2Çü½Ä)
    * I found the cage empty.(¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý; 5Çü½Ä)
    * I found the empty cage. (ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý)
      ¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç°¡ Áְݺ¸¾î³ª ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ¼­¼úÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
    ¡ÞÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»ç
      * an inner pocket  : ¾ÈÁÖ¸Ó´Ï.            * a woolen goods   : ¸ðÁ÷¹°.
      * the outer world  : ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°è.          * a woolen box     : ³ª¹«»óÀÚ.
      * the former case  : ÀüÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì.       * a golden saying  : ±Ý¾ð.
      * the upper lip    : À­ÀÔ¼ú.             * a lone traveller : ¿Ü·Î¿î ³ª±×³×.
      * drunken, elder, former, latter, only, inner, outer, lone,
        mere, sheer, upper, utmost, utter, very, wooden, sole, this, that, etc.
    ¡Þ He is a drunken man.
       He is drunk.
       ¢¡ drunkenÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²À̰í, drunk´Â ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÓ.
2. ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý

    ¡Þ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»ç.
      a-·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ Çü¿ë»ç: afraid, awake, alone, asleep, ashamed,
      aware µî°ú fond, content, unable, worth µîÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ »ç¿ëµÊ.
      * I am afraid of death.
        ¡Þ be fond of¡­     : ¡­À» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Ù.   * be ashamed of¡­  : ¡­À» ºÎ²ô·¯¿öÇÏ´Ù.
         * be aware of¡­    : ¡­À» ¾Ë´Ù.   * be afraid of¡­   : ¡­À» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Ù.
    * The bird is still alive.
      ¡Þ live´Â µ¿»ç [liv]·Î¼­ "»ì´Ù"À̳ª Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²À̸é [laiv]·Î ¹ß
         À½, "»ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â", "Ȱ±âÀÖ´Â"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡ ¾²ÀÓ. living
         ¿ª½Ã »ì¾ÆÀÖ´ÂÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡ ¾²ÀÓ.
    * The baby is sound asleep. (ºÎ»ç, '±íÀÌ')
3. ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý°ú ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ýÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ¶æÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁö´Â ´Ü¾î
    * a certain lady.(¾î¶²ºÎÀÎ), It is quite certain. (È®½ÇÇÑ)
    * Brown is late.(´Ê´Ù) , the late Brown.(ͺ Brown)
    * He is the present king. (ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý; ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿Õ)
    * The king was present.   (¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý; Âü¼®ÇÏ´Ù)
    ¡Þ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ýÀº Áְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î, ¸í»ç µÚ¿¡¼­ ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý µî ¼¼°¡Áö·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
      * her late husband : ͺìÑÀÌµÈ ³²Æí.
      * the late king    : à»èÝ.
      * right : ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸é "¿À¸¥ÂÊÀÇ"
                ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸é "¿Ã¹Ù¸¥"
4. Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ÈÄÀ§¼ö½Ä
  ¨çµÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¸í»ç ¼ö½Ä.
    * She is a lady beautiful kind and rich.
  ¨èÇü¿ë»ç°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¿ä¼Ò¿Í °áÇÕµÇ¾î ±æ¾îÁú ¶§.
    * This is a useful dictionary.
    * I have a dictionary useful for children. (Çü¿ë»ç±¸)
  ¨é -thing, -body¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç´Â ÈÄÀ§¼ö½Ä.
    * Please give me something hot.
  ¨ê -able, -ible·Î ³¡³ª´Â Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ÃÖ»ó±Þ all, every ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÒ ¶§.
    * I have tired every means possible.
    * This is the best method conceivable.
  ¨ë¼­¼ú¿ë¹ýÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¸í»ç ¼ö½Ä.
    * He is the greatest poet alive.
    ¡ÞÇü¿ë»çÀýÀÇ who is, which°¡ »ý·«µÈ Çü½Ä.
      a boy (who is) ten years old.
      the latter (which is) written in English.

  ¨ì°ü¿ë¾î±¸.
    * from time immemorial: ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ.     * the sum total       : ÇÕ°è, ÃѰè.
    * Asia Minor          : ¼Ò¾Æ½Ã¾Æ.     * the authorities concerned: °ü°è´ç±¹.
    * God almighty        : Àü´ÉÀÇ ½Å.    * a poet laureate     : °è°ü½ÃÀÎ.
    
5. Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ¾î¼ø.
        +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+
        |   1   |   2   |    3  |     4 |   5   |    6  |     7 |     8 |
        +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+
        |°ü»çµî |¼­¼ö   | ±â¼ö  | ¼ºÁú  |´ë¼Ò   |»óÅÂ,»ö        |½Å,±¸Àç·á      |¼Ò¼Ó   |
        +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+
        | a, an | first |  one  |  heavy        | large |  white        |   new |  American     |
        +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+
        | the   | second|  two  |  valuable     | small |  yellow|   old        |  Swiss        |
        +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+
        | these | last  | several       |       |       |  black        |  wooden       |       |
        +-------+-------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+
    * My first new salary is spent.
6. the + Çü¿ë»ç (¶Ç´Â p.p.)ÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨çº¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç
    * The rich have troubles as well as the poor.
  ¨è´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç
    * The deceased was a very up right statesman.
    ¡Þ the deceased: ͺìÑ.
       the accused : ÇǰíÀÎ.
       the dead    : Á×Àº ÀÚ
       µîÀº ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç·Î ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨éÃß»ó¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * The good and the beautiful do not always go together.
      (¼±°ú ¹Ì°¡ Ç×»ó º´ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.)
7. ¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÃëÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç

  * This book is worth reading.
  * It is worth while to read this book.
  * My house is near the lake.
  * They are opposite each other.
  * They are very like each other.
    ¡ÞÀ̵éÀ» ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ½.
8. ¼ö·®Çü¿ë»ç Many, Much
  * Many a student has repeated the same mistake.
    = Many students have repeated the same mistake.
    ¡Þ many a + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç´Â º¹¼öÀÇ ÀǹÌÁö¸¸ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ë.
    ¡Þ much + º¹¼ö¸í»ç´Â º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ë.
  * Much a time did I warn him, but to no purpose.
    ¡Þ many a timeÀº many a times¿Í °°Àº ÀǹÌÀ̸ç, ºÎ»ç±¸ÀÎ many
       a timeÀº ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î 'Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»ç'ÀÇ
       ÇüÅ·Π»ç¿ë.
  * a good many --+
    a great many        |
    a great number of   | + º¹¼ö¸í»ç
    a large number of   |   "¸¹Àº", "¼ö¸¹Àº", {¼ö}¿¡ ¾²ÀÓ.
    a multitude of      -+
    ¡ÞI have a good many things to do today.
      A large number of people visit the historic site.
  * a good deal of      --+ + ¹°Áú¡¤Ãß»ó¸í»ç
    a great deal of     --+   : ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ, »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀÇ.
    ¡ÞHe has had to spend a good deal of money on medicines.
  * a lot of    --+
    lots of     | + º¹¼ö ¶Ç´Â ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç
    (a) plenty of       --+   : ¸¹Àº, ¼ö¸¹Àº.  {¼ö ¶Ç´Â ¾ç}¿¡ ¾²ÀÓ.
    ¡ÞShe spend a lot of money on clothes.
  * as many: °°Àº Á¤µµÀÇ ¼ö. µ¿¼öÀÇ.
    as much: °°Àº Á¤µµÀÇ ¾ç, µ¿·®ÀÇ.
  * like so many: °°Àº ¼öÀÇ ¡­Ã³·³.
    like so much: °°Àº ¾çÀÇ ¡­Ã³·³.
    ¡ÞHe made ten mistakes in as many lines. (as many = ten)
      (±×´Â ¿­ ÁÙ¿¡¼­ ¿­°³ÀÇ À߸øÀ» ÀúÁú·¶´Ù.)
      There were five accidents in as many days. (as many = five)
      (5ÀÏ µ¿¾È¿¡ 5°ÇÀÇ »ç°í°¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù.)
      She was respected, and her husband as much despised.
      (±×³à´Â Á¸°æÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥, ³²ÆíÀº ±×¸¸Å­ ¸ê½Ã¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.)

      He drank two bottles of beer and as much wine.
      (±×´Â ¸ÆÁÖ µÎº´°ú Æ÷µµÁÖ µÎº´À» ¸¶¼Ì´Ù.)
      They worked like so many ants.
      (±×µéÀº °³¹Ì ¶¼Ã³·³ ÀÏÇß´Ù.)
      The wooden houses flamed up like so many match-boxes.
      (¸ñÁ¶ °Ç¹°µéÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ¼º³É°©Ã³·³ ºÒ±æÀÌ Å¸¿Ã¶ú´Ù.)
  * not so much A as B = not A so much as B = less A than B
    = B rather than A = A¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á BÀÌ´Ù.
    ¡ÞHe is not so much a scholar as a statesman.
      = He is not a scholar so much as a statesman.
      = He is a statesman rather than a scholar.
  * not so much as = not even = ¡­Á¶Â÷µµ ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
    ¡ÞShe can not so much as write her own name.
      = She can not even write her own name.
  * not much = ³Ê¹« ¡­Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
    ¡ÞHe is not much of a scholar.(±×´Â ´ë´ÜÇÑ ÇÐÀÚ´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.)
      I do not see much of him. (³ª´Â ±×¸¦ ÀÚÁÖ ¸¸³ªÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.)
  * without so much as = without even = ¡­Á¶Â÷µµ ¾øÀÌ.
    ¡ÞHe left without so much as saying goodbye to me.
9. ¼ö·®Çü¿ë»ç Few, Little
  * few, a few: ¼ö Ç¥½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ë.
    few  : °ÅÀǾø´Â, º°·Î¾ø´Â; ºÎÁ¤À» ³ªÅ¸³¿.
    a few: Á¶±ÝÀÖ´Â; ±àÁ¤ÀÇ ±âºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿.
    ¡ÞHe has few fiends. (°ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.)
      He has a few fiends. (¾à°£ÀÖ´Ù.)
  * little, a little: ¸ðµÎ ¾ç Ç¥½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ë.
    little  : º°·Î¾ø´Â; ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ±âºÐ.
    a little: ¾à°£ÀÖ´Â; ±àÁ¤ÀÇ ±âºÐ.
    ¡ÞI have a little money with me. (¾à°£ÀÖ´Ù.)
      I have little money with me. (°ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.)
  * not a few = quite a few = no few = a good many = many
    = »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹Àº. {¼ö}¿¡ »ç¿ë.
    ¡ÞThere are not a few such men.
  * only a few = but few = ¾à°£.
    ¡ÞHe has only a few friends.
  * the little
    ¡ÞI did the little (what little) I could.(³ª´Â ¹Ì·ÂÀ̳ª¸¶ Àü·ÂÀ» ´ÙÇß´Ù.)
      ¡âthe littleÀº µÚ¿¡ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¿À¹Ç·Î the°¡ ºÙ´Â´Ù.

  * not a little = quite a little = no little = much = ²Ï ¸¹Àº.  {¾ç}¿¡ »ç¿ë.
    ¡ÞIt has caused me not a little anxiety. (not a little = considerable)
  * I little dreamed that I should never see him again.
    = Little did I dream that I should never see him again.
      (³»°¡ ±×¸¦ ´Ù½Ã´Â º¸Áö ¸øÇϸ®¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ²Þ¿¡µµ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.)
    ¡ÞlittleÀÌ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é little + Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüÅÂ.
  * He little knows that the police are about to arrest him.
    = Little does he know that the police are about to arrest him.
      (°æÂûÀÌ Ã¼·ÎÇÏ·ÁÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×´Â ÀüÇô ¸ð¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù.)
      ¡ÞlittleÀÌ know, think, imagine, guess suspect, realize µîÀÇ
        µ¿»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¾²¿©¼­ [ÀüÇô ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº(not at all)]ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀδÙ.
  * little better than = as good as = ¡­°ú °ÅÀÇ °°Àº.
    ¡ÞHe is little better than beggar.
  * little short of = almost
    ¡ÞIt is little short of a miracle. (±×°ÍÀº ±âÀûÀ̳ª ´Ù¸§¾ø´Ù.)

10. ¼ö»ç
  ¨ç five hundred / five thousand / five millions.
     hundreds of people / five million inhabitants.
     ¡Þhundred, thousand´Â º¹¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸³ª millionÀº º¹¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.(¹Ì¾î¡¿)
       ¡âhundred (thousand) of = ¸¹Àº, millionÀ» Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾µ ¶§´Â ´Ü¼ö.
  ¨è $ 2,358 = two thousand three hundred and fifty-eight dollars.
     ¡Þhundred ´ÙÀ½¿¡ and¸¦ ³Ö¾î Àд´Ù.
    * (the year) 1981 = nineteen eighty-one.
     ¡Þ3021ó·³ 100 ´ÜÀ§°¡ ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â three thousand and twenty-oneÀ¸·Î Àд´Ù.
     ¡Þ¿¬´ë´Â µÑ¾¿ ³ª´©¾î Àд´Ù.
        1990: nineteen hundred.
        1801: eighteen hundred and one. (or eighteen one)
    * (at) 7: 55 ¢ã = seven fifty-five [/ei/em]
    * a girl in her teens
  ¨é He was the first president of the university.
     Do it a second time. (a second time = again)
     Two-thirds of the apples were bad.
     Two-thirds of the land

was uncultivated.
     ¡Þ¼­¼ö»ç: ¼­¼ö»ç¿¡´Â the¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
       first, second, third Àܴ̿ ±â¼ö»ç¿¡ -th¸¦ ºÙ¿© ¼­¼ö»ç¸¦ ¸¸µë.
       ¡âöÀÚ¿¡ ÁÖÀÇ: fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, fourteenth, fortieth.
       ¡âNapoleon ¥² = Napoleon the Third.
         World War ¥± = World War Two ȤÀº the Second World War.
         a third world war.
       ¡âºÐ¼öÀбâ. (ºÐÀÚ´Â ±â¼ö, ºÐ¸ð´Â ¼­¼ö)
         ¨ö = a half (or one half),
         ¨ø = two thirds, ¨÷ = one third.
         4 2/7 = four and two sevenths.
       ¡âºÐ¼öÀÇ ¼ö´Â ±× µÚÀÇ ¸»¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤µÊ.
       ¡âone and a half´Â ´Ü¼ö·Î ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
       ¡â2.34 = two point three four.
  ¨ê I had to pay double the usual price.
     * He has twice as much money as I have.
     * This is three times as large as that.
       = This is three times the size of that.


11. °íÀ¯Çü¿ë»ç
        +---------+----------+------------+-------------+------------+
        | ±¹   ¸í       |°íÀ¯Çü¿ë»ç|±¹¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷ | ±¹¹ÎÀÇ º¹¼ö   | ±¹¹Î Àüü     |
        +---------+----------+------------+-------------+------------+
        | England       | English       | Englishman    |  Englishmen   |  English      |
        | France        | French        | Frenchman     |  Frenchmen    |  French       |
        | China         | Chinese       | Chinese       |  Chinese      |  Chinese      |
        | Korea         | Korean        | Korean        |  Koreans      |  Koreans      |
        | America       | American    | American      |  Americans    |  Americans    |
        | Germany       | German     | German        |  Germans      |  
        | Italy | Italian   | Italian        |  Italians         |  Italians     |
        | Spain             | Spanish    | Spaniard         |  Spaniards    |  Spanish      |
        +---------+----------+------------+-------------+------------+
  ¡Þ±¹¹Î ÇÑ »ç¶÷: a, an.  ±¹¹Î Àüü: the.
12. È¥µ¿Çϱ⠽¬¿î Çü¿ë»ç
  * comparative : ºñ±³ÀÇ, ºñ±³»óÀÇ.
    comparable  : ¡­¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â, ¡­°ú ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.
  * continual   : °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ, ¹ø¹øÀÌ ÀϾ´Â.
    continuous  : ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ.
  * considerable: ¸¹Àº, »ó´çÇÑ.
    considerate : µ¿Á¤½É ¸¹Àº, »ç·Á±íÀº.
    considering : ¡­À» °í·ÁÇϸé, ¡­¿¡ ºñÇØ.
  * credible [kred bl]   : ½Å¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.
    credulous[kredjul s] : Àß ¼Ó´Â, Àß ¹Ï´Â.
  * desirable[dizai r bl]: ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ, È£°¨ÀÌ °¡´Â.
    desirous [dizai r s] : ¿øÇÏ´Â.
  * economic    : °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ, °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ, °æÁ¦ÀÇ.
    economical  : Àý¾àÇÏ´Â, ³¶ºñÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â.
  * healthy     : °Ç°­ÇÑ, °ÇÀåÇÑ.
    healthful   : °Ç°­¿¡ ÁÁÀº.
  * historic    : ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÑ, ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ.
    historical  : ¿ª»ç¿¡ °üÇÑ.
  * industrious : ±Ù¸éÇÑ.
    industrial  : »ê¾÷ÀÇ, °ø¾÷ÀÇ.
  * imaginative : »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ.
    imaginary   : °¡»óÀûÀÎ, ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀÎ.
    imaginable  : »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.
  * momentous   : Áß´ëÇÑ.
    momentary   : ¼ø°£ÀûÀÎ.
  * literal     : ¹®ÀÚÀÇ, ±ÛÀÚÀÇ, ¿ø¹®¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÑ.
    literary    : ¹®ÇÐÀÇ, ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ.
    literate    : ÇнÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Â. (¡Á illiterate; ¹®¸ÍÀÇ)
  * luxurious[l g u ri s] : »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î, ȣȭ½º·¯¿î.
    luxuriant[l g u ri nt]: ¹ø¼ºÇÑ, dzºÎÇÑ, ¹«¼ºÇÑ.
  * memorable   : ±â¾ïÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ.
    memorial    : ±â³äÀÇ, ±â³äÀÌ µÇ´Â.
  * practical   : ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ, ½ÇõÀûÀÎ, ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ.
    practicable : »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, ½ÇõÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.
  * sensible    : ºÐº°ÀÖ´Â, Çö¸íÇÑ, ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Â.
    sensitive   : ¹Î°¨ÇÑ, ¼¶¼¼ÇÑ, »óÇϱ⠽¬¿î.
  * respectable : Á¸°æÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ, ÈǸ¢ÇÑ.
    respectful  : °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÏ´Â, °ø¼ÕÇÑ.
    ¡Þ '¸í»ç + ly'°¡ ºÎ»ç ¾Æ´Ñ Çü¿ë»çÇüÀÎ °Í.
  * likely      : ±×·²µíÇÑ, ÀÖÀ½Á÷ÇÑ, ¡­ÇÒ °Í °°Àº.
  * timely      : ¶§¿¡ ¾Ë¸ÂÀº.
  * orderly     : Á¤µ·µÈ, ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ, ±ÔÀ²ÀÖ´Â.
  * lovely      : »ç¶û½º·¯¿î, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î.
  * cowardly    : °Ì¸¹Àº, ºñ°ÌÇÑ.
  * bodily      : ¸öÀÇ, ½ÅüÀÇ.
  * friendly    : Ä£±¸´Ù¿î, ¿ìÈ£ÀûÀÎ, Ä£ÀýÇÑ.
  * daily       : ¸ÅÀÏÀÇ, ³ª³¯ÀÇ,  (ºÎ) ¸ÅÀÏ, ³¯¸¶´Ù.
  * monthly     : ¸Å´ÞÀÇ, ¿ù 1ȸÀÇ (ºÎ) ¸Å´Þ, ´Þ¸¶´Ù.
  * motherly    : ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ, ¸ðÄ£ÀÇ.
  * fatherly    : ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ.
   ¡ÞÁ÷À¯ 'as ¡­ as' ÀÇ ÇüÅÂ
  * as white as snow : ´«Ã³·³ ÇϾá.
  * as blind as bat  : ¹ÚÁãó·³ ´«ÀÌ ¸Õ.
  * as poor as a church mouse: ±³È¸ »ý¾ÓÁãó·³ °¡³­ÇÑ.


    Çü¿ë»ç(Adjective) ¥±


1. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­
  ¨çÀÏÀ½Àý¾î.
    * tall - taller - tallest.
    * long - longer - longest.
    ¡Þ´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ´ÜÀÚÀ½ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ÀÚÀ½À» Çϳª ´õ ¾²°í -er, -est¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
      * big - bigger - biggest.
  ¨è -le, -ly, -some, -ow, -er µîÀÇ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â 2À½Àý¾î.
    * able - abler - ablest.
    * early - earlier - eariest.
  ¨é More, Most.
    : 3À½Àý ÀÌ»óÀÇ Çü¿ë»çÀÎ beautiful, diligent, interesting µî°ú 2À½
     Àý¾î·Î¼­ ¾î¹Ì°¡ -ful, -able, -less, -ous, -ive, -ing µîÀ¸·Î ³¡³ª
     ´Â ´Ü¾î´Â more, most¸¦ ºÙ¿©¼­ ºñ±³±Þ°ú ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀ» ¸¸µë.
    ¡Þº¹ÇÕÇü¿ë»çÀÎ well-know, fine-looking µîÀº 3À½Àý ÀÌ»óÀÏÁö¶óµµ
      more, most¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»çÀÎ afraid,
      fond, alive, alone, aware µîÀº À½Àý¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ more, most¸¦ »ç¿ë
      ÇÑ´Ù.
      ¡Þ well-know - better-known - best-known.
         fine-looking - finer-looking - finest-looking: Àß»ý±ä.
2. ºÒ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­
   

 * good (well) - better - best.
    * bad (ill)   - worse  - worst.
    * many (much) - more   - most.
    * little      - less   - least.
    * old - older    - oldest  : ³ªÀ̸ÔÀº, ´ÄÀº.
            elder    - eldest  : ¿¬»óÀÇ.(Ç÷¿¬°ü°èÀÇ ÀåÀ¯ÀÇ ¼ø¼­)
      ¡ÞHe is three years older than I.
        He is my elder brother.
    * late - later   - latest  : ´ÊÀº, ³ªÁßÀÇ. (½Ã°£Àû °³³ä)
           - latter  - last    : ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÇ. (¼ø¼­Àû °³³ä)
      ¡Þthe latest news.(ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¼Ò½Ä), the last news.(¸¶Áö¸· ¼Ò½Ä)
    * far  - farther - farthest: ¸Õ. (°Å¸®Àû °³³ä)
           - further - furthest: ¸Õ. (Á¤µµÀû °³³ä)
      ¡ÞAs I was very tired, I could not walk any farther.
        (³»°¡ ¸Å¿ì ÇǰïÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ³ª´Â ´õÀÌ»ó °ÉÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.)
        We must get further information.
        (¿ì¸®´Â ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀÔ¼öÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.)

3. ¶óƾ¾î ºñ±³±Þ
   : ¾î¹Ì°¡ -orÀÎ Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ºñ±³±ÞÀº than ´ë½Å¿¡ to¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸç, ÀÌ ¶§
     to´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç "to + ¸ñÀû°Ý", Áï superior, inferior, senior, junior,
     exterior, interior, anterior, posterior, major, minor µîÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë
     ÇÑ´Ù.
    ¡ÞHe is three years senior to me.
      He is my senior by three years.
4. ¿ø±Þ
  * as ¡­ as    : µ¿µîºñ±³.
  * not so ¡­ as: ¿­µîºñ±³.
    ¡ÞShe is as tall as Tom.
      She is not so tall as Tom.
  * She is as kind as Tom.
    She is as like as beautiful.
    ¡Þµ¿ÀÏÀÎÀÇ µÎ°¡Áö¸éÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¶© as A as BÀÇ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î 'BÇÏ·Á´Ï¿Í AÇÏ
      ´Ù'¿Í °°ÀÌ ¹ø¿ª.
  * He is as poor as (poor) can be.
    = He is as poor as anything.
    ¡Þ as A as (A) can be, as A as anything: ´õÇÒ³ªÀ§ ¾øÀÌ, ±Øµµ·Î A ÇÏ´Â.
  * He walked as fast as possible.
    = He walked as fast as he could.
    ¡Þ as A as possible, as A as one can : µÉ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ AÇϰÔ
  * He was as brave as any man in the world.
    He is as great a statesman as ever lived.
    ¡Þ as ¡­ as any + ¸í»ç : ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¸øÁö ¾Ê°Ô ¡­ÇÑ
    ¡Þ as ¡­ as ever + °ú°Åµ¿»ç : Áö±Ý±îÁö ¡­ÇÑ,(ÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ ¶æ)
                                  ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô ¡­ÇÑ
5. ºñ±³±Þ
  ¨ç¿ìµîºñ±³
    * He is five inches taller than Mary.
    * This is much bigger than that. (À̰ÍÀº ±×°Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ Å©´Ù.)
      ¡Þmuch, still, even, (by) far µîÀÌ ºñ±³±Þ°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²¿©¼­ ºñ±³±ÞÀ»
        °­Á¶Çϸç 'ÈξÀ, ÇÑÃþ'ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀδÙ.
  ¨èÀý´ëºñ±³: ºñ±³ÀÇ »ó´ë¾øÀÌ ºñ±³±ÞÀ» ¾²´Â °æ¿ì.
    * the younger generation. (ÀþÀº ¼¼´ë)
    * the higher classes. (»ó·ù°è±Þ)
    * higher education. (°íµî±³À°)
    * The greater part of the students are teen-agers.
      (ÇлýµéÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº 10´ëµéÀÌ´Ù.)
    * Her upper teen have to be pulled. (±×³à´Â ¿ô´Ï¸¦ »©¾ßÇÑ´Ù.)

  ¨é¿­µîºñ±³.
    * Mary is less tall than Tom.
      = Mary is not so tall as Tom.
6. µ¿ÀÏÀÎ, µ¿ÀÏÀι°ÀÇ ºñ±³
    ¡Þ°°Àº »ç¶÷(µ¿ÀÏÀÎ) ¶Ç´Â °°Àº ¹°°ÇÀÇ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¼ºÁúÀ» ºñ±³ÇÒ ¶§´Â
      À½Àý¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ more + ¿ø±Þ + thanÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ¾´´Ù.
    * He is cleverer than his brother.
    * He is more clever than honest. (= rather)
7. the + ºñ±³±Þ
    : ºñ±³±Þ ¾Õ¿¡´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °æ
      ¿ì¿£ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨ç of A and B ¶Ç´Â of the two µîÀÇ ±¸°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§.
    * Tom is the taller of the two.
  ¨è¿øÀÎÀ̳ª ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ºÎ»ç±¸ ¶Ç´Â ºÎ»çÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì.
    * He worked the harder, because his master praised him.
  ¨é the + ºñ±³±Þ ..... the + ºñ±³±Þ ......
    * The more one has, the more wants.
8. ºÎÁ¤±¸¹®
  ¨ç A is no more B than C is D
     = A is not B any more than C is D
     = A is not B just as C is not D
     = A°¡ B°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀº C°¡ D°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °Í°ú °°´Ù. (¾çÀÚºÎÁ¤)
      ¡ÞA whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
        = A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is (a fish).
  ¨è A is no less B than C is D
     = C°¡ DÀÎ °Í°ú ¸¸Âù°¡Áö·Î A°¡ BÀÌ´Ù. (¾çÀÚ±àÁ¤)
    * He is no less guilty as you are.
      = He is as much guilty as you are.
        (³×°¡ Á˰¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ±×µµ Á˰¡ ÀÖ´Ù.)
    * He was no less a person than the president.
      (±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ù·Î ´ëÅë·É ÀÚ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù.)
      ¡Þno less a person than ¡­ : ´Ù¸§¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ù·Î ¡­ÀÎ.
  ¨é not ¡­ more than ¡¦  : ÀÌ»óÀº ¡­ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
     not ¡­ less than ¡¦  : ¡­º¸´Ù ´ú ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ¡­¿¡ ¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô ¡­ÇÏ´Ù.
    * He is not more diligent than you are.
    * Light is not less necessary than fresh air to health.
      (ºûÀº ½Å¼±ÇÑ °ø±â ¸øÁö¾Ê°Ô °Ç°­¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.)
  ¨ê no more than = only  : °Ü¿ì, ´ÜÁö.
     no less than = as many as = as much as : ¡­¸¸Å­À̳ª.

     not more than = at most  : ±â²¯Çؾß.
     not less than = at least : Àû¾îµµ.
    * He has no more than 10,000 won.(±×´Â °Ü¿ì ¸¸¿ø¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.)
      He has no less than 10,000 won.(±×´Â ¸¸¿øÀ̳ª °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.)
    * I have not more than three hundred books.
      (³ª´Â ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß 300±ÇÀÇ Ã¥À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.)
    * I have not less than three hundred books.
      (³ª´Â Àû¾îµµ 300±ÇÀÇ Ã¥À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.)
9. ÃÖ»ó±Þ
  * She is the most diligent (girl) of our classmates. (= in our class)
  * He is the tallest of all his classmates.
    ¡ÞÃÖ»ó±Þ ¾Õ¿¡´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ ¾µ °Í. of ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç¸¦,
      in ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç¸¦ ¾µ °Í.
  * The boy studies hardest of them all.
  * He runs fastest of all.
    ¡ÞÇü¿ë»çÀÇ ÃÖ»ó±Þ ¾Õ¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ë, ºÎ»çÀÇ ÃÖ»ó±Þ¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ëÄ¡ ¾ÊÀ½.
  * She is by far the tallest player in the team.
    ¡ÞÃÖ»ó±ÞÀ» °­Á¶ÇÒ ¶© by far¸¦ »ç¿ë.
  * Àý´ëÃÖ»ó±Þ
    ¡ÞThis is a most interesting book to me.
      ¡âa most = a very.
        most people: ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé.  the most: °¡Àå ¡­ÇÑ.
        at best: ±â²¯Çؾß.   at most: ¸¹¾Æ¾ß.
  * He is the last man to tell a lie. (±×´Â °ÅÁþ¸» ÇÒ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Àý´ë ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.)

10. ¹«°ü»ç ÃÖ»ó±Þ
  ¨çÁ¤°ü»ç°¡ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ¸·Î ´ëüµÇ´Â °æ¿ì.
    * It is his greatest pleasure to read novels.
  ¨èµ¿ÀÏÀÎ, µ¿ÀϹ°ÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀ» ºñ±³ÇÒ ¶§.
    * This river is deepest at this point.
  ¨éºÎ»çÀÇ ÃÖ»ó±Þ.
    * He always works hardest in the office.
11. ºñ±³¹®Àå Àüȯ
  * Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ³×°¡Áö·Î
    ´Þ¸® ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
    ¡ÞNo (other) mountain in the world is so high as Mt. Everest.
      (ºÎÁ¤ÁÖ¾î + so + ¿ø±Þ + as ¡­ )
      No (other) mountain in the world is higher than Mt. Everest.
      (ºÎÁ¤ÁÖ¾î + ºñ±³±Þ + than ¡­ )
      Mt. Everest is higher than any other mountain in the world.
      (ÁÖ¾î + ºñ±³±Þ + than any other + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç)
      Mt. Everest is the highest of all the mountain in the world.
      (ÁÖ¾î + ÃÖ»ó±Þ + of all (the) + º¹¼ö¸í»ç)

 


    ºÎ»ç(Adverb)

1. ºÎ»çÀÇ ÇüÅÂ
  ¨çºÎ»ç: Çü¿ë»ç + ly.
    * Çü¿ë»ç + ly: slow ¡æ slowly.
                   careful ¡æ carefully.
    * -y + ly = ily - happy ¡æ happily.
    * le + ly = ly  - possible ¡æ possibly.
      ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: sole ¡æ solely.
            whole ¡æ wholly.
    * -ue + ly = uly , true ¡æ truly, due ¡æ duly.
    * -ll + ly = -lly, full ¡æ fully.
    * -ic + ly = ically , dramatic ¡æ dramatically.
       ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: public ¡æ publicly.
  ¨èÇü¿ë»ç¿Í °°Àº ÇüÅÂÀÇ ºÎ»ç.
    early, long, hard, enough, hear, well, ill, far µî...
    * I get up early in the morning. (ºÎ»ç)
    * The early bird catches the worm. (Çü¿ë»ç)
2. ºÎ»çÀÇ Áߺ¹Çü
    * Mr. Everest is very high. (Çü¿ë»ç; ³ôÀº)
    * He held his hand high.    (ºÎ»ç; ³ôÀÌ)
    * It is a highly a musing film. ( ºÎ»ç; ¸Å¿ì, ´ë´ÜÈ÷)
      ¡Þdear, cheap, hard, hear, late µîÀÌ Æ¯È÷ Áߺ¹µÇ¾î »ç¿ëµÊ.
3. ºÎ»çÀÇ ±â´É
    : ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿»ç, Çü¿ë»ç, ´Ù¸¥ ºÎ»ç (±¸, Àý) µîÀ» ¼ö½ÄÇϸç, ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í
      »ç, ¹®Àå Àüü¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÑ´Ù.
    * He speaks English well.
    * Evidently he has made a mistake.
      = It is evident that he has made a mistake.
4. ºÎ»çÀÇ À§Ä¡
  ¨ç¾çźλç : (¹æ¹ýºÎ»ç) ¾î¶»°Ô (how)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ä
             ; gladly, well, heartily, carefully
        +-- ÀÚµ¿»ç + ¾çźλç
        |   Å¸µ¿»ç + ¸ñ + ¾çźλç (¶Ç´Â Ÿµ¿»ç ¾Õ¿¡¼­µµ ¾²ÀÓ)
        +-- Ÿµ¿»ç + ¾çźλç + ±ä ¸ñÀû¾î
    * He came immediately (ÀÚµ¿»ç + ¾çźλç)
    * They speak well of him (´Éµ¿ÅÂ)
      = He is well spoken of. (¼öµ¿ÅÂ)
    * I well remember those happy days. (Á¤»ó¾î¼ø)
      = Well do I remember those happy days. (µµÄ¡±¸¹®)
  ¨èºóµµºÎ»ç : (Á¤µµºÎ»ç) how often¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀ¸·Î always, generally,
     regularly, often, never, sometimes, seldom. Á¤µµºÎ»ç¿¡´Â nearly,
     almost, still, barely µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
     ¡âÀ§Ä¡: ÀϹݵ¿»ç ¾Õ, beµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½, Á¶µ¿»ç¿Í º»µ¿»ç »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿Â´Ù.
     ¡â¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ¸í»çÀÏ ¶§
       put on your coat (O)  : Ÿ + ºÎ + ¸ñ
       put your coat on (O)  : Ÿ + ¸ñ + ºÎ
     ¡â ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ´ë¸í»çÀÏ ¶§
       put on it (X)
       put it on (O)  : Ÿ + ¸ñ + ºÎ
     ¡â ÀÚµ¿»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Å¸µ¿»ç±¸·Î ¾²À̹ǷΠºÐ¸®½Ãų ¼ö ¾øÀ½.
        Look at the boy.
        Look at him. (¡Û)
        Look him at. (¡¿)
5. ºÎ»ç¾î±¸ÀÇ ¹è¿­ ¼ø¼­
   ¨ç ½Ã°£ ºÎ»ç¾î±¸ : ÀÛÀº ´ÜÀ§ + Å« ´ÜÀ§
      Àå¼Ò ºÎ»ç¾î±¸ : ÀÛÀº ´ÜÀ§ + Å« ´ÜÀ§
     * I'll call on you at seven o'clock next Sunday.
     * We spent the holidays in a cottage is the morning.
   ¨è Àå¼Ò + ¹æ¹ý + ½Ã°£ºÎ»ç
      ¹æ¹ý + Àå¼Ò + ½Ã°£ºÎ»ç
      ÂªÀº ºÎ»ç±¸ + ±ä ºÎ»ç±¸
     * He came to Korea by ship last year.
     * She played beautiful at the concert last night.
     * We arrived safely at the station.
6. Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎ»ç ¿ë¹ý
        +-- still + º»µ¿»ç      +-- ¸í»ç + enough (O)
        |   beµ¿»ç + still      |   enough + ¸í (O)
        |   Á¶µ¿»ç + still + º»µ¿»ç     |   Çü.ºÎ + enough (O)
        +-- still + ºÎÁ¤Á¶µ¿»ç  +-- enough + Çü.ºÎ (X)
     * He is still standing. : ±×´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù.
       He is standing still. : ±×´Â °¡¸¸È÷ ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù. (Çü)
     * She still dislikes him.
       He still doesn't like her.
     * I need enough eggs.         = I need eggs enough.
     * Only I can see him in the room.
       I can only see him in the room.
       I can see only him in the room.
       I can see him only in the room.
  ¡Þ ago´Â ÇöÀ縦 ±âÁØÀ¸·Î Áö±ÝºÎÅÍ ¡­ÀüÀÇ ¶æÀÌ°í °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀδÙ.
     before´Â °ú°Å±âÁØÀ¸·Î ±× ¶§º¸´Ù ±× ÀÌÀü. °ú°Å¿Ï·á¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÓ.
     before´Â ¸·¿¬ÇÑ °ú°Å¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾î ÇöÀç¿Ï·á¿Í ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ago´Â ÇöÀç¿Ï·á
     ¿Í ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.

     * He passed away three ago.
     * He said that she had died three years before.
     * I have seen this picture before.
     * I have seen her a few days ago. (X)
7. very, muchÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
        +---------+---------+---------------+-------------+
        |  very |  Çü.ºÎ        |    ¿ø ±Þ      |  ÇöÀçºÐ»ç     |
        +---------+---------+---------------+-------------+
        |  much |  µ¿»ç |  ºñ±³.ÃÖ»ó±Þ  |  °ú°ÅºÐ»ç     |
        +---------+---------+---------------+-------------+
     * He breaks his words very often.
     * I don't like beef much.
   ¡Þ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç°¡ ¸í»ç¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§¿Í µ¿»ç·Î¼­ÀÇ ¼º
      °ÝÀ» ÀÒ°í Çü¿ë»çÀûÀÎ ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²À̰í ÀÖ´Â tired, pleased, delighted,
      surprised, satisfiedµîÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â much´ë½Å very¸¦ »ç¿ë.
     * A very celebrated scholar presided at the meeting.
     * She had a very annoyed look on her face.
     * He was very tired with a long walk.
   ¡Þ ¼­¼úÇü¿ë»çÀÎ afraid, alike, fond µîÀº much·Î ¼ö½Ä.
      the + very + ÃÖ»ó±Þ
      much + the + ÃÖ»ó±Þ
     * He is much ashamed of his behaviour.
     * He is the very best runner in our class.
     * He is much the best runner in our class.
8. Àǹ®ºÎ»ç
    * Á÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®: Àǹ®ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î?
    * °£Á¢Àǹ®¹®: Àǹ®ºÎ»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç?  (ºÎ»çÀý)
      * Where does he live?
      * I don't know + When should I do it?
        ¡æ I don't know when I should do it.    (°£Á¢Àǹ®; knowÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î)
        ¡æ I don't know when to do it.          (ºÎÁ¤»ç±¸; ¸í»çÀû¿ë¹ý)
    ¡Þ think, believe, imagine, suppose µîÀÇ µ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Á÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®À» ¿¬°á
       ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â Àǹ®ºÎ»ç¸¦ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡.
        * Do you think + Where does he lives?
          ¡æ Do you think where he lives?    (¡¿)
          ¡æ Where do you think he lives?    (¡Û)
9. °ü°èºÎ»ç
    * where, when, how, why µîÀº 'ºÎ»ç + Á¢¼Ó»ç'ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϸç 'ÀüÄ¡»ç +
      which'·Î ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
      * This is the place + He was born in it.
        ¡æ This is the place which he was born in.   (Çü¿ë»çÀý)
        ¡æ This is the place in which he was born.
        ¡æ This is the place where he was born.
        ¡æ This is the place that he was born.    (whereÀÇ ´ë¿ë)
        ¡æ This is where he was born.(Áְݺ¸¾î; whereÀÇ ¸í»çÀý,¼±Çà»ç the place »ý·«)
    * °ü°èºÎ»çÀÇ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý.
      ¡­, where ¢¡ ¡­, and there ..  (±×¸®°í °Å±â¿¡¼­...)
      ¡­, when  ¢¡ ¡­, and then ...  (±×¸®°í ±×¶§...)
      ¡ÞWe went to Rome, where we stayed for a week.
        Wait till seven, when he will be back.
        You may go wherever you like. (wherever = to any place that)
        Wherever you may go, I will follow you. (wherever = no matter where)

 

 

   ´ë ¸í »ç (Pronoun) ¥°

1. ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç
2. ItÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
   ¨ç¾Õ¿¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¸í»ç¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
     * He took a stone and threw it. (= a stone)
   ¨è¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ±¸³ª ÀýÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
     * The prisoner attempted to escape, but found it impossible.
     * He is innocent, I know it quite well.
   ¨é°¡ÁÖ¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
     * It is very pretty that doll.
   ¨ê°¡¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
     * I make it a rule to get up early.
                        to have breakfast at eight.
   ¨ë It°¡ ºñÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
      ¨Í³¯¾¾, ¸í¾Ï, ½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °èÀý.
        * It is fine today. (³¯¾¾)
        * It is spring now. (°èÀý)
        * What time is it, now? (½Ã°£)
        * How far is it from here to the station? (°Å¸®)
        * It is dark in the room. (¸í¾Ï)
      ¨Î¸·¿¬ÇÑ »óȲÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
        * How goes it with you? (¿äÁò °æ±â°¡ ¾î¶»½À´Ï±î?)
        * How is it in the market?

3. It ¡­ that  °­Á¶±¸¹®.
  ¨çÆò¼­¹®ÀÇ °­Á¶.
    * I bought the book yesterday.
    ¡æ  It was I that(who) bought the book yesterday.
    ¡æ  It was the book that I bought yesterday.
    ¡æ  It was yesterday that(when) I bought the book.
    ¡ÞÁøÁÖ¾î, °¡ÁÖ¾î ±¸¹®ÀÎ °æ¿ì.
      * thatÀýÀ» it ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ³õ¾Æµµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÔ.
      * It is thatÀ» »ý·«ÇÏ¸é ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
    ¡Þ°­Á¶±¸¹®ÀÎ °æ¿ì.
      * thatÀýÀ» it ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ³õÀ¸¸é ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
      * It is thatÀ» »ý·«Çصµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÔ.

  ¨èÀǹ®¹®ÀÇ °­Á¶.
    * Did you send me the flower?
    ¡æ You sent me the flower.
    ¡æ It was you that sent me the flower.
    ¡æ Was it you that sent me the flower?
    ¡ÞÀǹ®¹® ¡æ Æò¼­¹® ¡æ °­Á¶±¸¹® ¡æ ´Ù½Ã Àǹ®¹®ÀÇ ¼øÀ¸·Î °íħ.
4. ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö, ¼º, °Ý.
    ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç¶õ »ç¶÷ÀÇ È£ÄªÀÎ I, he, him, you µîÀ̸ç, ÀÎĪ´ë¸í»ç°¡ ¹®
    Àå¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¾î, Áְݺ¸¾î ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶© ÁÖ°Ý, Ÿµ¿»ç¿Í ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû
    ¾î³ª ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
5. ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç
  ¨ç¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç = ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý + ¸í»ç
    * This dictionary is mine. (= my dictionary)
    ¡Þ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç´Â [¼ÒÀ¯°Ý + ¸í»ç] ´ë½Å µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç mine, ours,
      yours, his, hers, theirs µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ½.
  ¨èÀÌÁß¼ÒÀ¯°Ý¿¡¼­ of ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç a, an, this, that, any, no,
    which, some, these, another µîÀº ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý°ú ÇÔ²² ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î 'a,
    an ¡¦ + ¸í»ç + of + ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»ç'·Î ¾´´Ù.
    * Show me another book of hers.
  ¨é¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °­Á¶Çϱâ À§ÇØ "own"À» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * a, any, some, this ¡¦ µî + ¸í»ç + of one's own ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π»ç¿ë.
    * I have no house of my own.
6. Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç
  ¨çÀç±ÍÀû ¿ë¹ý: selfÇüÀÇ Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç°¡ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì,
    ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ÇàÀ§ °á°ú°¡ ´Ù½Ã ÁÖ¾î Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹ÌÄ¡´Â °æ¿ì. (µ¿»ç¿¡¸¸ stress).
    * She killed herself.
          committed suicide.
          took her own life.
      ¡æ ±×³à´Â ÀÚ»ìÇß´Ù.
    * History repeats itself.


  ¨è°­Á¶¿ë¹ý.
    * I myself wrote this book.
      = I wrote this book myself.
    ¡ÞÀç±Í´ë¸í»ç°¡ °­Á¶¿ë¹ýÀÏ ¶© Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç¸¦ »ý·«Çصµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÏ
      ¸ç, Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç¿¡ stress°¡ ¿È.

7. ÀüÄ¡»ç + Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç
  ¨ç for oneself: ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©(for one's sake),
                  È¥ÀÚ ÈûÀ¸·Î(without another's help)
  ¨è by oneself: ¿Ü·ÎÀÌ, Ȧ·Î(all alone)
    * He lives in that house by himself.
  ¨é±âŸ.
    * The candle went out of itself. (ÀúÀý·Î)
    * to oneself: ÀÚ±â È¥ÀÚ¿¡°Ô¸¸.
    * beside oneself = insane = mad = at the end of self-control
      : Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ, ¹ÌÄ£.
    * come to oneself = become conscious: ÀǽÄÀ» ã´Ù, Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ µé´Ù.
    * pride oneself on = be proud of = take (a) pride in.
    * absent oneself from = be absent from.
    * present oneself at = be present at.
    * avail oneself of: ¡­À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Ù.
    * accustom oneself to: ¡­¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇØÁö´Ù.
    * overdrink oneself: °úÀ½ÇÏ´Ù.
    * overwork oneself : °ú·ÎÇÏ´Ù.
    * oversleep oneself: ´ÊÀáÀÚ´Ù.
    * in itself: º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î
8. That of¡­, Those of¡­
    * The population of Japan is much larger than korea. (¡¿)
      ¡æ The population of Japan is much larger that of korea. (¡Û)
    ¡Þ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© that of korea¶ó°í ÇØ¾ßÇÔ.
    ¡Þ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ´Ü¾î°¡ ´Ü¼öÀÏ ¶© that, º¹¼öÀÏ ¶© those¸¦ »ç¿ë.
9. This, ThatÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç the one          the other
     the former       the latter
     that             this
     ÀüÀÚ             ÈÄÀÚ
    ¡Þ the oneÀÌ ÈÄÀÚ the other°¡ ÀüÀÚ¸¦ °¡¸®Å³ ¶§µµ ÀÖÀ½.
      * We keep a dog and a cat; I like the one better than the other.
  ¨è This, ThatÀÌ ¾Õ¹®Àå ¶Ç´Â µÞ¹®ÀåÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» °¡¸®Å³ ¶§.
     * He did not answer the letter, and this made me all the more angry.
     * Those who like borrowing dislike paying.
       (those who: ¡­ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, He who: ¡­ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷)
10. SuchÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç Such was my reward. (³»°¡ ¹ÞÀº º¸´äÀº ÀÌ·± °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.)
     * Such´Â º¸¾îÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö¿¡ µÎ·ç ¾²ÀδÙ.

  ¨è as suchÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ¾î±¸³ª ¹®ÀåÀ» ¹ÞÀ½.
    * He is a child and must be treated as such.(= a child)
      ±×´Â ¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌ À̹ǷΠ±×·¸°Ô(¾î¸°¾ÆÀÌ·Î) Ãë±ÞµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨é such ¡­ as ¡¦: ¡¦°ú °°Àº ¡­
     such as: °¡·É ¡­°ú °°Àº.
    * Such men as Washington and Lincoln are rare. (¿ö½ÌÅϰú °°Àº ÀÌ´Â µå¹°´Ù.)
    * Autumn gives us fruits, such as pears, persimmons, and apples.
      (°¡À»Àº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¹è, °¨, »ç°ú °°Àº °úÀÏÀ» ÁØ´Ù.)
  ¨é±âŸ.
    * Such + ¸í»ç + that        -+ ³Ê¹« ¡­ ÇϹǷÎ.
      So + Çü¿ë»ç/ºÎ»ç + that   -+
    * She is such a lovely child that every body loves her.
    * He had such a fever that he nearly died.
      = He was so feverish that nearly died.
11. The sameÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç We must do the same. (¿ì¸®´Â °°Àº °ÍÀ» ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.)
     ¡Þ ÀÌ same¿¡´Â Ç×»ó the°¡ µû¸¥´Ù. ¿©±â¼­´Â doÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾îÀÌ´Ù.
  ¨è This is the same watch as I gave her. (µ¿ÀÏÁ¾·ù)
     This is the same watch that I gave her. (µ¿ÀϹ°)
     ¡Þ ÀÌ sameÀº Çü¿ë»çÀÌ´Ù.
        º¸Åë the same ¡­ as Àº µ¿ÀÏÁ¾·ù¸¦
             the same ¡­ that Àº µ¿ÀϹ°À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
  ¨é Are these the same people who came here yesterday?
     (À̺еéÀÌ ¾îÁ¦ ¿©±â¿¡ ¿Ô´ø ±×ºÐµéÀΰ¡?)
     ¡Þ the sameÀº that ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ °ü°è´ë¸í»ç³ª °ü°èºÎ»ç¿Íµµ °°ÀÌ ¾²ÀδÙ.
        the same ¡­ where (when, who, as)...
  ¨ê They do not think the same as we do. (±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®Ã³·³ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.)
     ¡Þ ºÎ»ç·Î¼­ÀÇ the same.   the same = in like manner.
12. SoÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç´ë¸í»ç·Î¼­ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
    So´Â ´ë¸í»ç·Î¼­ do, say, tell, speak, think, suppose, imagine,
    hope, believe µîÀÇ Å¸µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀδÙ.
    * Is he coming?  * I think so.
  ¨èº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * He had been weak, but he wouldn't be so no longer.
13. So am I, So I am.
    A: I am pretty.
    B: I am pretty, too.  (   = So am I. )

    A: You are pretty.
    B: Yes, I am pretty, indeed.  (   = So I am.  )
15. ºÎÁ¤´ë¸í»ç oneÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨çÃÑÀÎĪÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
    * One should keep one's word.
    ¡Þ oneÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¶æÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷, ¼¼»ó»ç¶÷, ´©±¸³ª¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °æ
       ¿ì ¡æ ÃÑÀÎĪ ¿ë¹ý.
       ÃÑÀÎĪ ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ he, him, himself, she,
       her, herself°¡ ¾²ÀÓ.
    * One took his book and the other took his pen.
       ¡ÞoneÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÏ°Ô »ç¶÷À» °¡¸®Å°Áö ¾Ê°í, ÇÑ»ç¶÷À» °¡¸®Å³ ¶§¿¡´Â
         him, his, himself µîÀ¸·Î ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ½.
  ¨è ¸í»çÀÇ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇÒ ¶§.
     A + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç ¡æ one. (°°Àº Á¾·ùÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ ¹°°Ç)
     the, this, that + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç ¡æ it (¶È°°Àº ±× ¹°°Ç)
    * If you need a book, I will lend you one.
    * I bought a book, but I lost it.
  ¨é¼ºÁúÇü¿ë»ç ¶Ç´Â Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç + one(s).
    * Your plan is a good one on paper.
    ¡Þ one: ¼ºÁúÇü¿ë»ç³ª Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç(the, this, that µî) ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í
       »çÀÇ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î ¾²À̴µ¥ ´Ü¼öÀ̸é one, º¹¼öÀ̸é ones¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔ.
  ¨ê a certainÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
    * I received a letter from one Mr. Jones.
16. oneÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì
  ¨ç¼¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸í»ç(¹°Áú¡¤Ãß»ó¸í»ç) ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ oneÀº »ý·«µÊ.
    * I like a red rose better than a white one.
    * I like red wine better than white. (one »ý·«, wineÀÌ ¹°Áú¸í»ç)
  ¨è¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý ´ÙÀ½À̳ª ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý + own ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â oneÀ» »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
    * Your father's house is larger than my father's.
    * This bed is my own.
  ¨é±â¼ö³ª ¼­¼ö ´ÙÀ½¿¡ oneÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
    * He has three cars and I have two.
  ¨êÃÖ»ó±ÞÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç, [the + ºñ±³±Þ] µÚÀÇ oneÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
    * He has two sisters; the elder is more beautiful than the younger.
17. One, Other, Another
  ¨ç one, the other: Çϳª´Â, ¶Ç Çϳª´Â.  (¼ø¼­¾øÀ½)
     the one, the other: ÀüÀÚ´Â, ÈÄÀÚ´Â. (¼ø¼­ÀÖÀ½)
    * I have two brothers; One is in England, and the other in America.
    * Mary has a white and a red rose; the one is lovelier than the other.

  ¨è one, another(¶Ç´Â a second), the other: ¼Â Áß¿¡¼­ ¼ø¼­¾øÀÌ ¿­°ÅÇÒ ¶§.
     one, another, a third, the other: ³Ý Áß¿¡¼­ ¼ø¼­¾øÀÌ ¿­°ÅÇÒ ¶§.
     the first, the second, the third: ¼Â Áß¿¡¼­ ¼ø¼­³ª µî±Þ´ë·Î ¿­°ÅÇÒ ¶§.
    * There are three men. One is a doctor, another(is) a teacher, and
     the other(is) a lawyer.
    * There are four flowers in the vase; one is 'rose', another,
     'tulip', a third, 'carnation' and the other (¶Ç´Â the fourth) is 'lily'.
  ¨é some - , others: ¾à°£Àº, ¶Ç ¾à°£Àº. (Áý´ÜÀ̳ª ÇѰ谡 ¸·¿¬ÇÒ ¶§)
     some - , the others: ¾à°£Àº ±×¸®°í ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â.(Áý´ÜÀ̳ª ÇѰ谡 ¸íÈ®ÇÒ ¶§)
    * Some went on foot; and others (went) by bus.
    * There are ten students; some study German, and the others (study) French.
18. AnotherÀÇ ³×°¡Áö ¿ë¹ý
  ¨çÇϳª ´õ(the more)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * Will you have another cup of coffee?
    * I am going to stay another week. (¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¶Ç ÀÏÁÖÀÏ)
  ¨è´Ù¸¥(different)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * I don't like this; show me another.
  ¨é¿ª½Ã °°Àº »ç¶÷(also one, a similar one)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * If I am a fool, You are another.
  ¨ê A is one thing and B is another: A¿Í B´Â º°°³ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
    * To know is one thing and to teach is another.
  ¨ë±âŸ.
    * They were helping one another in their work.
    * They looked at each other.
    ¡Þ one another´Â ¼Â À̻󿡼­ each other´Â µÑ »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ "¼­·Î¼­·Î"ÀÇ
       ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿øÄ¢À̳ª ¸íÈ®È÷ ±¸º°Çؼ­ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
19. Some, AnyÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç±àÁ¤¹®¿¡¼­´Â some,
    Àǹ®¹®, Á¶°Ç¹®, ºÎÁ¤¹®¿¡¼­´Â any.
    * I have a lot of pencils; if you want any, I will give you some.
  ¨è±ÇÀ¯, ÀÇ·ÚÀÇ Àǹ®¹®°ú ±àÁ¤ÀÇ ´ë´äÀ» ±â´ëÇÏ´Â Àǹ®¹® ¡æ some.
    * Will you have some beer?
    * Any one can do it.
  ¨é±àÁ¤¹®ÀÇ any: ¾î¶² ¡­ ÀÏÁö¶óµµ.
    * Any child knows it.
  ¨ê some = about, a certain.
    * We waited some twenty minutes. (= about)
    * He went to some place in Africa. (= a certain)
20. None, NoÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  * none: ´Üµ¶À¸·Î ¾²¿© ºÎÁ¤´ë¸í»ç.
     no  : ¸í»ç¿¡ ºÙ¾î Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
  * noneÀº ¿ø·¡ no oneÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ´ë¸í»ç·Î¼­ ´Ü¼ö, º¹¼ö ¾î´À ÂÊ¿¡³ª ¾²
    ÀÌÁö¸¸ °¡»ê¸í»ç¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§´Â º¸Åë º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
  * no´Â I have¡­, There is¡­ ¹®Çü¿¡¼­ not any ´ë½Å¿¡ ¾²¿© [Á¶±Ýµµ ¡­
    ¾Æ´Ñ]ÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
  * None have succeeded in solving the problem. (¾Æ¹«µµ ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç®Áö ¸øÇß´Ù.)
    He sought rest and found none. (±×´Â ÈÞ½ÄÀ» ã¾ÒÀ¸³ª Á¶±Ýµµ ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.)
  * I have no children. (³ª´Â ¾î¸°¾Ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.)
    There is no hope. (Èñ¸ÁÀº Á¶±Ýµµ ¾ø´Ù.)
    He is no genius. (±×´Â °áÄÚ ÃµÀç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.)
    ¡Þ He is no genius.´Â He is not a genius. º¸´Ù °­ÇÑ ¶æÀÌ´Ù.
21. ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤
  ¡Þ each, every, all µîÀÌ ºÎÁ¤¾î¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÌ¸é ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
  ¨ç not + both: µÑ ´Ù ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
    * I know both of them.        (¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤)
    * I do not know both of them. (ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤)
    * I do not know either of them.
      = I know neither of them.   (¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤)
  ¨è not + all: ¸ðµÎ°¡(¼Â ÀÌ»óÀÏ ¶§) ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
    * I invited all of them.        (¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤)
    * I did not invite all of them. (ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤)
    * I did not invite any of them. (¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤)
      = I invited none of them.
      ¡Þ not + any = none.
    * All is not gold that glitters. (ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤)
  ¨é not + every: ´©±¸³ª(¾î´À°ÍÀ̳ª) ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
    * Everybody likes her.         (¿ÏÀü±àÁ¤)
    * Everybody does not like her. (ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤)
    * Nobody likes her.            (¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤)
    ¡Þ Every + notÀÇ ¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤Àº nobody(»ç¶÷ÀÎ °æ¿ì), nothing(»ç¹°ÀÎ °æ¿ì).
  ¨êºÎºÐºÎÁ¤.
    * not + always: Ç×»ó ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
      ¡Þ The rich are not always happy.
         The rich are never happy.
    * not + completely : ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

      ¡Þ Not all of the crew completely happy.
    * not + entirely = not + altogether: ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
      ¡Þ You are not entirely free from blame.
      ¡Þ I do not altogether agree with him.
    * not + necessarily: ¹Ýµå½Ã ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
      ¡Þ The greatest minds do not necessarily ripen the quickest.

    * not + absolutely : Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
    ¢¡ not ¡­ in the least = not ¡­ at all = never: °áÄÚ ¡­ ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. (¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤)
22. At all, -thing, -bodyÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç at all.
    * They are not interested at all. (Á¶±Ýµµ ¡­ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù)
    * If you do it at all do it well. (Á¶°Ç¹®; Àû¾îµµ, ±â¿Õ¿¡)
    * Do you believe it at all? (Àǹ®¹®; µµ´ëü)
    * I am surprised that he passed the exam at all. (Æò¼­¹®; ¾î·µç)
    * There are very little if at all. (°ü¿ëÀû; ÀÖ´Ù¼ÕÄ¡´õ¶óµµ)
  ¨è -thing, -body.
    : any¿Í someÀÇ ¿ë¹ý¿¡ ÁØÇÑ´Ù.
    * Is there anything interesting in today's paper?
    * Is anybody in the room?
    * I saw something white in the dark.
      ¡Þ -thingÀÇ ´ë¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç´Â ´ë°³ ±× µÚ¿¡ ¿Â´Ù.
    * everything: [µÑ Áß Çϳª], something: [»ó´çÇÑ °Í], nothing: [ÇÏÂúÀº °Í].
      ¡Þ Money is everything to her.
         He thinks something of himself.
         If want to be anybody, you must make efforts.
         She was a humble nobody a few years ago.
23. Either, Neither, both.
  * Do you know either of the two sisters? (µÑ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª)
    Do you know any of the sisters? (¼Â ÀÌ»ó ÁßÀÇ Çϳª)
    ¡Þ either side = both side.
  * If you do not go, I will not, either.
    If you will not do so, neither will I.
    ¡Þ not°ú too´Â °°ÀÌ ¸ø¾²¸ç too ´ë½Å either¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
       not either = neither, neither will I = nor will I.
  * I do not know both of the sisters. (±× µÎÀڸŸ¦ ´Ù ¾ËÁö´Â ¸øÇÑ´Ù.)
    ¡Þ ¡¦ not + both = ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤.

 

      ´ë¸í»ç (Pronoun) ¥±

1. Àǹ®»çÀÇ ¿ë¹ý: Àǹ®¹®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â who, whom, what, which, when µîÀ»
   Àǹ®»ç¶ó°í Çϸç Å©°Ô Àǹ®´ë¸í»ç¿Í Àǹ®ºÎ»ç·Î ³ª´«´Ù.
   * Àǹ®´ë¸í»ç: who, whom, whose.......
     Àǹ®ºÎ»ç  : why, where, when, how.....
  ¨çÁ÷Á¢ Àǹ®¹®°ú °£Á¢ Àǹ®¹®.
    * Who is that man?
    * I don't know who that man is.
    ¡ÞÀǹ®»ç + µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾îÇüÅ ¡æ Á÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®.
    ¡ÞÁ÷Á¢Àǹ®¹®ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¹®ÀåÀÇ ÀϺκÐ(ÁÖ¾îÀÚ¸®, ¸ñÀû¾îÀÚ¸®, Áְݺ¸¾îÀÚ
      ¸®, µ¿°ÝÀÚ¸®)ÀÌ µÇ¾î ¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì. (Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç ¡æ °£Á¢Àǹ®¹®)
  ¨èÀǹ®»ç°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î ³ª°¡´Â °æ¿ì.
    : µ¿»ç°¡ think, suppose, believe, imagine, guess...µîÀÇ »ý°¢µ¿»ç
      À϶§´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã Àǹ®»ç¸¦ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡.
    * What does he want?        -+
    * Do you know what he wants?        -+ ¡æ yes, noÀÇ ´ë´äÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
    * Do you think what he wants? (¡¿)
      ¡æ What do you think he wants? (¡Û) ¡æ yes, no·Î ´ë´ä ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
    * Àǹ®»çÀýÀº ¸í»çó·³ ±ÛÀÇ ÁÖ¾î, ¸ñÀû¾î, º¸¾îÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
      ¡Þ Who did it is a question to me.
         (´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Çß´ÂÁö ³ª¿¡°Ô ¹®Á¦°¡ µÈ´Ù. ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.)
      ¡Þ The question is who did it.
         (¹®Á¦´Â ´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Çß´À³ÄÀÌ´Ù. º¸¾î ¿ªÇÒ.)
      ¡Þ Tell me who did it.
         (´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Çß´ÂÁö ¸»ÇشٿÀ. µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î)
      ¡Þ There is no doubt as to who did it.
         (±×°ÍÀ» ´©°¡ Çß´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¹Ù ¾ø´Ù. ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î.)
    * Àǹ®»çÀýÀÌ ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ µÉ ¶§, ÀüÄ¡»ç°¡ »ý·«µÇ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù.
      ¡Þ They are ignorant what they are after.
         (±×µéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» Ãß±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
          be ignorant ofÀÇ of°¡ »ý·«µÇ¾ú´Ù.)]
      ¡Þ I have no idea who did it.
         (´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Çß´ÂÁö ÀüÇô ¸ð¸¥´Ù.  ¡¦as to°¡ »ý·«µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)
         = I have no idea as to who did it.
2. ¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®: Àڱ⸻À» °­ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥Çö.
  * Who knows?     (¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®; ´©°¡ ¾Ë°Ú´Â°¡?)
    = Nobody knows (Æò¼­¹®; ¾Æ¹«µµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.)
  * Who does not know the fact?
    = Everybody knows the fact.
    ¡ÞÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®ÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀÌ¸é Æò¼­¹®Àº ºÎÁ¤¹®, ºÎÁ¤ÀÌ¸é ±àÁ¤¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
  * Who is there but commits errors?
    = There is nobody but commits errors.(°ü¡¤´ë ÁÖ°ÝÀ¸·Î that ¡­ not).
    = Everybody commits errors.
    ¡Å Who is there that does not commit errors? (Çü¿ë»çÀý)
       There is nobody that does not commit errors. (Çü¿ë»çÀý)
  * Who would do such a thing but a fool?
    = Who but a fool would do such a thing.
    = None(Only) but  a fool would do such a thing.
    ¡Þ butÀº ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î¼­ ¡­À» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´ÂÀÇ ¶æ. (save, except)
    ¡Þ What is the use of ¡­ ?: ¡­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ´À³Ä?
3. ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®
   ÁַΠȸȭ¿¡¼­ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¾Õ¹®Àå(ÁÖÀý)ÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀÌ¸é ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®À»,
   ¾Õ¹®ÀåÀÌ ºÎÁ¤ÀÌ¸é ±àÁ¤ÀÇ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®À» »ç¿ë.
  * They are listening to the radio, aren't they?
  * She can't speak French, can she?
    ¡ÞÁÖÀý¿¡ beµ¿»ç°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶© beµ¿»ç, Á¶µ¿»ç°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶© ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¿¡¼­µµ
      Á¶µ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  * Tom has a book, doesn't he? (¡Û)     hasn't he?  (¡¿)
    ¡Þ have°¡ º»µ¿»ç·Î ¾²¿©Á® '¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù'ÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¿¡¼­´Â do·Î ¾µ °Í.
  * You've been to Pusan, haven't you?
    ¡Þ have°¡ Á¶µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© have·Î ¾´´Ù.
  * You have to study English, don't you?
    ¡Þ have to´Â ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼­ ¹Ýµå½Ã have ´ë½Å do¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  * You bought a new car, didn't you?
    ¡ÞÀϹݵ¿»ç´Â ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼­ do¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  * You should study harder, shouldn't you?
  * I ought to go by plane, shouldn't I?
    ¡ÞÁ¶µ¿»ç should³ª ought to´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã shouldn't I ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π¾´´Ù.
  * She's doing her best, isn't she? (= She is doing her best.)
    She's done her best, hasn't she? (= She has done her best.)
    ¡Þ À­ ¹®ÀåÀÇ 's´Â isµµ µÇ°í hasµµ µÇ³ª º»·¡ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº She is doing
       her best¿Í She has done her bestÀ̹ǷΠisn't she¿Í hasn't she·Î
       ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®À» ½á¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
  * You'd better go at once, hadn't you?
    ¡Þ You'd´Â You hadÀÇ ¾àÀÚÀ̸ç had bette

rÀÇ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®Àº hadn'tÀÌ´Ù.
  * Do it at once, will you?
    Have a cup of coffee, won't you?
   ¡Þ¸í·É¹®ÀÇ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®Àº ÁÖÀýÀÌ ±àÁ¤ÀÌµç ºÎÁ¤ÀÌµç ¾ðÁ¦³ª will you?·Î ¾²¸ç
      ´Ü, ±ÇÀ¯ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÎ ¸í·É¹®Àº won't you? ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.

  * We have no time, do we?
    He seldom came here, did he?
    ¡ÞÁÖÀý¿¡ no, nothing, seldom, hardly, scarcely µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì´Â
      À̵é ÀÚü°¡ ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®Àº ±àÁ¤À¸·Î ¾´´Ù.
4. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç Who
  ¨ç Who
    * This is the girl.  She is a good typist.
      ¡æ This is the girl who is a good typist. (Çü¿ë»çÀý)
    ¡Þ She°¡ ÁÖ°ÝÀ̹ǷΠÁÖ°Ý who¸¦ »ç¿ë.
  ¨è Whom
    * This is the boy.  I wanted to see him.
      ¡æ This is the boy whom I wanted to see.
  ¨é Whose
    * A child is called an orphan.  His parents are dead.
      ¡æ A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
    ¡Þ A child¿Í His´Â °°Àº »ç¶÷, His°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ̹ǷΠ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý °ü°è´ë¸í»ç
      ÀÎ whose¸¦ ¾¸.
5. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç Which: ¼±Çà»ç°¡ µ¿¹°À̳ª »ç¹°ÀÏ ¶§ ¾²À̸ç ÁÖ°ÝÀ¸·Î
   which, ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ¸·Î of which³ª whose, ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î which°¡ ¾²ÀδÙ. ¶ÇÇÑ
   which°¡ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© ±¸, Àý, Çü¿ë»çµéÀ» ¼±Çà»ç·Î ¹Þ´Â ¿ë¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
  ¨çÁÖ°Ý, ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * I have a book.  It is very interesting.
      ¡æ I have a book which is very interesting.
    * This is the dictionary.  I bought it yesterday.
      ¡æ This is the dictionary which I bought (¸ñ) yesterday.
      ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ À̾îÁö´Â ¹®Àå¿¡¼­ Á־ »ý·«µÇ¾úÀ¸¸é ÁÖ°Ý,
        ÀüÄ¡»ç³ª Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ »ý·«µÇ¾úÀ¸¸é ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨è¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * This is the word.  I don't know the meaning of it.
      ¡æ This is the word which I don't know the meaning of.
         ¡Þ which´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç ofÀÇ ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ̹ǷΠ»ý·« °¡´É.
      ¡æ This is the word of which I don't know the meaning.
      ¡æ This is the word the meaning of which I don't know.
      ¡æ This is the word whose meaning I don't know.
         ¡Þ which ¾Õ¿¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç of°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶© of which°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡
            which¸¦ »ý·« ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
  ¨é which°¡ ±¸, Àý, Çü¿ë»ç¸¦ ¼±Çà»ç·Î ¹ÞÀ» ¶§.


    * He wanted to come, which was impossible. (= but it)
      ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ comma°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î¼­ [Á¢¼Ó»ç
        (and, but, for, though) + ´ë¸í»ç]ÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù.
  ¨ê½ÅºÐ, ÁöÀ§, ¼º°ÝÀ» ¼±Çà»ç·Î ¹ÞÀ» ¶§.
    * He is a gentleman, which his brother is not.
    ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÏÁö¶óµµ ½ÅºÐ, ÁöÀ§, ¼º°ÝÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â who, whom
      À» ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í which³ª thatÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * She is no longer the shy girl which(¶Ç´Â that) she was ten years ago.
      ¡Þ thatÀº °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿ë¹ý¿¡´Â ¾²ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ »ç¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
6. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç¿Í ÀüÄ¡»ç
   * This is the house.  I spoke of it.
     ¡æ This is the house  which I spoke of.
     ¡æ This is the house  (which) I spoke of.
     ¡æ This is the house  of which I spoke of. (ÀüÄ¡»ç + °ü.´ë´Â »ý·« ºÒ°¡)
     ¡æ This is the house  that I spoke of. (that¾Õ¿¡¼­´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.)
7. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç that
  ¡ØthatÀº ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²À̰í, °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý¿¡¼­´Â ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
    thatÀº »ç¹°, »ç¶÷, µ¿¹°¿¡ ¸ðµÎ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
    that ¾Õ¿¡´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
  ¨ç¼±Çà»ç°¡ »ç¶÷°ú µ¿¹°ÀÏ ¶§.
    * A man and his dog that were passing by were injured.
  ¨èÃÖ»ó±Þ, ¼­¼ö»ç, the very, the only, the last, the same, every,
    all, any, no ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼­´Â thatÀ» ¾´´Ù.
    * He is the greatest poet that korea has ever produced.
  ¨éÀǹ®´ë¸í»ç who, what, which ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼­´Â thatÀ» ¾´´Ù.
    * Who that has common sense can believe such a thing? (ÁÖ°Ý)
    * Which is the book that you want to read. (¸ñÀû°Ý)
8. ThatÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨çÁö½Ã´ë¸í»ç.
    * Can you see that?
    * The climate of korea is milder than that of china.
  ¨èÁö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç.
    * Give me that chair.
    * from that hour: 2½Ã°£ºÎÅÍ.
    * at that time  : 2½Ã°£¿¡.
    ¡Þ thatÀÌ Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© 'that + ¸í»ç'ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠthatÀÌ ´ÙÀ½
      ¿¡¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç 'Àú¡­', '±×¡­'ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸
      ·Î ¾²ÀδÙ.
  ¨éÁö½ÃºÎ»ç.
    * Don't eat that much. (±×·¸°Ô ¸¹ÀÌ ¸ÔÁö ¸¶¶ó)
    ¡Þ thatÀÌ ¼ö·®À̳ª Á¤µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Çü¿ë»ç³ª ºÎ»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇϸ鼭 ±×¸¸
       Å­, ±×·¸°ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °æ¿ì ¡æ Áö½ÃºÎ»ç.

  ¨êÁ¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * That he is innocent is certain.  (ÁÖ¾î[¸í»çÀý])
      = It is certain that he is innocent.   (ÁøÁÖ¾î)
    ¡Þ that ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â thatÀÌ Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÎ °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù.
  ¨ë It ¡­ that °­Á¶±¸¹®.
    * I bought the book on Monday.
      = It was on Monday that I bought the book.
  ¨ì°ü°è´ë¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * He is the greatest actor that has ever lived.
    ¡Þ thatÀÌ °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÏ ¶© that ¾Õ¿¡ ¼±Çà»ç°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç that¡­ÀÇ
      ¹®Àå¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¾î, ¸ñÀû¾î, ¶Ç´Â º¸¾î°¡ »ý·«µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨í°ü°èºÎ»çÀÇ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * This is the last time that(when) I teach you.
    * This is the village that(where) the poet was born.
    ¡Þ thatÀÌ °ü°èºÎ»ç when, where, why, how µîÀÇ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
    ¡Þ ThatÀÇ ¹ßÀ½: Áö½Ã´ë¸í»ç, Áö½ÃÇü¿ë»ç, Áö½ÃºÎ»çÀÏ ¶§ ¡æ [d t].
                    °ü°è´ë¸í»ç, Á¢¼Ó»ç, °ü°èºÎ»çÀÏ ¶§     ¡æ [d t].
9. °ü°è´ë¸í»ç What
  * What(that which) is beautiful is not always good. (ÁÖ¾î

[¸í»çÀý])
  * I will do what(all that) I can. (¸ñÀû¾î[¸í»çÀý])
    ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç whatÀº ¼±Çà»ç¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù: what = ¼±Çà»ç + °ü°è´ë¸í»ç.
      whatÀº that which¡­, all that¡­, anything that¡­, the thing which¡­¿Í
      °°Àº ¿ë¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
  ¡Å whatÀº ÀÚü³»¿¡ ¼±Çà»ç¿Í °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾúÀ¸¸ç ¸í»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÑ´Ù.
  * What one has: Àç»ê, What one is : ÀΰÝ.
    ¡Þ You should judge a man not by what he has but by what he is.
  * A is to B what C is to D
    = Just as C is to D, so is A to B
    = What C is to D, A is to B
    = A°¡ B¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è´Â C°¡  D¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¿Í °°´Ù.
    ¡Þ Reading is to the mind what(as) exercise is to the body.
       = Just as exercise is to the body, so is reading to the mind.
       = What exercise is to the body, reading is to the mind.
         (µ¶¼­°¡ ¸¶À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ½Åü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¿Í °°´Ù.)
  * What is + ºñ±³±Þ: ´õ¿í ¡­ ÇÑ °ÍÀº.
    ¡Þ She is beautiful, and what is better still, tender-hearted.
  * What with A and (what with) B
    = ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â A ¶§¹®¿¡, ¶Ç ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â B ¶§¹®¿¡. (¿øÀÎ, ÀÌÀ¯)
    ¡Þ What with fatigue and (what with) hunger, he fell down as if he were dead.
       (Çǰﵵ ÇÏ°í ¹èµµ °íÇÁ°í ÇØ¼­ ±×´Â Á×Àº »ç¶÷ó·³ ¾²·¯Á³´Ù.)

  * What by A and (what by) B. (¼ö´Ü, ¹æ¹ý)
    = ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â A¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ¶Ç ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â B¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­...
    ¡Þ What by threats and (what by) entreaties, he achieved his aim.
       (Çù¹Úµµ ÇÏ°í ¶Ç °£Ã»µµ ÇØ¼­, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇß´Ù.)
  * He is, what we call, a self-made man.
    (±×´Â ¼ÒÀ§ ÀÚ¼ö¼º°¡ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù.)
10. °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý°ú °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý
  * He had three sons, who became statesmen. (°è¼ÓÀû¿ë¹ý, who = and they)
  * He had three sons who became statesmen.  (Á¦ÇÑÀû, ÇÑÁ¤Àû ¿ë¹ý)
    ¡ÞÁ¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý: °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ À̲ô´Â Çü¿ë»çÀýÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼±Çà»ç¸¦
      ¼ö½ÄÇϸç Á¦ÇÑ, ¶Ç´Â ÇÑÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó°í Çϸç, °ü°è
      ´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ,(comma)°¡ ¾ø°í µÚ¿¡¼­ ¿Ã·Á ¹ø¿ªÇÑ´Ù.
    ¡Þ°è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý: °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ,(comma)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¼±Çà»ç¸¦ ¼ö½Ä, ±×
      °Í¿¡ °üÇØ ¼³¸íÀ» ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó°í Çϸç, Á¢¼Ó»ç(and,
      but, for, though) + ´ë¸í»çÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.  ¶ÇÇÑ À̰ÍÀº À§·ÎºÎÅÍ
      ³»·Á ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¸ç °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ »ý·«ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϰí thatÀº ÀÌ ¿ë¹ý¿¡ ¾µ
      ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
  * He had four sons who became doctors.

    ¡æ Á¦ÇÑÀû ¿ë¹ý - Àǻ簡 ¾Æ´Ñ ¾ÆµéÀÌ ¶Ç ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.
    He had four sons, who became doctors.
    ¡æ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý - ¾Æµé ³ÝÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¸ðµÎ Àǻ簡 µÇ¾ú´Ù.
  * Everybody likes Tom, who is kind. ( , who = for he)
    (¸ðµÎ TomÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â Ä£ÀýÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.)
    I met a boy, who told me the news. ( , who = and he)
    (³ª´Â ÇÑ ¼Ò³âÀ» ¸¸³µ´Âµ¥, ±×°¡ ±× ¼Ò½ÄÀ» ³ª¿¡°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù.)
    The farmer, who is poor, is honest. ( , who = though he)
    (±× ³óºÎ´Â ºñ·Ï °¡³­ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¤Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.)
11. °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ »ý·«
  ¨çŸµ¿»ç ¶Ç´Â ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû°Ý.
    * This is the boy (whom) we saw yesterday. (µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î)
    * He has no friend (whom) he can depend upon. (ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î)
    * This is the house (which) he lives in.
      ¡Þ °ü°è´ë¸í»ç¸¦ »ý·« ÇÒ ¶§, °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â µÚ¿¡ ¿Â´Ù.
  ¨èÁְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§
    * He is not the man (which or that) he was two years ago.
  ¨é°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ there is, there are°¡ °è¼Ó µÉ ¶§.

  * He taught me the difference (that) there is between right and wrong.
  ¨êThere is, Here is, It is, What is, Who is·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ ±¸¹®¿¡¼­.
    * There is a boy (who) wants to see you.
    * It was he (that) met her yesterday.

  ¨ë¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ »ý·«ÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ´Â °æ¿ì.
    ¨Í °ü°è´ë¸í»çÀÇ °è¼ÓÀû ¿ë¹ý¿¡¼­´Â »ý·«ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
      ¡Þ I bowed to the gentleman, whom I knew well.
    ¨Î ÀüÄ¡»ç + °ü°è´ë¸í»ç°¡ ½Ã°£, Àå¼Ò, ¹æ¹ý µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
      ¡Þ I remember the day on which he went to the front. (= when, ½Ã°£)
    ¨Ï of which, of whomÀÌ ¾î´À ºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â »ý·«ÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
      ¡Þ I bought ten pencils, the half of which I gave my brother.
12. ±¸¿Í Àý
  ¡Þ±¸ºÐ: µÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¸ð¿© ÇѰ³ÀÇ Ç°»ç¿Í °°Àº ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
    ±¸³ª ÀýÀ̶ó°í Çϸç, [ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç]ÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é 'Àý'À̰í, ¾øÀ¸¸é
    '±¸'¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
13. ¸í»çÀû, Çü¿ë»çÀû, ºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ý: ¸í»ç±¸, ¸í»çÀý, µ¿¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ¸í»çÀû¿ë¹ý.
    ¡Þ ÁÖ¾îÀÚ¸®.
      * Tom is a student.
      * To solve this problem is difficult.
    ¡Þ ¸í»çº¸¾î ÀÚ¸®: Áְݺ¸¾î°¡ ÁÖ¾î¿Í equalÀÌ ¼º¸³µÇ¸é ¸í»çº¸¾î¶ó ÇÏ
       ¸ç, ÀÌ °æ¿ì¸¦ ¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.  ÁÖ¾î¿Í equalÀÌ ¼º¸³ µÇÁö
       ¾Ê°í ÁÖ¾îÀÇ µ¿ÀÛÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¸é Çü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
      * Tom is an impostor. (Tom = impostor)
    ¡Þ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î ÀÚ¸®. (4Çü½ÄÀÇ D¡¤O µµ ÇØ´çµÊ)
      * I know Tom.
      * I know that he is honest.
    ¡Þ ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î ÀÚ¸®.
      * We cannot rely on what he says.
    ¡Þ µ¿°ÝÀÇ ÀÚ¸®.
      * He has one aim¢ã to make money. (one aim = to make money)
  ¨èÇü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ý: Çü¿ë»ç±¸, Çü¿ë»çÀý, ÇöÀçºÐ»ç.
    ¡Þ ¸í»ç µÚ¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ¼ö½Ä. (ÇÑÁ¤Àû¿ë¹ý)
      * The house on that hill is my uncle's.    (Çü¿ë»ç±¸)
      * The girl playing the piano is my sister. (ÇöÀçºÐ»ç)
    ¡Þcf) I am fond of playing the piano.  (¸í»çÀû¿ë¹ý[µ¿¸í»ç])
          ¡æ ÇöÀçºÐ»ç´Â Çü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀÌ¸ç µ¿¸í»ç´Â ¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
    ¡Þ Çü¿ë»ç º¸¾î (ÁÖ¾î ¡Á º¸¾î)
      * The book is of great value.
      * We are to climb Mt. Hanra this summer.
      * My plan is to climb Mt. Hanra this summer.
  ¨éºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý: ºÎ»ç±¸, ºÎ»çÀý, ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎ»çÀû¿ë¹ý.
    ¡ÞºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀº »ý·«Çصµ ¹®Àå¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ÁöÀåÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
      ¡æ Çü¿ë»çÀû¡¤¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö.
      * He got up early that he might catch the bus.
      * Though he was brave, he turned pale.
14. º¹ÇÕ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç: °ü°è»ç + -ever.(whoever, whomever...)
    ¡Þ What°ú º¹ÇÕ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç´Â ¸ðµÎ ¼±Çà»çÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ°ú °ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¿ªÇÒÀ»
      µ¿½Ã¿¡ Çϰí ÀÖÀ½.
  ¨ç¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ý.
    * Give it to whoever wants it. (= anyone who; wantsÀÇ ÁÖ¾î)
    * Give it to whomever you like. (= anyone whom; likeÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î)
    * Choose whichever you like. (= anything that)
    * I will give you whatever you need. (= anything that)
  ¨èÇü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ý.
    * You may read whatever book you like.(= any book that)
    * Take whichever book you like. (= any of the books that)
    * Whosever horse comes in first wins the prize. (= anyone whose)
      ¡Þ whosever´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾²ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í anyone whose°¡ ¾²ÀδÙ.
  ¨èºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý. (¾çº¸ÀÇ ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À¯µµ)
    * Whoever may come, he will be welcome. (= No matter who)
    * Whatever you may do, do it well. (= No matter what)
    * Whichever you choose, you will be pleased. (= No matter which)
      ¡Þ¿À´ÃÀÇ ¿µ¾î¿¡¼­´Â may¸¦ ¾È ¾²°í Á÷¼³¹ýÀ» ¾²´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù.
      ¡ÞWhatever´Â ºÎÁ¤¹®, Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼­ °­Á¶¾î·Î ¾²ÀδÙ.
        * There can be no doubt whatever about it.
        * Is there any chance whatever?
          (Á¶±ÝÀÌ¶óµµ °¡¸ÁÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?)
15. °ü°è Çü¿ë»ç
  * He spoke to me in french, which language I could not understand.
    ¡Þ°ü°è´ë¸í»ç·Î¼­ÀÇ which°¡ ¸í»ç language¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÑ´Ù.
  * I gave them what money I had.
    ¡ÞwhatÀº money¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ I had¸¦ Çü¿ë»çÀý·Î money¿¡ ¿¬°á½ÃŲ´Ù.
    = I gave them all the money that I had. (what = all the....that)
  * I will approve whichever(or whatever) course you decide on.(º¹ÇÕ°ü°èÇü¿ë»ç)
16. ÀÇ»ç °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç As
  ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç¿¡ such, the same, asµîÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, µÚÀÇ as´Â °ü°è´ë¸í»ç·Î º»´Ù.
  * Choose such friends as will benefit you. (willÀÇ ÁÖ¾î; ÁÖ°Ý)
  * I have the same trouble as you have. (haveÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î; ¸ñÀû°Ý)
  * As many men as came were caught. (¿Â »ç¶÷Àº ´Ù ºÙÀâÇû´Ù; ÁÖ°Ý)
  * He is absent, as is often the case. (asÀÇ ¼±Çà»ç´Â He is absent(Àý))
  * He is American, as I knew from his accent.
    (±×ÀÇ ¸»Åõ·Î ¾È ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸ ±×´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÎ À̾ú´Ù.)
  * As was the custom with him, he went out for a walk after supper.
    (¿©´À¶§Ã³·³ ½Ä»ç ÈÄ¿¡ »êÃ¥ ³ª°¬´Ù.)

17. ButÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç µîÀ§ Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì.
    * Summer is hot, but winter is cold.
    * He is a hard-working but not very intelligent boy.
  ¨è ºÎ»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì.
    * He is but a child. (±×´Â ´ÜÁö ¾î¸°¾Ö¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.)
    * It is but a question of money. (±×°ÍÀº ´ÜÁö µ·¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù.)
      ¡Þ ºÎ»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é ´ÜÁö, ¿À·ÎÁö, ºÒ°ú(only)ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç,
         ButÀ» »ý·«Çصµ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨é ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì.
    * All but him were drowned. (±×¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÍ»çÇß´Ù.)
    * Nobody but me attended the meeting.
      (³ª¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¾Æ¹«µµ ±× ¸ðÀÓ¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.)
      ¡Þ butÀÌ ÀüÄ¡»ç·Î ¾²À̸é except, saveÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç,
         butÀ» »ý·«ÇÏ¸é ¹®ÀåÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. (but + ¸ñÀû°Ý ÇüÅ·Π¾µ °Í.)
  ¨ê Á¾¼Ó Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì.
    * No one is so old but he may learn.
      = No one is so old that he may not learn.
      ¡Þ Á¾¼Ó Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¾²À̸é that ¡­ notÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸ç,
         butÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¹®ÀåÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

  ¨ë °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì.
    ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç¿¡ ºÎÁ¤¾îÀÎ not, no µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì, but¼Ó¿¡ notÀÇ ¶æ Æ÷ÇÔ
    * There is no rule but has some exceptions.
      = There is no rule that has not some exceptions.
      ¡Þ butÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¹®Àå ºÒ¿ÏÀü
18. ÀÇ»ç °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç than
  ¡Þ¼±Çà»ç¿¡ more°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹®Àå¿¡¼­ ÁÖ°Ý ¶Ç´Â ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ¸·Î
  * There are more books than are needed.
  * Her service has been more valuable than was supposed.
19. ÀÌÁß Á¦ÇÑ
  ¡ÞµÎ°³ÀÇ °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç°¡ À̲ô´Â Çü¿ë»çÀýÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ¼±Çà»ç¸¦ °øµ¿À¸·Î ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â °Í.
  * There is no one that we know who can do such a thing.
  * Is there anything that you want which you do not have?


    µ¿ »ç ÀÇ  Á¾ ·ù

1. 1Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V (¿ÏÀü ÀÚµ¿»ç)
   * I go to church on sundays.
   * Nowadays farming doesn't pay.
    ¡Þ pay´Â Ÿµ¿»ç·Î ¾²À̸é ÁöºÒÇÏ´Ù, û»êÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æ.
        ÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é º¸´äÇÏ´Ù, ¼öÁö°¡ ¸Â´ÙÀÇ ¶æ.
    ¡Þ be°¡ ¿ÏÀüÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ¾²À̸é Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Ù, ÀÖ´Ù.
    ¡Þ do°¡ ¿ÏÀüÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é Æí¸®ÇÏ´Ù, ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù, ¾Ë¸Â´Ù.
2. 2Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V + C (ºÒ¿ÏÀü ÀÚµ¿»ç)
  ¨ç¸í»çº¸¾î¿Í Çü¿ë»çº¸¾î.
    * He is a soldier.  (He = soldier)  ( S = V;  ¸í»ç º¸¾î)
    * He is gloomy.     (He ¡Á gloomy)  ( S ¡Á C; Çü¿ë»çº¸¾î)
  ¨è becomeÇü µ¿»ç
    * become, grow, get, go, come, run, fall, turn ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¸í»ç³ª Çü¿ë
     »ç°¡ ¿À¸é Áְݺ¸¾î·Î ¾²¿©¼­ 2Çü½Ä ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î"¡­ÀÌ µÇ´Ù"¿Í °°Àº ºÒ¿Ï
     Àü ÀÚµ¿»ç°¡ µÊ.
    * He become a composer.  (He = a composer)
    * He went mad.
    * becomeÀÌ Å¸µ¿»ç·Î ¾²À̸é "¡­¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®´Ù"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀδÙ.
      ¡Þ Her new dress become her well.
  ¨é remainÇü µ¿»ç.
    * remain, keep, lie, hold, continue ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¸í»ç³ª Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿À¸é º»
      ·¡ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁö°í °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ "¡­ÇÏ´Ù", "¡­ÇÑ »óŰ¡ µÇ´Ù" ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ
      2Çü½Ä ¹®ÇüÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
    * He remained silent.
                  poor all his life.
                  faithful to the last.
  ¨êÁö°¢µ¿»ç(°¨°¢µ¿»ç) + Çü¿ë»ç.
    ¡Þ feel, smell, sound, taste µîÀÇ ÁöÀÛµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿À¸é 2
       Çü½Ä ¹®ÀåÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
    * feel ¡­  : ¡­Ã³·³ ´À³¢´Ù.      * taste¡­  : ¡­ÇÏ°Ô ¸ÀÀ̳ª´Ù.
    * smell¡­  : ¡­ÇÏ°Ô ³¿»õ°¡³ª´Ù.  * sound¡­  : ¡­ÇÏ°Ô µé¸®´Ù.
      ¡Þ¹Ýµå½Ã Çü¿ë»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨ë±âŸ.
    * Helen looks happy.
    * She appears sensible.
    * The wound prove (to be) fatal.

3. À¯»çº¸¾î
    * S + live, die.    --+
          marry.        | + ¸í»çº¸¾î  ; ÁÖ¾î¿Í equal.
          go.   |   Çü¿ë»çº¸¾î; ÁÖ¾îÀÇ »óÅ µ¿ÀÛ ¼³¸í.
          be born.      |   ÇöÀçºÐ»ç  ; ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ´Éµ¿Àû µ¿ÀÛ.
          stand.        |   °ú°ÅºÐ»ç  ; ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¼öµ¿Àû µ¿ÀÛ.
          sit, return.--+
          ¡æ ¿ÏÀüÀÚµ¿»çÀ̳ª ´ÙÀ½¿¡ º¸¾î°¡ ¿À¸é ¸ðµÎ 2Çü½Ä¹®ÀåÀÌ µÊ.(À¯»çº¸¾î)
    * He died a beggar. (He died + He was a beggar)
    * The old man sat surrounded by the children.
4. 3Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V + O (¿ÏÀüŸµ¿»ç)
    * S + ¿ÏÀüŸµ¿»ç    --+
          Å¸µ¿»ç±¸      | + ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»ç, µ¿¸í»ç,
          ÀÚµ¿»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç       --+   µ¿Á·¸ñÁ·¾î, Àç±Í´ë¸í»ç (S ¡Á O)
    * God made man.           (God ¡Á man)    ; 3Çü½Ä.
    * He will make a scholar. (He = a scholar); 2Çü½Ä.
5. µ¿Á·¸ñÀû¾î: ÀÚµ¿»ç°¡ °°Àº ¾î¿øÀÇ ¸í»ç¸¦ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °°
   Àº ¾î¿øÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ µ¿Á·¸ñÀû¾î¶ó ÇÔ.
    * He lived a happy life (3) ¡æ He lived happily.

(1)
    ¡ÞÃÖ»ó±Þ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â µ¿Á·¸ñÀû¾î´Â »ý·«ÇÔ.
      * She smiled her brightest (smile).
      * He shouted his loudest (shout).
6. 4Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V + I.O + D.O   (¼ö¿©µ¿»ç)
    * I gave her the book.       (4Çü½Ä)
      = I gave the book to her.  (3Çü½Ä)
      ¡Þ to  + I.O ¡æ pay, bring, hand, deny, sell, send, lend, give...
         for + I.O ¡æ buy, build, make, get, order...
         of  + I.O ¡æ ask...
         on  + I.O ¡æ play, impose, bestow, confer...
        * I paid him the money.   ¡æ I paid the money to him.
        * I will buy you a watch. ¡æ I will buy a watch for you.
        * I asked him a question. ¡æ I asked a question of him.
        * He played me a trick    ¡æ He played a trick on me.
7. °£Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ¹®¹Ì·Î º¸³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µ¿»ç
   : envy, save, forgive, pardon µî......
    * I envy him his patience.  (¡Û)
      ¡æ I envy his patience to him. (¡¿)
8. ¼ö¿©µ¿»ç·Î Âø°¢Çϱ⠽¬¿î µ¿»ç
   : explain, introduce, announce, confess, describe, prove, suggest,
     propose µî...

    ¡Þ explain... µîÀº 4Çü½Ä µ¿»ç·Î´Â ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¿ì¸®¸»ÀÇ °£Á¢¸ñÀû¾î
       ¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀº 'to + I.O'ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠºÎ»ç±¸¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç¿ë.
      * I will explain to you what this means.
9. 5Çü½Ä ¹®Çü: S + V + O + O¡¤C  (ºÒ¿ÏÀü Ÿµ¿»ç)
    ¡Þ S + V + O +  ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç : ¸ñÀû¾î¿Í equal
                    Çü¿ë»ç : ¸ñÀû¾îÀÇ »óÅ ¼³¸í
                    ºÎÁ¤»ç, ÇöÀçºÐ»ç : ¸ñÀû¾î¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è ´Éµ¿Àû
                    °ú°ÅºÐ»ç : ¸ñÀû¾î¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è ¼öµ¿Àû

 ¨ç O¡¤C°¡ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â ´ë¸í»ç
    * He is a great scholar  : 2Çü½Ä
      = I believe him (to be) a great scholar. : 5Çü½Ä
    * I believe the author to be her  : 5Çü½Ä
      = The author is believed to be she by me  : 2Çü½Ä
      ¡Þ ÁÖ°Ý º¸¾î´Â ÁÖ°ÝÀ» ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î´Â ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ»
 ¨è ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀÏ ¶§
    * I believe him diligent.
 ¨é ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡ ºÎÁ¤»ç
    * I ordered him  to go.
                     to stay in bed.
                     to take a rest.
 ¨ê ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡ ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç (Áö°¢¡¤»ç¿ªµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½)
         Áö°¢µ¿»ç               »ç¿ªµ¿»ç
  ¡Þ S +  see   --+     +- let  -+  + ¸ñ + ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç
          be hold       |       |  make |
          observe       | ¶Ç´Â  |  have |
          hear  |       |  bid  |
          notice        |       +- help -+
          look at       |
          listen to     -+
    * I saw the suspected man (to) enter the building.
 ¨ë ¸ñÀû°Ý º¸¾î°¡ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç
    * I had him (to) build my house.
      = I had my house built by him.
      ¡Þ ¸ñÀû¾î + to do ÀÇ °ü°è´Â ´Éµ¿
10. Ÿµ¿»ç·Î Âø°¢Çϱ⠽¬¿î ÀÚµ¿»ç
    * ¡­À» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Ù. :  graduate from + ¸ñ (O) ¡æ graduate + ¸ñ (X)
    * ¡­À» ºÒÆòÇÏ´Ù. :  complain of + ¸ñ
    * ¡­À» ±â´Ù¸®´Ù. :  wait for + ¸ñ
    * ¡­À» ½ÇÇèÇÏ´Ù. :  experiment with + ¸ñ
    * ¡­À» µ¿Á¤ÇÏ´Ù. :  sympathize with + ¸ñ
    * ¡­À» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Ù. :  interfere with + ¸ñ
    * ¡­À» ½Â³«ÇÏ´Ù. :  consent to + ¸ñ
11. ÀÚµ¿»ç·Î Âø°¢Çϱ⠽¬¿î Ÿµ¿»ç
    * ¡­¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏ´Ù
      : attend to + ¸ñ (¡¿)     ¡æ  attend + ¸ñ (¡Û)
    * ¡­¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®´Ù         :  become + ¸ñ
    * ¡­¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ÅäÀÇÇÏ´Ù  :  discuss + ¸ñ
    * ¡­°ú ´à´Ù             :  resemble + ¸ñ
    * ¡­¿¡°Ô ÀλçÇÏ´Ù       :  greet + ¸ñ
    * ¡­°ú °áÈ¥ÇÏ´Ù         :  marry + ¸ñ
    * ¡­¿¡ ´Ù°¡¼­´Ù         :  approach + ¸ñ
    * ¡­¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Ù  :  mention + ¸ñ
12. °ø±Þµ¿»ç
    * endow A with B   : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ¼ö¿©ÇÏ´Ù. ÁÖ´Ù.
    * entrust A with B =  entrust B to A  : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ¸Ã±â´Ù. À§ÀÓÇÏ´Ù.
    * supply A with B  =  supply B for A  : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Ù.
    * provide A with B =  provide B for A : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Ù.
    * furnish A with B =  furnish B to A  : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Ù. °ø±ÞÇÏ´Ù.
    * present A with B =  present B to A  : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ÁÖ´Ù. ¼±»çÇÏ´Ù.
    * fill A with B    : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ ä¿ì´Ù.
    * equip A with B   : A¿¡°Ô B¸¦ °®Ãß°ÔÇÏ´Ù, ÀåºñÇÏ´Ù.
13. as soon as
    ; as soon as = the moment = the instant = immediately = instantly
      ¡­ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ
  ¡Þ  As soon as        --+
      The moment        |
      The instant       | he saw me, he ran away.
      Immediately       |
      Instantly --+
      = He had  no sooner   seen me  than           he ran away.
                hardly               before(when)
                scarcely             when (before)
      = No sooner   had he seen me  than      he ran away
        Hardly                      before
        Scarcely                    when
      = On (Upon) seeing me, he ran away.
14. º¸¾îÀÇ Çü½Ä
  ¡Þº¸¾î´Â ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç, Çü¿ë»ç ¿Ü¿¡ ºÎ»ç, ±¸, ÀýÀÌ µÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.
  * She is a schoolgirl. (¸í»ç°¡ º¸¾î)
    I thought it to be her. (´ë¸í»ç°¡ º¸¾î)
    She is beautiful. (Çü¿ë»ç°¡ º¸¾î)
  * School is over. (¼ö¾÷ÀÌ ³¡³µ´Ù; ºÎ»ç°¡ º¸¾î)
    He is away. (±×´Â °¡°í ¾ø´Ù; ºÎ»ç°¡ º¸¾î)
  * He ran himself out of breath.(±×´Â ³Ê¹« ¶Ù¾î ¼ûÀÌ Ã¡´Ù; ±¸°¡ º¸¾î)
  * He seems to know me. (±×´Â ³ª¸¦ ¾Æ´Â °Í °°´Ù; ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ º¸¾î)
  * The fact is that I know nothing about it. (The fact = that-clause)
    (»ç½ÇÀº ³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù; ÀýÀÌ º¸¾î)

  * His own efforts have made him what he is.(him = what he is)
    (±×°¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ë·Â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ÀýÀÌ º¸¾î)

 

   µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦(Tense)

1. ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦
  ¡ÞÇü½Ä;
    ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ Çü½ÄÀº be, have µ¿»ç¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ÀϹݵ¿»ç´Â 3ÀÎĪ ´Ü¼ö¿¡
    -s, -es¸¦ ºÙÀÌ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¸ðµÎ ¿øÇü°ú °°´Ù.
    ¡â¾î¹Ì°¡ [s,z, , ,t ,d ]ÀÇ À½À¸·Î ³¡³ª¸é -es¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
      kisses, buzzes, washes
    ¡â¾î¹Ì°¡ 'o'À̸é '-es'¸¦ ºÙÀ̰í, ¾î¹Ì°¡ 'y'ÀÌ°í ±× ¾ÕÀÌ ÀÚÀ½À̸é y
      ¸¦ 'i'·Î °íÃÄ '-es'¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
      goes, echoes, does[d z], hurry ¡æ hurries, ±×·¯³ª buy ¡æ buys.
  ¨çÇöÀçÀÇ »ç½Ç.
    * He lives in England.
    * I see he swimming in the pool.
  ¨èÇöÀçÀÇ ½À°üÀûÀÎ µ¿ÀÛ, Á÷¾÷, ¼º°Ý, ´É·Â...
    * I get up at six every morning.
    * He teaches English.
    * He never takes sugar in his coffee.
  ¨éºÒº¯ÀÇ Áø¸®, »ç½Ç, ¼Ó´ã.
    * The earth moves round the sun.
    * Honesty is the best policy.
  ¨ê¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç.
    * Caesar crosses the Rubicon and enters Italy.
  ¨ë¿¾»ç¶÷, ¿¾³¯ Ã¥¿¡ ¾²ÀÎ ¸»À» ÀοëÇÒ ¶§ ÇöÀçÇüÀ» ¾¸À¸·Î¼­ »ý»ýÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ µÈ´Ù.

    * Dryden says that none but the brave deserve(s) the fair.
      (¿ë±âÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ ¹ÌÀÎÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í µå¶óÀ̵çÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.)
  ¨ë¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ ´ë¿ë.
    : ¿Õ·¡¹ßÂø(èÙÕÎÛ¡ó·)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â go, come, start, leave, arrive
      depart, meet, return, sail, ride³ª  °³½Ã¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â begin µîÀÇ
      µ¿»ç´Â ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ºÎ»ç, ºÎ»ç±¸¿Í ÇÔ²² ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π¹Ì
      ·¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
    * He starts (= will start) for seoul tomorrow morning.
  ¨ì½Ã°£, Á¶°ÇºÎ»çÀý¿¡¼­ ¹Ì·¡ ´ë¿ë (¸í»çÀýÀ̳ª Çü¿ë»çÀý¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ì·¡
     ½ÃÁ¦¸¦ ±×´ë·Î ¾´´Ù)
    * I will not start if it rains tomorrow.
    * I don't know if it will rain tomorrow.
2. °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦
  ¡Þ±ÔĢȰ¿ë: ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ed¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
    stop ¡æ stoped.(´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ÀÚÀ½), try ¡æ tried. (ÀÚÀ½ + y)

    ¡â2À½ÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç°¡ [´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ´ÜÀÚÀ½]À¸·Î ³¡³ª°í ¾×¼¾Æ®°¡ µÚ À½Àý¿¡
      ¿À¸é ÀÚÀ½À» Áߺ¹Çϰí -ed¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
      om/it ¡æ omitted, pref/er ¡æ preferred, occ/ur ¡æ occurred.
      ±×·¯³ª  v/isited, /offered, l/imited.
    ¡âpicnic ¡æ picnicked, mimic ¡æ mimicked.
  ¡ÞºÒ±ÔĢȰ¿ë: ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ed¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂ.
  ¨ç°ú°ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ, »óÅÂ, ½À°ü.
    * The hosts met their guests.
  ¨è°ú°ÅÇüÀÌ °ú°Å¿Ï·á¸¦ ´ë½Å ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì.
    * When I finished (= had finished) the work, I went out.
    ¡ÞÁ¢¼Ó»ç when, after, till, before, as soon as µîÀÇ Á¢¼Ó»ç´Â ½Ã°£
      ÀÇ ÀüÈİü°è°¡ ¸íÈ®ÇϹǷΠ°ú°Å¿Ï·á ½ÃÁ¦¸¦ ±¸Å¿© ¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ½.
3. ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦
+-----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|       \       |   1 ÀΠĪ     |    2 ÀΠĪ    |    3 ÀΠĪ    |
+-----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|                |  I shall      |   You will    |   He will     |
| ´Ü ¼ø ¹Ì ·¡   +----------------+----------------+----------------+
|                 |  Shall I?     |   Shall you?  |   Will he?    |
+--+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|ÀÇ|SpeakerÀÇ ÀÇÁö|     |   You shall   |   He shall    |
|Áö+--------------+   I will    +----------------+----------------+
|¹Ì|ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ÀÇÁö |       |   You will    |   He will     |
|·¡+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|       |HearerÀÇ ÀÇÁö  |   Shall I?    |   Will you?   |   Shall he?   |
+--+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
  ¨ç´Ü¼ø¹Ì·¡.
    ¡ÞÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ °á°ú, ¿¹Á¤, °¡´É, ±â´ë µî°ú °°ÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ »çÇ×À» ³ªÅ¸
      ³»´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ ´Ü¼ø¹Ì·¡¶ó ÇÑ´Ù. (Ú¸åÞ¿¡¼­´Â ÀüºÎ Will)
      * I shall be sixteen years old next year.
  ¨èÀÇÁö¹Ì·¡.
    * All right, I will do so. (ÁÁ¾Æ, ±×·¸°Ô Çϰھî)
4. ÁøÇàÇü½ÃÁ¦
  ¨çÇöÀçÁøÇàÇü (be + ¡­ing)
    * It is raining now.       (ÇöÀç ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ µ¿ÀÛ)
    * He is always grumbling.  (½À°üÀûÀÎ µ¿ÀÛ)
    ¡Þ always, constantly, continually µîÀÇ ºÎ»ç°¡ ÇöÀçÁøÇàÇü°ú ÇÔ²²
       ¾²ÀÌ¸é ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀÎ µ¿ÀÛÀ̳ª ½À°ü µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿.
    ¡Þ¹Ì·¡Ç¥½Ã ºÎ»ç±¸¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²À̸é ÇöÀç ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡±î¿î ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¿.
      * We are leaving for Seoul tonight.
    ¡Þ be going to ¡­ÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
       ¨Í The ice is going to crack.(¾óÀ½ÀÌ ¹æ±Ý ±úÁö·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù)
       ¨Î The party is going to be a great success. (¡­ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù)
       ¨Ï My father is going to buy a new car.      (¡­ÇÒ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù)
  ¨è°ú°ÅÁøÇàÇü (was, were + ¡­ing)
    * He was reading a novel when I entered the room.
    * I was studying English when you called on me yesterday.
    ¡Þ°ú°ÅÀÇ ¾î´À ½ÃÁ¡¿¡ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ µ¿ÀÛÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¹Ç·Î °ú°ÅÁøÇàÇü »ç¿ë.
  ¨é¹Ì·¡ÁøÇàÇü (will, shall + be + ¡­ing)
    * He will be reading a novel when we go to bed.
    * We'll be thinking of you when we get to paris.
    ¡Þ w

hen¡­Àº ½Ã°£ºÎ»çÀýÀ̹ǷΠ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ ´ë½Å ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦¸¦ »ç¿ë.
5. ÁøÇàÇüÀ» ¾²Áö ¾Ê´Â µ¿»ç
  ¨çÁ¸Àç (be, exist)³ª »óÅ (seem, look, appear, resemble) µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»
    ´Â µ¿»ç.
    * You look much worried.
    ¡Þ He resembles his father.          (¡Û)
       ¡æ He is resembling his father.   (¡¿)
       ¡æ He resembles with his father.  (¡¿)
       ¡æ He is resembled by his father. (¡¿)
      ¡Þ resembleÀº ÁøÇàÇüÀ» ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠÀüÄ¡»ç withµµ
         ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø°í ¼öµ¿Å·εµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
  ¨èÁö°¢ (feel, see, smell, hear, taste)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â µ¿»ç.
    * I see her swimming in the pool.
    ¡Þ see°¡ ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç·Î¼­ ±¸°æÇÏ´Ù, ¸éȸÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡´É
       Çϸç, hear°¡ û°­ÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
       * They are hearing lectures.
       * I am seeing the sights of Seoul.
      ¡Þ look atÀº ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç·Î¼­ ¡­À» º¸´Ù À̹ǷΠÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç,
        listen to ¿ª½Ã ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç·Î¼­ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ
        °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

  ¨é¼ÒÀ¯ (have, belong, possess, own)¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â µ¿»ç.
     * I have some money with me.         (¡Û)
      ¡æ I am having some money with me. (¡¿)
    * He is having breakfast. (¡Û)
      ¡Þ have°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̷Π¾²À̸é ÁøÇàÇüÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
      ¡Þ belong to´Â ¡­¼ÓÇÏ´Ù, ¡­ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÌ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀ̹ǷΠÁøÇàÇüÀ» ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.
         * This house is belong to me.
6. ÇöÀç¿Ï·á

 °ú°Å¿Ï·áÀÇ ¿µ¿ª    ÇöÀç¿Ï·áÀÇ ¿µ¿ª      ¹Ì·¡¿Ï·áÀÇ ¿µ¿ª
 had+p.p             (have + p.p)         (will(shall) + have + p.p)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
¡è                  ¡è               ¡è                          ¡è
´ë°ú°Å              °ú°Å             ÇöÀç                       ¹Ì·¡


  ¨ç¿Ï·á (just, already, by this time, yet µî°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÓ)
    : ÇöÀç±îÁöÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ ¿Ï·á Ç¥Çö.
    ¡Þ°ú°ÅÇ¥½Ã ºÎ»ç±¸ÀÎ ago, yesterday, then, last, when µî°ú ÇÔ²² ¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ½.
    ¡ÞƯÈ÷ just, now´Â ÇöÀç¿Ï·á¿Í ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇϳª just now´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã °ú°Å
      ½ÃÁ¦¿Í ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
    * He has just come back home.   (¡Û)
      ¡æ He came home just now.     (¡Û)
      ¡æ He has come home just now. (¡¿)
¡¡  ¨èµ¿ÀÛÀÇ °á°ú.
      * She has bought a new car. (°ú°Å¿¡ »ç¼­ Áö±Ýµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù)
        = She bought a new car and has it now.
      ¡Þ have goneÀº 1, 2ÀÎĪ¿¡´Â »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇÔ.
         * I have gone to the station. (¡¿)
         * You have gone to London. (¡¿)
    ¨é°æÇè (°ú°Å¿¡¼­ ÇöÀç±îÁö)
      * Have you ever seen a tiger?
      ¡ÞÇöÀç¿Ï·á½ÃÁ¦ÀÎ have + p.p°¡ °ú°Å ¾î´À ¶§ ºÎÅÍ Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ °æÇèÀ»
        ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© ever, never, once, before, seldom µî°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÓ.
    ¨ê°è¼Ó; »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó - ÇöÀç¿Ï·á have + p.p.

            µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °è¼Ó - ÇöÀç¿Ï·á ÁøÇàÇü have been + ¡­ing.
      * I have known her since she was a child. (¡Û) - »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó.
        ¡æ I have been knowing her since she was a child. (¡¿)
      * He has been studying English for ten years. (¡Û) - µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °è¼Ó.
 7. °ú°Å¿Ï·á (Had + p.p)
   : ÇöÀç¿Ï·áÀÇ ±âÁØÁ¡Àº ÇöÀçÀ̰í, °ú°Å¿Ï·áÀÇ ±âÁØÁ¡Àº °ú°ÅÀÇ ¾î´À Á¤ÇØÁø ¶§ÀÌ´Ù.
  ¨ç¿Ï·á
    * They had arrived at the house before night fell.
  ¨è°á°ú
    * Spring had come by the time she was well again. (°á°ú)
  ¨é°æÇè
    * I recognized Mrs. Brown at once, for I had seen her several times before.
  ¨ê°è¼Ó: »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó - had + p.p.
          µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °è¼Ó - had been + ¡­ing.
    * He had lived there for ten years when his mother died.
    * I had been waiting for an hour when he returned.
8. ¹Ì·¡¿Ï·á (will ¶Ç´Â shall + have + p.p.)
  ¨ç¿Ï·á
    * I shall have finished

the work by the time you come.
      ¡Þ by the timeÀº ½Ã°£À» Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ºÎ»çÀýÀ̹ǷΠ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ will come
         ´ë½Å ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ comeÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.

  ¨è°á°ú
    * When you wake these fancies will have gone.
  ¨é°æÇè
    * I shall have read the poem three times if I read it again.
  ¨ê°è¼Ó: »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó - will(shall) have + p.p.
          µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °è¼Ó - will(shall) have + p.p. + ¡­ing.
    * He will have been in hospital for two weeks by next sundays.
    * I shall have been reading this novel by noon.

 

   Á¶µ¿»ç(Auxiliary Verb)

1. May, MightÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
  ¨çÇã¶ô.
    * May I smoke here?
      - Yes, you may.
      - No, you may (must) not.
  ¨èÃßÃø.
    * He may be rich.
      = It is possible that he is rich. (ÇöÀçÀÇ ÃßÃø, may + ¿øÇü)
    * He may have been rich.
      = It is possible that he was rich. (°ú°ÅÀÇ ÃßÃø, may have + p.p)
    *°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á = might have + p.p.
    * He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.)
      (±×´Â ±×¸¦ ¸¸³¯Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù; ÇöÀçÀÇ ÃßÃø)
      He may have meet her. (= It is possible that he met her.)
      (±×´Â ±×³à¸¦ °ú°Å¿¡ ¸¸³µÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù; °ú°ÅÀÇ ÃßÃø)
      He might have met her.
      = He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á)
      = He did not meet her, as he was busy. (Á÷¼³¹ý °ú°Å)
    ¨é´É·Â.
      * Gather roses while you may. (½Ã±â¸¦ ³õÄ¡Áö ¸¶¶ó)
      * A man may be kn

own by his friends.
    ¨ê±âŸ¿ë¹ý.
    * Whatever he may do          he will not succeed.
      No matter what he may do
      Do what he will
    * He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.
    * May be rest in peace ! (ÆíÈ÷Àáµå¼Ò¼­!, ±â¿ø¹®)
    * Might I ask your mane? (°ø¼Õ)
    * He may well say so.  (¡­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù)
      = He says so, and well he may.
      = He has good reason to say so.
      = It is  natural               that he should say so.
               no wonder
               a matter of course
               not surprising
      = I take it for granted that he says so.
      ¡Þ may + well + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç: ¡­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù.
         °ú°Å: may well have + p.p.
      * You may as well --+  begin at once.
            might as well       |

            had better  --+ ¡æ ¡­ÇÏ´Â°Ô ÁÁ´Ù.
      ¡Þ may (might) as well A as B: BÇÏ´À´Ï Â÷¶ó¸® AÇÏ´Â°Ô ³´´Ù.
        ½ÇÇö°¡´É  : may ¡­
        ½ÇÇöºÒ°¡´É: might ¡­
        ¡âYou may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
          (±×°ÍÀ» ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ¾Æ´À´Ï, Â÷¶ó¸® ÀüÇô ¸ð¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ ³´´Ù.)
          You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.
          (±×¸¦ ¼³µæÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À̸®¸¦ ¼³µæÇÏ·Á´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù.)
2. Can
  ¨ç´É·Â.
    * I can speak English.  (ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ = be able to)
      °ú°Å    : I was able to speak English.
      ¹Ì·¡    : I will be able to speak English.
      ÇöÀç¿Ï·á: I have been able to speak English.
      °ú°Å¿Ï·á: I had been able to speak English.
      ¹Ì·¡¿Ï·á: I will have been able to speak English.
      ¡Þ canÀÇ °ú°Å: was able to.
         be able to¡­ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤: be unable to¡­
  ¨èÃßÃø, °­ÇÑ ÀÇȤ.
 

   * Who can he be?  (µµ´ëü ´©±¸Àϱî?) (°­ÇÑ ºÎÁ¤Àû ÃßÃø)
    * Can it be true? (µµ´ëü ±×°Ô »ç½ÇÀϱî?) (°­ÇÑ ºÎÁ¤Àû ÃßÃø)
    ¡Þ can, cannot µîÀÇ Àǹ®, ºÎÁ¤¹®¿¡¼­ 'µµ´ëü ¡­Àϱî, ¡­Àϸ®°¡ ¾ø
       ´Ù'ÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¾î °­ÇÑ ÀÇȤÀ̳ª ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÃßÃøÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϴµ¥ ¾²
       ÀÓ.
      * He cannot be honest. (ÇöÀçÀÇ ÃßÃø, ±×´Â Á¤Á÷ÇÒ¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù)
        = It is impossible that he is honest.
      * He cannot have been honest. (°ú°ÅÀÇ ÃßÃø)
        = It is impossible that he was honest.
        ¡Þ cannotÀÌ ÃßÃøÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© °ú°ÅÇü¿¡ could notÀ» »ç¿ëÄ¡ ¾Ê°í,
           ¹Ýµå½Ã cannot + have + p.p. ÇüŸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ °Í.
  ¨é±âŸ.
    * You can go home now. (Çã°¡)
    * Could you show me the way to the station? (°ø¼Õ)
    * We cannot be too careful of our health.
    * We cannot praise him too much. (¾Æ¹«¸® ¡­Çصµ Áö³ªÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Ù)


3. Must
  ¨çÇÊ¿ä, Àǹ« (must + ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç)
    * You must go there.
      = It is necessary that you should go there.
      = It is necessary for you to go there.
      ¡Þ mustÀÇ ºÎÁ¤¾î´Â need not, do not need to, do not have to,
         have not to µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ½.
        * You must go there.
          ÀÇ: Do you have to go there?
          °ú: You had to go there.
          ¹Ì: You will have to go there.
    * You have only to do your duty.  (¡­Çϱ⸸ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù)
  ¨èÃßÃø (must + ¹«ÀÇÁöµ¿»ç)
    * He must be honest. (ÇöÀçÀÇ ÃßÃø)
      = I am sure       that he is honest.
        It is certain
      = It is impossible that he is honest.
      ¡Á He cannot be honest.
    * He must have been honest.  (°ú°ÅÀÇ ÃßÃø)
      = I am sure that he was honest.
      = It is impossible

that he was honest.
      ¡Á He cannot have been honest.
  ¨é±âŸ.
    * He must needs come. (²À ¡­ÇÑ´Ù°í °íÁýÇÏ´Ù)
    * Sooner or later, death must come to us all!
      (ÇÊ¿¬; ¹Ýµå½Ã ¡­ÇÏ´Ù. Á¶¸¸°£ Á×À½Àº ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¿Â´Ù)
    * You must not tell a lie. (±ÝÁö; ¡­Çؼ­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù)
      ¡Á You may tell a lie.   (Çã°¡; ¡­Çصµ ÁÁ´Ù)
    * I think that I must go.
      °ú°Å: I thought that I must go.
4. Will, Would
  ¨ç Will : ÇöÀçÀÇ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢Àû ½À°ü. (¡­ÇϰïÇÏ´Ù)
     Would: °ú°ÅÀÇ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢Àû ½À°ü. (¡­ÇϰïÇß´Ù)
    * He will often sit up reading all night.
    * He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.
  ¨è¼Ò¸Á (wish to, want to)
    * He who would search for pearls, must dive deep.
    * Would that       I were young again!
      Would to God
      I wish

  ¨é°ÅÀý, °íÁý.
    * The door will not open. (ÇöÀçÀÇ °íÁý)
    * He would not help me.   (°ú°ÅÀÇ °íÁý)
  ¨ê½À°ü, °æÇâ (He'll°ú °°ÀÌ »ý·«ÇüÀ» ¾µ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù)
    * Accident will happen.
    * Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.
  ¨ë±âŸ.
    * This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. (Æ÷¿ë·Â)
    * Would you pass me the salt? (°ø¼Õ)
    * He would be about twenty, when he met her. (ÃßÃø)
    * He was a strong will.   (±×´Â °­ÇÑ ÀÇÁö¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù)
    * He made his will before his death.
      ¡Þ willÀÌ ¸í»ç·Î ¾²À̸é "ÀÇÁö, ¶æ, ÀÇ»ç, À¯¾ð" µîÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
    * I would rather  die (than) live in dishonor.
        would sooner
        had   rather
      = I would choose death before life in dishonor.
      = I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (ÀüÄ¡»ç + ¸í»ç,µ¿¸í»ç)
      = I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.
  

    = ºÒ¸í¿¹½º·´°Ô »ç´À´Ï Á×´Â °ÍÀÌ ³´´Ù.
5. Should ¥°
  ¨çÀǹ« (should + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç: ¡­ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù)
    * The young should respect the old.
      ¡Þ 'should + µ¿»ç¿øÇü'Àº 'ought to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü'°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Àǹ«
         "¡­ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù"ÀÇ ¶æ.
  ¨è°ú°ÅÀÇ ºñ³­, À¯°¨, ÈÄȸ (should + have + p.p.; ¡­Çß¾î¾ßÇߴµ¥)
    * You should     have worked harder.
          ought to
      = I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder.
      = I wish           you had worked harder.
        Would that
        Would to God
        If only
      = You had to work harder, but you didn't.
  ¨é°­ÇÑÀǹ®, ³î¶÷, ´ç¿¬ (Àǹ®»ç + should)
    * Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?
      ¡Þ should°¡ why, how, who µîÀÇ Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼­ °­ÇÑ Àǹ®, ³î¶÷, ´ç¿¬
         µîÀ¸·Î ¾²À̸é "µµ´ëü ¡­Àΰ¡?"ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * How should I know it? (¼ö»çÀǹ®¹®)
      = I don't know it at all.

    ¡Þ Who should A but b? : µµ´ëü ´©°¡ AÇϴ°¡ Çß´õ´Ï ´Ù¸§¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ù·Î BÀÌ´õ¶ó.
  ¨êÀ̼ºÀû ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ should.
    * It is natural that he should get angry.
      = It is natural for him to get angry.
      = He may well get angry.
      ¡Þ It is + Çü + that¡­ ±¸¹®¿¡¼­ Çü¿ë»ç necessary, important,
         natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational µîÀÌ ¿À¸é thatÀý
         ¿¡ should¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. (ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾øÀ½)
  ¨ë°¨Á¤Àû ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ should.
    * It is strange that she should cry all day long.
      ¡Þ It is ´ÙÀ½¿¡ a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious µîÀÌ
         ¾²À̸é that¡­¿¡ should¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸç, "¡­ÇÏ´Ù´Ï"·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÑ´Ù.
         should + µ¿»ç¿øÇü    ¡æ ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀÏ.
         should + have + p.p. ¡æ °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÏ.
  ¨ì±âŸ.
    * He should arrive by the 6:15 train. (ÃßÃø)
    * I should like to go to America once more.  (¿Ï°îÇÑ Ç¥Çö)
    * Write it down in your notebook lest you should fo

rget it.
    * He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard.
      ¡æ "¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï", ÀÚü ¼Ó¿¡ ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æ Æ÷ÇÔ. should ´ÙÀ½¿¡ not
         À» ¾²Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇ ÇÒ °Í.
6. Should ¥±
    Ãæ°í: advice, advisable.    --+
    ÁÖÀå: insist, demand.       | + that + ÁÖ¾î + should + µ¿»ç¿øÇü
    ¼Ò¸Á: desire, expect.       |
    ¿ä±¸: require, request.     |
    Á¦¾È: propose, move, suggest.       |
    ¸í·É: order.        --+
  * He insisted that he (should) go to the party.
    = He insisted on (¶Ç´Â upon) going to the party.
  * I ordered that he (should) do it himself.
7. Ought to
  ¨ç´ç¿¬, Àǹ«.
    * You ought to start at once.  (¡­ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù, should¿Í °ÅÀÇ °°Àº ¶æ)
    * You ought not to say such things. (ºÎÁ¤; ought not to¡­)
  ¨è°ú°ÅÀÇ À¯°¨, ÈÄȸ, ºñ³­.
    * You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.

      = You should have told me that matter yesterday.
      = I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.
      = I wish you had told me that matter yesterday.
        (³Ê´Â ¾îÁ¦ ±×ÀÏÀ» ³ª¿¡°Ô ¸»Çß¾î¾ß Çߴµ¥...)

      ¡Þought to + have + p.p´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ½ÇÇàµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ À¯°¨, ºñ³­, ÈÄȸ¸¦ ³ª
        Å¸³»¸ç '¡­Çß¾î¾ßÇߴµ¥'ÀÇ ¶æÀ» °®´Â´Ù.
    * He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now.
      (±×´Â Áö±ÝÂë ¸¶¶¥È÷ ¼­¿ï¿ª¿¡ µµÂøÇØÀÖÀ»°Å¾ß; ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ÃßÃø)
  ¨é¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÃßÃø.
    * It ought to be rainy tomorrow. (´ç¿¬È÷ ¡­ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù)
8. Dare
  * I dare not to go there.
  * How are you say such a thing to my face?
    (³» ¸éÀü¿¡¼­ ³×°¡ °¨È÷ ³ª¿¡°Ô ±×·± ¸»À» ÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡?)
    ¡ÞºÎÁ¤¹®, Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼­ Á¶µ¿»ç·Î ¾²¿© "°¨È÷ ¡­ÇÏ´Ù"
  * He does not dare to tell us.
    ¡Þ dare to do : º»µ¿»ç·Î¼­ "°¨È÷ ¡­ÇÏ´Ù"
  * I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = ¾Æ¸¶.
9. Need
  * daily needs: ÀÏ¿ëǰ.
  * immediate needs: ´çÀå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Íµé.
  * The house is in need of repair. (¸í»ç·Î ÇÊ¿ä, ¼Ò¿ë, °áÇÌÀÇ ¶æ)
    ¡Þin need of¡­: ¡­¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ. ¡Þin need: °ï°æ¿¡ ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Â.
  * He needs your help. (º»µ¿»ç, ±×´Â ³ÊÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù)
  * He need

not go there. (Á¶µ¿»ç)
    = He does not need to go there. (º»µ¿»ç)
  * He need not have written to her again.
    (±×´Â ±×³à¿¡°Ô ÆíÁö¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥...(±×·±µ¥µµ ½è´Ù))
    He did not need to write to her again.
    (±×´Â ±×³à¿¡°Ô ÆíÁö¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù.(½è´ÂÁöÀÇ ¿©ºÎ´Â ¸ð¸§))
    ¡Þneed not have + p.p.: ¡­ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥ ¡­¸¦ Çß´Ù.
      did not need to¡­   : ¡­ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
10. Used to
  ¨ç use°¡ ¸í»ç, µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
    * You use your legs when you walk. (µ¿»ç, [ju:z])
    * The telephone is of no use in this town. (¸í»ç, [ju:s])
    * use up = exhaust: ´Ù ½á ¹ö¸®´Ù.
      of no use = useless: ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Â.
  ¨è used to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü.
    * I used to get up early. ([ju:st], °ú°ÅÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢Àû ½À°ü)
      = I was in the habit of getting up early.
      = I made it a rule to get up early.
      = I made a point of getting up early.
 

     = I made it a point to get up early.
    * There used to be a big tree here. (°ú°ÅÀÇ »óÅÂ)
  ¨é be used to + ¸í»ç, µ¿¸í»ç.
    * He is used to driving a car.
      = He is accustomed to drive a car.
                             driving a car.
      ¡Þ be used to ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç°¡ ¿À¸ç "¡­¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇÏ´Ù"ÀÇ ¶æ.
         ±×·¯³ª be accustomed to ´ÙÀ½¿£ µ¿»ç¿øÇü ¶Ç´Â ¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç°¡ ¸ðµÎ ¾²ÀÓ.

 


    ÅÂ (Voice)

1. ¼öµ¿ÅÂ¿Í ´Éµ¿ÅÂ
  ¨çÅÂÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì : µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °üÁ¡ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý±â´Â µ¿»çÀÇ Ç¥Çö Çü½ÄÀ» ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
    ´Éµ¿ÅÂ: µ¿ÀÛÀ» ÇÏ´Â ÂÊ¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÒ.
    ¼öµ¿ÅÂ: µ¿ÀÛÀ» ¹Þ´Â ÂÊ¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÒ.
    ¡â{´Éµ¿Å ¡æ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ}
      ÁÖ¾î ¡¦ ´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ µÊ.
      µ¿»ç ¡¦ [be + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç]·Î.
      by¡­ ¡¦ ´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ by µÚ¿¡ ¿Í¼­ ºÎ»ç±¸¸¦ ÀÌ·ë.
    * He wrote this letter.  (´Éµ¿ÅÂ)
      ñ«   ÔÑ      ÙÍ
      This letter was written by him. (¼öµ¿ÅÂ)
           ñ«         ÔÑ      ÜùÞòÏ£
  * All the people in the world admire Kennedy. (´Éµ¿ÅÂ)
    (¸ðµç ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Äɳ׵𸦠ĪÂùÇÑ´Ù.)
    = Kennedy is admired by all the people in the world. (¼öµ¿ÅÂ)
      (Äɳ׵ð´Â ¸ðµç ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ĪÂù ¹Þ´Â´Ù.)
    ¨è¼öµ¿Å·Π¾µ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µ¿»ç : ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹®ÀåÀ̶ó°í ¸ðµÎ ¼öµ¿Å·Î
      ¹Ù²îÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
      have(°¡Áö°íÀÖ´Ù), resemble, lack, become µîÀº ¼öµ¿Å°¡ ¾ÈµÇ´Â µ¿»çµéÀÌ´Ù.
      ¡âShe resembles her mother. ¡æ Her mother is resembled by her.(¡¿)
      ¡âlet, have¸¦ ¼öµ¿Å·ΠÇÒ

¶§ ¡æ let - be allowed to, have - be asked to.
        * He had me sing. ¡æ I was asked to sing by him.
          He let me go.   ¡æ I was allowed to go by him.
2. [By + ÇàÀ§ÀÚ]¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì
  ¨çÇàÀ§ÀÚ°¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÏ ¶§.
    * English is spoken in Hongkong (by them)
  ¨èÇàÀ§ÀÚ°¡ ¸í¹éÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§, ¶Ç´Â ´©±ºÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀ» ‹š.
    * The house was built in 1470 (by somebody).
  ¨éÇàÀ§ÀÚ°¡ ´©±ºÁö Ç¥Çö ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ» ¶§.
    * Mary and I were invited to Jane's house.
3. ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦
  * Jack builds the house.
    ¡æ The house is built by Jack. (ÇöÀç)
  * Jack built the house.
    ¡æ The house was built by Jack. (°ú°Å)
  * Jack will build the house.
    ¡æ The house will be built by Jack. (¹Ì·¡)
    ¡ÞÀÎĪ¿¡ µû¶ó will, shallÀ» Á¤ÇÑ´Ù.
      ¡âHe will catch me. (´Ü¼ø¹Ì·¡)
        ¡æ I shall be caught by him.
        I will do

it. (ÀÇÁö¹Ì·¡)
        ¡æ It shall be done (by me)
  * Jack has built the house. (ÇöÀç¿Ï·á)
    ¡æ The house has been built by Jack.
  * Jack had built the house.
    ¡æ The house had been built by Jack. (°ú°Å¿Ï·á)
  * Jack will have built the house.
    ¡æ The house will have been built by Jack. (¹Ì·¡¿Ï·á)
  * Jack is building the house.
    ¡æ The house is being built by Jack. (ÁøÇàÇü)
  * Jack can build the house.
    ¡æ The house can be built by Jack. (Á¶µ¿»ç)
4. 4Çü½ÄÀÇ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
    ¡Þ4Çü½ÄÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº ´ë°³ °£Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇϵçÁö, Á÷Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÁÖ¾î·Î
      ÇÏ¿© µÎ°³ÀÇ ¼öµ¿Å°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.  4Çü½ÄÀÇ ¼öµ¿Å´ 3Çü½ÄÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ´Ù.
    * Tom gave me the book.  (4Çü½Ä)
      ¡æ I was given the book by Tom.  (Á÷.¸ñÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î, 3Çü½Ä)
      ¡æ The book was given me by Tom. (°£.¸ñÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î, 3Çü½Ä)
      ¡æ The book was given to me by Tom. (1Çü½Ä)
    ¨çI.O°¡ º¸·ù¸ñÀû¾î°¡ µÉ ¶§ :

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î I.OÀÌ º¸·ù¸ñÀû¾î°¡ µÉ ¶© ±× ¾Õ¿¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç
      to, for, of µîÀ» »ç¿ë.(S + V + I.O + D.O ¡æ S + V + D.O + pre +I.O)
      to »ç¿ëµ¿»ç : send, tell, lend, give, offer, bring, owe, teach, show,
                    write, read, µî...
      for »ç¿ëµ¿»ç: buy, make, find, choose, get, cook, build µî...
      of  »ç¿ëµ¿»ç: ask, inquire, require µî...
      ¡âA letter was sent (to) me by him.
        A watch was bought for me by him.
        Some questions were asked of me by him.
    ¨è D.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç : write, make, get, bring,
      carry, send, throw, pass, hand, read, sell, sing, do µîÀÇ µ¿»ç
      ´Â D.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
      ¡âShe made me a doll.   ¡æ A doll was made for me by her.
        I wrote him a letter. ¡æ A letter was written him by me.
    ¨é I.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç : envy, call, kiss, answer,
      save, spare µîÀº I.O¸¸ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־

 µÊ.
      ¡âThey envied him his luck. ¡æ He was envied his luck by them.
5. 5Çü½ÄÀÇ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  * They elected him chairman. (5Çü½Ä)
    ¡æ He was elected chairman (by them). (2Çü½Ä)
    ¡Þ5Çü½Ä ¡æ 2Çü½Ä ¼öµ¿Å·Π¹Ù²Ù´Âµ¥ ÀÖ¾î Áö°¢, »ç¿ªµ¿»ç°¡ ¾²À̸é
      ¸ñÀûº¸¾î´Â ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
      ¡âI saw him enter the room.
        ¡æ He was seen to enter the room by me.
  * ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â we, you, one, they, people, someone, somebody µî
    Àº ¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼­´Â º¸Åë »ý·«Çϸç, º¸¾î´Â Á־ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
6. 5Á¾ ±âº»Çü½Ä¹® (Active ¡ê Passive)
         Active Voice        ¡æ         Passive Voice
  (Çü½Ä)                                (Çü½Ä)
  [+1] Spring has come.                 [¾øÀ½]
  [+2] It is warm in spring.            [¾øÀ½]
  [+3] He wrote this book.           ¡æ [-1] This book was written by him.
  [+4] He told me the story.         ¡æ [-1] The story was told me by him.

                                        (´Éµ¿Å Á÷Á¢¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ °Í)
                                        [-3] I was told the story by him.
                                        (´Éµ¿Å °£Á¢¸ñÀûÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ °Í)
  [+5] People elected him president. ¡æ [-2] He was elected president by people.
7. ´Éµ¿ÅÂ¿Í ¼öµ¿Å¸¦ ÇÕÇØ º» 5Á¾ ±âº»Çü½Ä¹®
  Á¦ 1Çü½Ä¹® [+1] = (S + V)
             [-1] = (S - V)         ¡æ  +- [+3]¿¡¼­ ¿Â °Í.
        +- [+4]ÀÇ Á÷Á¢¸ñÀûÀ» ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ °Í.
  Á¦ 2Çü½Ä¹® [+2] = (S + V + C)
             [-2] = (S - V + C)     ¡æ      [+5]¿¡¼­ ¿Â °Í.
  Á¦ 3Çü½Ä¹® [+3] = (S + V + O)
             [-3] = (S - V + O)     ¡æ      [+4]ÀÇ °£Á¢¸ñÀûÀ» ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ °Í.
  Á¦ 4Çü½Ä¹® [+4] = (S + V + O + O)
  Á¦ 5Çü½Ä¹® [+5] = (S + V + O + C)
  ¡Þcf) + : ´Éµ¿ÅÂ,  - : ¼öµ¿ÅÂ, ¼ýÀÚ: ¹®ÀåÀÇ Çü½Ä.
8. º¸¾î°¡ ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»çÀÎ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  ¡Þ¼úºÎµ¿»ç°¡ Áö°¢µ¿»ç ¶Ç´Â »ç¿ªµ¿»çÀÏ °æ¿ì, ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç´Â ¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼­´Â
    [to ÀÖ´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç]°¡ µÈ´Ù.

  * We saw him enter the room.
    ¡æ He was seen to enter the room.
  * We heard him sing.
    ¡æ He was heard to sing.
9. ÇÕ¼ºµ¿»çÀÇ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  ¡ÞÇÕ¼ºµ¿»ç´Â ¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼­ ÇÑ ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãë±ÞµÈ´Ù.
  ¨çÀÚµ¿»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç = Ÿµ¿»ç±¸.
    * He laughed at me. (3Çü½Ä)
      ¡æ I was laughed at by him. (1Çü½Ä)
  ¨èŸµ¿»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç = Ÿµ¿»ç±¸.
    * They took good care of the child. (3Çü½Ä)
      ¡æ The child was taken good care of (by them). (1Çü½Ä)
      ¡æ Good care was taken of the child (by him).
  ¨éµ¿»ç + ºÎ»ç + ÀüÄ¡»ç = Ÿµ¿»ç±¸.
    * The villagers looked up to the doctor. (3Çü½Ä)
      ¡æ The doctor was looked up to by the villagers. (1Çü½Ä)
    ¡Þ speak well of, be well spoken ofÀÇ ÇüÅÂ.
      * They speak well of Mary.
        ¡æ Mary is spoken well of (by them).  (¡¿)
        ¡æ Mary is well spoken of (by them).  (¡Û)

10. ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ¸í»çÀýÀÎ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  ¡Þ°¡ÁÖ¾î It¸¦ ³»¼¼¿ìµçÁö, thatÀý ¼ÓÀÇ Á־ ¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÑ´Ù.
    (º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦ = thatÀý µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦ ¡æ ´Ü¼øºÎÁ¤»ç.
     º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦º¸´Ù thatÀý µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦°¡ Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å ¡æ ¿Ï·áºÎÁ¤»ç.)
    * They say that he is honest.
      ¡æ That he is honest is said (by them).
      ¡æ It is said (by them) that he is honest.
      ¡æ He is said to be honest (by them).
    * They say that he was honest.
      ¡æ It is said (by them) that he was honest.
      ¡æ He is said to have been honest (by them).
11. Àǹ®¹® ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  ¡ÞÀǹ®¹®À» ¼öµ¿Å·Π°íÄ¥ °æ¿ì´Â Æò¼­¹® ¡æ ¼öµ¿Å ¡æ Àǹ®¹®À¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î
    °¡¸é ÀÌÇØ°¡ ½±´Ù.
  * Did you plant this tree?
    ¡æ You planted this tree. (Æò¼­¹®)
    ¡æ This tree was planted by you.  (¼öµ¿ÅÂ)
    ¡æ Was this tree planted by you?  (Àǹ®¹®; óÀ½ ¹®ÀåÀÇ Àǹ®¹® ¼öµ¿ÅÂ)
  * Who saw the accident?
    ¡æ Who saw the accident. (Æò¼­¹®; Þª¹®Àå)

    ¡æ The accident was seen by whom. (¼öµ¿ÅÂ; Þª¹®Àå)
    ¡æ By whom was the accident seen? (Àǹ®¹®; óÀ½ ¹®ÀåÀÇ Àǹ®¹® ¼öµ¿ÅÂ)
  * What did he write on the blackboard?
    ¡æ What was written on the blackboard by him?
12. ¸í·É¹® ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  ¡Þ[Let + ¸ñÀû¾î + be + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç]ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  * Do it at once.
    ¡æ Let it be done at once.
  * Don't touch the stone.
    ¡æ Don't let the stone be touched.
    ¡æ Let the stone not be touched.
    ¡â¸í·É¹®ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤Àº µÎ°¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
      [Don't let + ¸ñÀû¾î + be + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç]
      [Let + ¸ñÀû¾î + not + be + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç]
13. ºÎÁ¤¹® ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  * no ¡ê not + any.          * nobody ¡ê not + anybody.
  * never ¡ê not + ever.      * nothing ¡ê not + anything.
  * neither ¡ê not + either.  * no one ¡ê no + anyone.
    ¡Þ notÀº Ç×»ó ¹®µÎ·Î °¡·Á´Â ¼ºÁúÀÌ ÀÖÀ½.
  * Anyone can not solve the problem. (¡¿)
 

   ¡æ No one can solve the problem.  (¡Û)
14. µ¿ÀÛÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç
  ¡Þ´Éµ¿¹®ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â ¼öµ¿Å¿¡¼­ ´ë°³ ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥ ±× ¶§ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥
    ÀûÀÎ ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â byÀÌÁö¸¸, µ¿»ç¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ÀüÄ¡»ç°¡ ¿À´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
  * Snow covers the mountain.
    ¡æ The mountain is covered with snow.
  * Everybody knows the poet.
    ¡æ The poet is known to everybody.
    ¡âA man is known by the company he keeps.
  * His sudden death surprised me.
    ¡æ I was surprised at his sudden death.
    ¡â±â»Ý, ½½ÇÄ, ³î¶÷ µûÀ§ÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â µ¿»ç´Â º¸Åë ¼öµ¿Å·Î
      ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç, ¿©±â ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç´Â ´ë°³ at, with ÀÌ´Ù.
      I am pleased with my students.
      I am satisfied with the result.
      I was astonished at his conduct.
  * This book interests me.
    ¡æ I am interested in this book.
    ¡âI was tired from the work.
      I was tired of my quiet life.
      

The street is crowded with a lot of people.
15. ¼öµ¿Å°¡ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¶§
  ¨ç´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§.
    * He was killed during the war.
  ¨è¼öµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
    * Spanish is spoken in Mexico, too.
  ¨é´Éµ¿ÅÂÀÇ Á־´Ù ¼öµ¿Å Á־ °ü½ÉÀÌ Å¬ ¶§.
    * Mr. Truman was elected president again.

  ¨ê¼öµ¿ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾øÀÌ ÀÚµ¿»ç·Î ´À²¸Áö´Â °æ¿ì.
    ¨ÍÁ¾»ç, À§Ä¡, »ç¸Á, Ãâ»ýÀÇ µ¿»ç.
      * I am now engaged in writing a book.
        ¡Þbe absorbed in: ¡­¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇÏ´Ù.
          be situated = be located: ¡­¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Ù.
    ¨ÎÀÍ»ç, ÇÇÇØ, Å»¼±, ºÎ»óÀÇ µ¿»ç.
      * The river drowned him. (¡¿)
        ¡æ He was drowned in the river. (¡Û)
  ¨ë¾Õ¹®Àå°úÀÇ ¿¬°á»óÀ¸·Î.
    * He made a speech and was asked many questions at the end.
      (±×´Â ¿¬¼³À» Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ¿¬¼³ ³¡¿¡ ¸¹Àº Áú¹®À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.)
  ¨ìÇàÀ§ÀÚ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»Áö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÉ ¶§.
    * Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
      (¸»ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Ò¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿À´Ã¹ã ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ¸î°¡Áö ¸»Çß´Ù.)
16. µ¿ÀÛ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ¿Í »óÅ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  * Our house is painted every year.  (µ¿ÀÛ)
    = We paint our house every year.
  * Our house is painted green.       (»óÅÂ)
    = We have painted our house green.
  * The door is sh

ut at seven every evening. (µ¿ÀÛ)
  * The door is shut now. (»óÅÂ)
17. ÁÖÀÇÇÒ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
  * This novel sells well.
    (ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³Àº Àß ÆÈ¸°´Ù; Çü½ÄÀº ´Éµ¿À̳ª ¶æÀº ¼öµ¿ÀÌ´Ù.)
    ¡ÞThis orange peels well.
      His novels read well.
  * I was greatly astonished at the sight.
    (³ª´Â ±× ±¤°æÀ» º¸°í ¸Å¿ì ³î¶ú´Ù; Çü½ÄÀº ¼öµ¿À̳ª ¶æÀº ´Éµ¿ÀÌ´Ù.
     Æ¯È÷ °¨Á¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»¿¡ ¸¹´Ù.)
  * I had my purse stolen.
    ¡Þ[have (get) + ¸ñÀû¾î + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç]
       ¡¦À» ¡­´çÇÏ´Ù.  ¡¦À» ¡­½ÃŰ´Ù.
       ¡âI had my watch st/olen.  (´çÇÏ´Ù)
         I h/ad my watch mended.  (½ÃŰ´Ù)
  * This house is building.
    = This house is being built. (ÀÌ ÁýÀº °ÇÃà Áß¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.)
    ¡ÞThe meal is now cooking.
  * He is to blame.
    = He is to be blamed.
    ¡âa book to read = a book to be read.
      a house to let: ¼ÂÁý.
      water to drink: À½·á¼ö.


  * He sold the watch a at a good price.  (3Çü½Ä)
  * His new novel sells well.              (1Çü½Ä)
    ¡Þ sell, lock, read, translate, peel µîÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ÇüÅ´ ´Éµ¿À̳ª
       Àǹ̴ ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
18. ½ÃÃʼöµ¿
    * I am acquainted with him.  (»óÅÂ)
    * I became acquainted with him at the party.  (µ¿ÀÛÀÇ ½ÃÃÊ)
      ¡Þ be acquainted with ¡­: "¡­À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÇöÀçÀÇ »óÅÂ
         ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»°í Àִµ¥ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© be µ¿»ç ´ë½Å¿¡ 'become, grow, get +
         °ú°ÅºÐ»ç'ÀÇ ÇüŰ¡ µÇ¸é [ ¡­ÇϰԵǴÙ]ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾î¶²ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾî
         ³ª´Â ½ÃÃʳª µ¿±â¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¹Ç·Î ½ÃÃʼöµ¿À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

 


       ¹ý (Mood)

1. ¹ýÀÇ Á¾·ù
  ¡Þ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ½É¸® ŵµ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ µ¿»çÀÇ Ç¥Çö Çü½ÄÀ» ¹ýÀ̶ó Çϸç, Á÷¼³¹ý,
    ¸í·É¹ý, °¡Á¤¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
  * I am thirsty. (Á÷¼³¹ý)
  * Give me something to drink. (¸í·É¹ý)
  * I wish I had something to drink. (°¡Á¤¹ý)
2. ¹ýÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ë¹ý
  ¨ç¸í·É¹ýÀº µ¿»çÀÇ ¿øÇüÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¸í·ÉÀº »ó´ë¹æ¿¡°Ô ÇϹǷΠÁÖ¾î You¸¦
    »ý·«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸ÅëÀÌÁö¸¸, ƯÈ÷ »ó´ë¹æÀÇ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ²ø·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§´Â »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
     * You read the first paragraph, John.
     * And mind you don't forget to post the letter.
  ¨è¸í·É¹ýÀº Á¢¼Ó»ç and, or¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Á¶°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
    ¨Í¸í·É¹ý + and
       Hurry up, and you will be in time.
       = If you hurry up, you will be in time.
    ¨Î¸í·É¹ý + or
      Hurry up, or you will be late.
      = If you do not hurry up, you will be late.
      = Unless you hurry up, you will be late.
  ¨é Let him go there.
     Let each man do his best.
    ¡Þ¸í·É¹ý¿¡´Â let

¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Çü½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 1ÀÎĪ, 3ÀÎĪ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©µçÁö
      È¤Àº ±ÇÀ¯¸¦ ÇÏ´Â Çü½ÄÀÌ´Ù.
      ¡âLet us ¡­. ÀÇ Çü½Ä¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±¸º°ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
        Let us go. (°©½Ã´Ù)               ¡¦ ±ÇÀ¯ [lets]
        Let us go. (ÀúÈñµéÀ» º¸³» ÁֽÿÀ) ¡¦ Çã°¡ [l/et  s]
      ¡âLet¿¡´Â 3ÀÎĪ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÁÖÀÇÇÒ ¿ë¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
        Let each man do his best.
        = Each man should do his best. (°¢ÀÚ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ÃÖ¼±À» ´ÙÇ϶ó.)
2. °¡Á¤¹ý ÇöÀç
    * If + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç¿øÇü,  ÁÖ¾î + will.  can  + µ¿»ç¿øÇü
         Á¶°ÇÀý(Á¾¼ÓÀý)             shall. may
                                     ÁÖÀý(±Í°áÀý)
    * If it rain (rains) tomorrow, I will not go.
    * If he is honest, I will employ him.     (Á¶°ÇÀý)
    * If he is honest, I will not employ him. (¾çº¸Àý, ¡­ÇÒÁö¶óµµ)

3. °¡Á¤¹ý ¹Ì·¡
    * If + ÁÖ¾î + should (ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¹«ÀÇÁö) + µ¿»ç¿øÇü, [¡æ Á¶°ÇÀý(Á¾¼ÓÀý)]
                  would  (ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ÀÇÁö)
      + ÁÖ¾î + will(would),   can(could) + µ¿»ç¿øÇü. [¡æ ÁÖÀý(±Í°áÀý)]
               shall(should), may(might)
    * If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not come.
      ¡Þ °¡Á¤¹ý ¹Ì·¡´Â ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­ÇÑ ÀǽÉ, ÀÇȤÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿.
         Á¶°ÇÀý¿¡ should + µ¿»ç¿øÇüÀ» »ç¿ë. ¢¡ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­ÇÑ ÀǽÉ.
         would + µ¿»ç¿øÇü ¢¡ ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ÀÇÁö.
    * If you should meet him, tell him to write to me.
      = Should you meet him, tell him to write to me.
      ¡Þ Á¶µ¿»ç + should ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡: If¸¦ »ý·«½Ã.
        * If + ÁÖ¾î + were to¡­, ÁÖ¾î + would, should  + µ¿»ç¿øÇü.
                                        could, might
          * If the sun were to collide with the moon, what would become of the earth?
            ¡Þ °¡Á¤¹ý ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀý¿¡ were to¡­¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀüÇô ºÒ°¡´É
               ÇÑ ÀÏ ¶Ç´Â ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÀÇȤ µîÀ» ³ª

Ÿ³»¸ç ÁÖÀý¿¡´Â would,
               should µî¸¸ °¡´É. will, shall µîÀº »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ½.
4. °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å
    * If + S + Root, were,  S + would, should + Root
               had,  did,       could,
    * As I am ill, I cannot go there. (Á÷¼³¹ý ÇöÀç)
      = If I were not ill, I could go there. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å)
      = Were I not ill, I could go there.    (if »ý·«)
      = But for  my illness, I could go there.
        Without
      = If it were not for my illness, I could go there.
      ¡Þ But for, WithoutÀº ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸·Î¼­ "¡­ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é"ÀÇ ¶æ.  ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â
         ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»çÇüÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
         °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿¡¼­ If it were not for¡­ (¸¸ÀÏ ¡­ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é)·Î °í
         Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
    ¡Þ It is (high) time (that) + S + °ú°Åµ¿»ç ¢¡ ±ä±Þ»çÇ×, ´ç¿¬, ÇÊ¿ä, ÀçÃË.
      * It is time (that) you went to bed.
        = It is time (that) you should go to bed.
        = It is

 time for you to go go bed.
      * If I were a bird, I would fly to you. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å)
        = As I am not a bird, I do not fly to you. (Á÷¼³¹ý ÇöÀç)
5. °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á
    * If + S + had + p.p., S + would, should  + have + p.p.
                               could, might

    * As you helped me, I did not fail. (Á÷¼³¹ý °ú°Å)
      = If you had not helped me, I would have fail. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á)
      = Had you not helped me, I would have failed. (If »ý·«½Ã)
      = But for (Without) your help, I would have failed.
      = If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.
      = Had it not been for your help, I would have failed.
  ¡Þ °ú°Å»ç½ÇÀÇ Á¤¹Ý´ë¸¦ °¡Á¤ÇÒ ¶© °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á Çü½ÄÀÎ If + ÁÖ + had + p.p,
     ÁÖ + would(should...) + have + p.p
  ¡Þ but for, without°¡ °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿¡¼­ ¾²À̸é if it were not for(¸¸ÀÏ ¡­ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é)
     ·Î °íÃÄÁö¸ç °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á¿¡¼­ ¾²À̸é if it had not been for(¸¸ÀÏ ¡­ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´õ
     ¶ó¸é)·Î °íÃÄÁü.
  ¡Þ Á¶°ÇÀý¿¡¼­ Á¢¼Ó»ç if°¡ »ý·«µÇ¸é beµ¿»ç¿Í Á¶µ¿»ç´Â ¹Ù·Î ÁÖ¾î ¾ÕÀ¸·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸ç
     ÀϹݵ¿»ç´Â Á¶µ¿»ç did°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÊ.
6. But for, Without
   ¡æ °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å       +-- if it were not for
        +-- were it not for
      °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á   +-- if it had not been f

or
        +-- had it not been for
  * But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.
    (ž翭ÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¾Æ¹«µµ »ì ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)
  * Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.
    (´ç½ÅÀÇ ½Ã±âÀûÀýÇÑ Ãæ°í°¡ ¾ø¾ú´õ¶ó¸é, ±×´Â ÆÄ¸êÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)
  * But for, WithoutÀÇ ¶æÀº ÁÖÀý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
    ¡ÞBut for his help, I couldn't succeed. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å)
      But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á)
  * but for¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î but thatÀÌ Àִµ¥, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ÀýÀÌ ¿À¸ç,
    ¶Ç Á÷¼³¹ýÀÌ ¿Â´Ù.
    but that = unless
    ¡âBut that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
7. I wish + °¡Á¤¹ý
  ¡Þ I wish + ÁÖ¾î + º¹¼ö °ú°Åµ¿»ç : °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å (ÇöÀç»ç½ÇÀÇ ¹Ý´ë)
     * I wish   --+   I were a bird.  (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å)
       would that       |
       would to God     |   : ÇöÀç ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á
       If only  --+
       = I am sorry     -

-+   I am not a bird.  (Á÷¼³¹ý ÇöÀç)
         It is a pity   |
         I regret       --+

  ¡Þ I wish + ÁÖ + had + p.p : °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á (°ú°Å¿¡ ½ÇÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á)
     * I wish   --+   I had learned English. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á)
       Would that       |
       If only  |
       O that   --+
       = I am sorry     --+   I didn't learn English. (Á÷¼³¹ý °ú°Å)
         It is a pity   |
         I regret       --+
       = I should       -+  have learned English.  : ¡­Çß¾î¾ß Çߴµ¥
           ought to     -+
8. as if + °¡Á¤¹ý
  ¡Þ as if      --+   + ÁÖ + º¹¼ö °ú°Åµ¿»ç
     as though  --+   = °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å : ¸¶Ä¡ ¡­ÀÎ °Í ó·³
     * He talks as if he knew everything.
       = In fact he doesn't know everything.
     * He talked as if he knew everything.
       = In fact he did not know everything.
  ¡Þ as if      --+   + ÁÖ + had + p.p
     as though  --+   = °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á : ¸¶Ä¡ ¡­¿´´ø °Í ó·³
     * He looks as if h

e had been ill.
       = In fact he has not been ill.
     * He looked as if he had been ill.
       = In fact he had not been ill.
     ¡Þ ÁÖÀýµ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦À̸é as if¡­´Â °ú°Å ¶Ç´Â ÇöÀç¿Ï·á¸¦, °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦À̸é
        °ú°Å¿Ï·á½ÃÁ¦¸¦ °¢°¢ Ç¥½ÃÇÔ.
9. È¥ÇÕ °¡Á¤¹ý
   * As I did not take your advice then, I am not happier now.
     = If I had taken your advice then, I would be happier now.
     ¡Þ Á÷¼³¹ý : as¡­´Â °ú°Å, ÁÖÀýÀº ÇöÀçÀ̸é
        °¡Á¤¹ý : asÀýÀº °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á(had + p.p)·Î, ÁÖÀýÀº °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å(would + ¿øÇü)·Î
10. Á¶°Ç Á¢¼Ó»ç . ±¸
  ¡Þ unless = if ¡­ not : ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é
     in case (that) + ÁÖ + µ¿   --+   ¡­ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â
     in case of + ¸í    |    ¸¸ÀÏ ¡­ÇÑ´Ù¸é
     in the event of + ¸í       ---+
     in case ¡­ should           : ¡­ÀÇ °æ¿ì¸¦ ´ëºñÇØ¼­, ¡­ÇÏ¸é ¾ÈµÇ´Ï±î
      * A tiger cannot be tamed, unless it is caught young.
        = A tiger cannot be tamed, if it is not caugh

t young.
      * In case of trouble, call for any help.
      * Take your umbrella in case it should rain.

  ¡Þ provided (that)    ----+
     providing (that)   |
     on condition that  |    ¡­Çϱ⸸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é
     so long as |
     if only    ------+
     suppose (that) = supposing (that)   :  ¡­ÇÑ´Ù¸é (if)
     granted (that)     --+  ¼³·É ¡­ÇÑ´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ
     granting (that)    --+  (even if : ¾çº¸¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¿)
11. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸ (ÀüÄ¡»ç)
    * With guns, we could defeat the enemy.
      = If we had guns, we could defeat the enemy.
12. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸ (±¸)
    * I would not do such a thing in your place.
      = I would not do such a thing if I were in your place.

13. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸ (´Ü¾î)
    * A Korean would not do such a thing.
      = If he were a Korean, he would not do such a thing.
14. Á¶°ÇÀý »ó´ç¾î±¸ (Á¢¼Ó»ç)
  ¡Þ I am engaged now, or       --+ ¡æ if I were not engaged now,
                       or else  | : °¡ . °ú ¡æ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é
                       otherwise        --+   °¡ . °ú . ¿Ï ¡æ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´õ¶ó¸é
     I would accept your invitation.
  ¡Þ but that   ---+    +-  ÁÖ + ÇöÀ絿»ç : ¡­ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é
     expect that        |       +-  ÁÖ + °ú°Åµ¿»ç : ¡­ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´õ¶ó¸é
     but what   ---+
    * As I am poor, I can not go abroad.
      = If I were not poor, I could go abroad.
      = Were I not poor, I could go abroad.
      = But that I am poor, I could go abroad.
      ¡Þ but that ´ÙÀ½¿£ Á÷¼³¹ýÀÌ ¿À¸ç ºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î not¸¦
         ¾²¸é Ʋ¸°´Ù. ÁÖÀýÀÌ °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°ÅÀ̸é but that + Á÷¼³¹ý ÇöÀç ÇüÅÂ
       * but that + Á÷

¼³¹ý ÇöÀç, ÁÖÀý (could + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç)
         but that + Á÷¼³¹ý °ú°Å, ÁÖÀý (would + have p.p : °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å¿Ï·á)
15. Á¶°ÇÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç¿Í ºÐ»ç
  * I should be very glad to speak French : °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å
    = I should be very glad if I could speak French.
  * I should be happy to accompany you.
    = I should be happy if I could accompany you.
      (´ç½ÅÀ» µ¿¹Ý ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±â»Ú°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.)

  * The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
    (ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ¸¸¾à Àü½Ã¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù¸é Å« Àç³­ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)
    happening in wartime. (ºÐ»ç±¸¹®)
    = if it should happen in wartime.
  * Left to herself, she would have gone astray.
    = If she had been left to herself, she ¡­ .
16. ÁÖÀý ¶Ç´Â Á¶°ÇÀýÀÇ »ý·«
    * I could have come yesterday (if I had wanted to come)
    * What if they should be thieves?
      = What would be the result if they should be thieves?
17. ¾ð¿Ü(åëèâ)¿¡ °¡Á¤ÀÇ ¶æÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °íÁ¤µÈ Ç¥Çö¾î±¸.
  ¡ÞÀ̵éÀº ÁÖ·Î »ç¾çÇÏ´Â °â¼ÕÇÑ ¿Ï°î ¾î¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
  ¨ç I should say he was a great scholar. (±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ´ëÇÐÀÚÀÌÁÒ)
    ¡â¿©±â¿¡¼­ÀÇ was´Â should°¡ °ú°ÅÇüÀ̹ǷΠ½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °Í.
  ¨è That would seem strange. (±×´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.)
    ¡âIf you did not know the truth, (Áø»óÀ» ¸ð¸£½Ã¸é)ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ åëèâ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù.
  ¨é I should like to make a tour round the world.(³ª´Â ¼¼°èÀÏÁÖ ¿©ÇàÀ» ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù

.)
    ¡âIf I couldÀÇ ¶æÀÌ åëèâ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù.
      should like to: ¡­ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù.
  ¨ê Would you mind lending me your car?
     (¹Ì¾ÈÇÏÁö¸¸, ´ç½ÅÀÇ Â÷¸¦ Á» ºô·Á ÁֽðڽÀ´Ï±î?)
    ¡âIf I could ask youÀÇ ¶æÀÌ åëèâ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù.
  ¨ë A pin might have been heard to drop. (if it had droppedÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ¼û¾îÀÖ´Ù.)
     I could do it now. (Áö±Ý ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÏ·Á¸é ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.)
       ¡âif I wouldÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ¼û¾îÀÖ´Ù.

 

     ºÎÁ¤»ç (Infinitive)

1. ¸í»çÀû ¿ë¹ý : to+RÀÌ ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¾î, ¸ñÀû¾î, ¸í»çº¸¾î, µ¿°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
  ¨çÁÖ¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì : To learn English is very easy.
                        = It is very easy to learn English.
  ¨è¸ñÀû¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì : I want to read this book
    ¡ÞÀǹ®»ç + to ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¸í»ç±¸ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ.- µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î.
      * I don't know  what to do.
                      where to go.
                      when to do it.
                      whom to go with...............
  ¨é¸í»çº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì :
    * To see is to believe
  ¨êµ¿°ÝÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì :
    * He has one aim, to make money.
2. Çü¿ë»çÀû ¿ë¹ý : To + R ÀÌ ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½Ä(ÇÑÁ¤Àû ¿ë¹ý)ÇϰÅ
   ³ª ¼­¼ú(¼­¼úÀû ¿ë¹ý,be to ¿ë¹ý)ÇÔ
   ¨çÇÑÁ¤Àû ¿ë¹ý : ¸í»ç µÚ¿¡¼­ ¼ö½Ä.
     * I have no friend to help me.
       ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç + °ü°è ´ë¸í»ç + to ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½Ä.
         * I have no house in which to live.
           = I have no house to live in.

     * I have got letters to write.( ½á¾ß ÇÒ ÆíÁö )
     * I want something to write on. ( ¾µ °Í-Á¾ÀÌ µî-)
     * I want something to write with. ( ¾µ µµ±¸-Ææ µî-)

  ¨è¼­¼úÀû ¿ë¹ý : be + to ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ °°Àº ÇüÅ·Π¾²À̳ª ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼­ ÁÖ°Ý
    º¸¾î(Çü¿ë»ç º¸¾î)·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸ç °¢±â ¶æÀ» ´Þ¸®ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ë µÇ¸ç ¿¹Á¤, ÀÇ
    ¹«, °¡´É, Àǵµ, ¿î¸í µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿.
    * ¿¹Á¤ : We are to meet at the post office.
    * Àǹ« : You are to finish it by six.
    * °¡´É : No one was to be seen on the street.
          (ÁÖ·Î ¼öµ¿ÅÂ, ºÎÁ¤¹®, Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë µÊ)
    * Àǵµ : If you are to succeed, you must work hard.
          (IfÀý ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ to be´Â ÁÖ·Î intend toÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ)
    * ¿î¸í : He was never to see his home again.
3. ºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý : to + µ¿»ç ¿øÇüÀÌ ¹®Àå ¾È¿¡¼­ ºÎ»çÀû ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ¸ç ¸ñÀû,
   °á°ú, ¿øÀÎ, Á¶°Ç, ¾çº¸, ÀÌÀ¯.ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ ±Ù°Å, Á¤µµ µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿.


  ¨ç¸ñÀû
    * He works hard  that             He  may pass the examination.
                     so that              can
                     in order that        will

      = he works hard to          pass the examination.
                      so as to
                      in order to
      = He works hard for the purpose of      passing the exam.
                      with the view of
                      with a view to
                      with the intention of
                      with the object of
                  (ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸¡­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©)
    ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç ´ÙÀ½Àº Ç׽à ¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç°¡ ¿Â´Ù. (ÀüÄ¡»ç ´ÙÀ½Àº ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ
      ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ¿Í¾ßÇÏ¸ç ¸ñÀû¾î´Â ¸í»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç¸¸ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.)
    ¡Þ º¹¹®À» ´Ü¹®À¸·Î °íÄ¡´Â ¹æ¹ý :
      ¨ÍÁ¢¼Ó»ç thatÀÇ »ý·«.
      ¨ÎÁÖÀýÀÇ ÁÖ¾î¿Í Á¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ Á־ °°À¸¸é »ý·«.
      ¨ÏÁ¶µ¿»ç »ý·«.
      ¨Ðto¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÎÁ¤»ç ±¸¹®À¸·Î °íħ.
        * She kept quiet so that she might not disturb her father.
          = She kept quiet so as not to disturb her father.
            (ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎÁ¤Àº ºÎÁ¤¾î¸¦ to ¾Õ¿¡ µÐ´Ù)
        

  = She kept quiet lest she should disturb her father.
             (lest ¡­ should ±¸¹®, lest ´ÙÀ½Àº ÀýÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇÔ)
          = She kept quiet for fear of disturbing her father.
            (for fear of ¡­ing, of°¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç. for fear (that)ÀÇ ÇüÅ´ ÀýÀ» ÃëÇÔ)
  ¨è°á°ú:ÁÖ·Î ¹«ÀÇÁö µ¿»çÀÎ awake, live, grow up ´ÙÀ½Àº °á°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¿
    * He awoke to find himself famous.
    * He tried to rise, but it was useless.
      = He tried to rise only to fail.
      = He tried in vain(vainly) to rise.
    ¡Þ so that ¡­, °ú so ¡­ that.
      ¨Í so that¡­: ¸ñÀû, °á°ú(therefor, and so), Á¶°Ç(if only, so long as)
        ¨±¸ñÀû
          * He got up early so that he might be in time for the train.
            = He got up early so as to be in time for the train.
        ¨²°á°ú
          * A great storm arose, so that the ship were wrecked.

        ¨³Á¶°Ç
          * Any book will do, so that it is interesting.
      ¨Î so ¡­ that (so that  ÀÌÇϰ¡ °á°ú ºÎ»çÀý)
          * He got up so early that he was in time for the train.
            = He got up so early as to be in time for the train.
  ¨é¿øÀÎ : °¨Á¤À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â µ¿»ç³ª Çü¿ë»ç ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤»ç´Â ¿øÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿.
    °¨Á¤ µ¿»ç  : smile, weep, grieve.
    °¨Á¤ Çü¿ë»ç: glad, happy, sorry, delighted, pleased, surprised.
    * I was surprised to find her gone.
      = To my surprised, I found her gone.
   ¡Þ to one's + Ãß»ó ¸í»ç (°á°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¿, ¡­ÇϰԵµ)
  ¨êÁ¶°Ç
    * I should be glad to go with you.
      = I should be very glad if I could go with you.
    * I should be very happy to be of any service to you.
      = I should be very glad if I could be of any service to you.
  ¨ë¾çº¸
    * To do his best, he could not succeed in it.

      = Though he did his best, he could not succeed in it.
  ¨ìÀÌÀ¯, ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ ±Ù°Å
    * must be
      cannot be   +  to ºÎÁ¤»ç
      °¨Åº¹®
    * He must be honest to say so.
    * How foolish I was to trust him.
  ¨íÁ¤µµ
    ¡ÞŸµ¿»ç³ª ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î´Â º»ÁÖ¾î·Î °íÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
    * It is not good to drink this water.
      = This water is not good to drink (vt.ÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î)
    * It seems to be comfortable to sleep in this bed.
      = This bed seems to be comfortable to sleep in (pre.ÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î)
  ¨îµ¶¸³ ºÎÁ¤»ç : ¹®Àå Àüü¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇϹǷΠºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý¿¡ ÇØ´ç
    * To tell the truth, I don't like your sister
      (To do him justice, so to speak, to begin with, strange to say,
       To make a long story short, To be sure, not to speak of,
       To make matters worse)
4. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦
   ¨ç ÇüÅÂ
      ¡Þ´Ü¼ø ºÎÁ¤»ç : to + µ¿»ç

 ¿øÇü (º»µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í ÀÏÄ¡)
        ¿Ï·á ºÎÁ¤»ç : to + have + p.p (º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å)

      * He seems to be ill.
        = He seems that he is ill.
      * He seems to have been ill.
        = He seems that he was(has been) ill.

  ¨è * It seems    that + s + v --> s + seems   + to ºÎÁ¤»ç.
          appears                       appears
     * It happens  that + s+ v -->  s + happens  + to ºÎÁ¤»ç.
          chances                       chances
     * It seems that he studied hard.
        = He seems to study hard.
     * It appears that he was rich.
        = He appears to have been rich.
     * It happened that we were on the same bus.
       = We happened to be on the same bus.
5. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ Ç¥½Ã
  (¹Ì·¡ µ¿»ç + to ºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦°¡  º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ ¹Ì·¡)
   ¹Ì·¡ µ¿»ç: want, intend, expect, wish, hope, be likely, be sure.
   * I hope to see him
     = I hope that I shall see him.
   * I hoped to see him.
     = I hoped that I shall see him.
   * It is likely that he will win.
     = He is likely to win.

      ( It is likely that ¡­ , »ç¶÷ ÁÖ¾î + be likely to¡­)
6. °ú°Å¿¡ ÀÌ·çÁö ¸øÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á
   ¡ÞÇü½Ä : s + had + ¹Ì·¡ µ¿»çÀÇ p.p + that ¡­
                had + ¹Ì·¡ µ¿»çÀÇ p.p + ´Ü¼ø ºÎÁ¤»ç
                ¹Ì·¡ µ¿»çÀÇ °ú°ÅÇü + ¿Ï·á ºÎÁ¤»ç.
    * I hoped to see her yesterday.
      = I hoped that I should see her yesterday.
       (±×³à¸¦ ¸¸³ª±â¸¦ Èñ¸Á ÇßÀ½.¸¸³µ´ÂÁö ¸¸³ªÁö ¸øÇß´ÂÁö´Â Ç¥ÇöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½)
    * I had hoped that I would see her yesterday.
      = I had hoped to see her yesterday.
      = I hoped to have seen her yesterday.
      = I had to see her yesterday, but I couldn't.
        (±×³à¸¦ ¸¸³ª±â¸¦ Èñ¸Á ÇßÀ¸³ª ¸¸³ªÁö¸¦ ¸øÇÔ)
7. Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î
   ¡ÞºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î for + ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» ¾¸.
   * I think it difficult that he should solve the problem.
     = I think it difficult for him to solve the problem.
  ¡ÞºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀ̳ª Ư¡À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Çü¿ë»ç (good, fine, bad,
    kind, unk

ind, wise, clever, stupid, foolish, silly, polite,
    thoughtful, considerate, cruel, rude, careful, generous.....) ´ÙÀ½
    ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§´Â of + ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» ¾´´Ù.
   * It is very kind of you to say so.
     = You are very kind to say so.
     = How kind (it is) of you to say so.
   ¡Þ of + ¸ñÀû°Ý¿¡¼­´Â ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» º»ÁÖ¾î·Î °íÄ¥ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
      for + ¸ñÀû°Ý¿¡¼­´Â ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ» º»ÁÖ¾î·Î °íÄ¥ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
      (´Ü, for + ¸ñÀû°ÝÀÏÁö¶óµµ Ÿµ¿»ç³ª ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î´Â º»ÁÖ¾î·Î
       °íÄ¥ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù)
    ¡ÞÀǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°À» ¶© »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
    ¡¡* I expect to succeed.
        = I expect that I shall succeed.
    ¡ÞÀǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ ¹®Àå ÀüüÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ ÇÒ ¶© ÀüÄ¡»ç¸¦ »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
    * I expect (for) him to succeed.
      = I expect that he will succeed.
8. »ç¶÷À» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Çü¿ë»ç.
  : convenient, necessary, difficult, important, impossible,
    possible, pleasant, easy, dangerous µîÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç¿Í a pity¿Í °°Àº ¸í

    »ç´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷À» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷ Á־ ºÎ
    Á¤»çÀÇ Å¸µ¿»ç³ª ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î¿¡¼­ ¿Â °æ¿ì¿£ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
  * It is easy for Tom to master English.
    = English is easy for Tom to master. (¡Û) ¡æ Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î
    = Tom is easy to master English. (¡¿) ¡æ ¸ñÀû°Ý
  * It is cruel of him to beat the dog like that.
    = He is cruel to beat the dog like that.(of + ¸ñÀû°Ý¿¡¼­´Â °¡´É)
  * It is possible for me to solve the problem.
    = I am possible to solve the problem. (¡¿)
  * It is dangerous for her to bathe in this river.
    = This river is dangerous for her to bathe in. (¡Û) ¡æ ÀüÄ¡»çÀǸñÀû¾î
    = She is dangerous to bathe in this river. (¡¿)
  * It is difficult to please him.
    = He is difficult to please.
      ¡Þ difficult´Â »ç¶÷À» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª himÀÌ Å¸µ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾îÀ̹ǷΠ°¡´É
      ¡Þ unable, incapable, be sorry µîÀº ItÀ» ÁÖ¾î·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
        * It is sorry

 for me to hear of your father's death.(¡¿)
          = I am sorry to hear of your father's death. (¡Û)
9. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ÀǹÌ.
   :ºÎÁ¤»ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç¿¡ ºñÇØ "¹Ì·¡Àû", " ±¸Ã¼Àû", "°¡»óÀû"ÀÎ ¼ºÁúÀ» °®´Â´Ù.

  ¨ç¹Ì·¡Àû ¼ºÁú.
     * Mary remembers to go. (In:¹Ì·¡¼º-->°¥ °Í)
     * Mary remembers going. (G:°ú°Å¼º-->°£ °Í)
  ¨è±¸Ã¼Àû ¼ºÁú.
     * To swim is better exercise than to row for older people.
        (¼ö¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¸Ã¼¼º, ¿îµ¿ È¿°ú µîµî...)
     * Swimming is better than exercise rowing for older people.
        (¼ö¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ)
   ¨é°¡»óÀû ¼ºÁú.
     * John likes Mary to stay at home.
       (Mary°¡ Áý¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ¿©ºÎ´Â Ç¥ÇöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½)
     * John likes Mary staying at home.
        (Mary°¡ Áý¿¡ ÀÖÀ½)
     ¡ÞÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀû ¼ºÁúÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ºÎÁ¤»ç³ª µ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î Ãë
       ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â µ¿»çµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
       ¡ÞÁÖ·Î ºÎÁ¤»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç
         : want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine,
           refuse, pretend, manage, offer, agree, promise.........
      ¡ÞÁÖ·Î µ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç
        : admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind

, stop, quit,
          escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off.........
    ¡¡  * He decided to leave school.
          ¡æ He decided leaving school. (¡¿)
          ¡æ He decided on leaving school. (¡Û)
        * He gave up drinking and smoking.
      ¡ÞºÎÁ¤»ç¿Í µ¿¸í»ç¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç.
        ¨Í like, hate,  love, dread, intend,
           + ºÎÁ¤»ç : »ç½Ç¼ºÀÇ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ¾øÀ½.(I like her to sing)
             µ¿¸í»ç : »ç½Ç¼ºÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÊ. ( I like her singing )
        ¨Î forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate,
           acknowledge, emphasize, announce, suspect, admit....
                + ºÎÁ¤»ç: ¹Ì·¡¼º (I remember to post the letter),ºÎÄ¥ °Í.
                + µ¿¸í»ç: °ú°Å¼º (I remember posting the letter),ºÎÄ£ °Í.
        ¨Ï stop + ºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý.(I stoped to smoke)
                + µ¿¸í»ç : stopÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î.       (I stoped smoking)

        ¨Ð try  + ºÎÁ¤»ç : ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Ù.      (Mary tries to write a book)
                  µ¿¸í»ç : ½ÃÇè»ï¾ÆÇغ¸´Ù (Mary tries writing a book)
        ¨Ñ go on + ºÎÁ¤»ç: ½¬¾ú´Ù°¡ ´Ù½Ã °è¼ÓÇÏ´Ù.
                   µ¿¸í»ç: °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ --ÇÏ´Ù.
            * He went on to talk about his accident.
            * He went on talking about his accident.
10. ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç : Áö°¢ µ¿»ç³ª »ç¿ª µ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿£ to°¡ »ý·«µÇ°í µ¿»ç ¿øÇü
    ¸¸ÀÌ ¿À´Âµ¥ À̸¦ ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨ç Áö°¢ µ¿»ç ¶Ç´Â »ç¿ª µ¿»ç + ¸ñÀû¾î + ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç.
     * Áö°¢ µ¿»ç : see, behold, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice,
                   look at, listen to..........
     * »ç¿ª µ¿»ç : make, let, have, bid, help(toµµ °¡´É)
       * I saw him enter the room.
       * I made him write a letter of apology.
         = He was made to write a letter of apology by him.
         (´Éµ¿Å¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¿øÇüºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¼öµ¿Å·Π°íÃÄÁö¸é ´Ù½Ã to°¡ µÇ»ì¾Æ³­´Ù)
       * He let Betty use his diction

ary.
         = Betty was allowed to use his dictionary by him.
  ¨è get, allow, order, cause, compel, force, oblige + ¸ñÀû¾î + toºÎÁ¤»ç
     ¡Þ ¿­°ÅÇÑ µ¿»ç´Â »ç¿ªÀÇ Àǹ̴ °®°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ »ç¿ª µ¿»ç´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù)
      * The rain made the river rise.
        = The rain caused the river to rise.
  ¨é°ü¿ë¾î±Í ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»ç.
     * had better(best) + µ¿»ç ¿øÇü (ºÎÁ¤: had better not)
     * cannot but + µ¿»ç¿øÇü (cannot help ¡­ ing)
     * do nothing but + µ¿»ç¿øÇü.
     * would rather
       would sooner    A   than   B  (A,B°¡ µ¿»ç¿øÇü)
       had   rather
     * You had better stay in bed.
       = It would be better for you to stay in bed.
11. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎÁ¤ : ºÎÁ¤¾î¸¦ to ¾Õ¿¡ ³õ´Â´Ù.
    * He did not try to smile. (try¸¦ ºÎÁ¤)
    * He tried not to smile. (to smileÀ» ºÎÁ¤)
12. ´ëºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© to¸¸À» ¾¸.
    * You may go if you wan

t to. (go; »ý·«)
13. ºÐ¸® ºÎÁ¤»ç : ºÎ»ç°¡ ºÎÁ¤»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Çϱâ À§ÇØ
    to + µ¿»ç¿øÇüÀÌ ºÎ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐ¸®µÇ´Â °Í.
    * He entirely failed to understand it.
        (entirely°¡ failed¸¦ ¼ö½Ä, ¿ÏÀüºÎÁ¤)
        He failed to entirely understand it.
        (entirely°¡ understand¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ºÐ¸® ºÎÁ¤»ç, ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤)
14. °¨Åº¹®À» ¸¸µå´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç.
    * To think that such a little boy should have done it.
15. ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ Å : ´Éµ¿ÇüÀ¸·Î ¼öµ¿ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °Í.
    * You are to blame
      = You are to be blamed.
    * To teach is to be taught.
16. °ü·Ã±¸¹®
  ¨ç so¡­ that ¡¦ , such ¡­ that ¡¦.
     so   + a/ad + that + s + v
     such + n    + that + s + v
    * As the book is very small, I can put it in my pocket.
      = The book is so small that I put it in my pocket.
      = The book is small enough for me to put in my pocket.
   

 * It was such a lovely day that he went out.
      = It was so lovely a day that he went out.
    ¡Þº¹¹® ¢¡ ´Ü¹®
      ¨Í a/ad + enoughÀÇ ÇüÅ·Î
      ¨Î Á¢¼Ó»ç that »ý·«.
      ¨Ï that ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ÀýÀÌ º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°À» ¶§´Â »ý·«, ´Ù¸¦ ¶© for + ¸ñÀû°Ý
      ¨Ð Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°À» ¶© »ý·«, ´Ù¸¦ ¶© ½áÁÜ.
  ¨è so ¡­ that ¡¦ not
     so  + a/ad + that ¡¦ not
     too + a/ad + for + ¸ñÀû°Ý + to ºÎÁ¤»ç
     * This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
       = This stone is so heavy that I can not lift it.
  ¨é TooÀÇ Æ¯¼ö ¿ë¹ý
     ¡Þ not too ¡­ to  =  not so that ¡­ not
        * He is not too old to do the task.
          = He is not so old that he can not do the task.
          = However old he may be, he can do the task.
          = He is not so old but he can do the task.
     ¡Þ too ¡­ not to £½ so ¡­ that cannot but ¡¦
       *

The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by us)
         = The statesman is so great that he cannot but be respected.(by us)
         = The statesman is so great that we cannot but respect him.
           (cannot but = canÀÇ ÀǹÌ)
  ¨ê±âŸ
     * ,too (I have much money.
             I have much money, too.= So do I )
       too = very, only too = very,
       too liable to ¡­ , too ready to ¡­
       (°ÉÇÍÇÏ¸é ¡­ ÇÏ´Ù,  ¡­Çϱâ ÀϾ¥´Ù)
     * I am only too good to help you.
        * He is too liable (ready, apt) to despise the poor.

  ¨ë too ¡­ to, enough ¡­ to.
    * This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
      = This stone is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
    * This book is easy  enough for me to read.
      = This book is so easy that I can read it.

 

   ºÐ»ç(Participle)

1. ºÐ»çÀÇ ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý: ¸í»ç ¾ÕÀ̳ª µÚ¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ¼ö½Ä.
  ¨çÀüÀ§¼ö½Ä (¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¼ö½Ä)
    * Who is the sleeping baby?
  ¨èÈÄÀ§¼ö½Ä.
    * I received a latter written in English.
      = I received a latter which was written in English.
2. ¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý
  ¨çÁְݺ¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§
    * He sat reading the magazine. (ÇöÀçºÐ»ç: ´Éµ¿ÀÇ °ü°è)
    * He remained satisfied with his salary. (°ú°ÅºÐ»ç: ¼öµ¿ÀÇ °ü°è)
  ¨è¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§
    * I don't like to see you disappointed.
    * I saw him crossing the street.  (O.C)
    * Of those invited only a few came to the party.
      (¡ÞºÐ»ç°¡ ´ë¸í»ç¸¦ ¼ö½ÄÇÒ °æ¿ì ´Üµ¶ÀÏÁö¶óµµ µÚ¿¡ ³õÀδÙ.)
3. ºÐ»çÀÇ ºñ±³
  * ÀÚµ¿»çÀÇ ÇöÀçºÐ»ç ¡æ ÁøÇà, ¡­Çϰí ÀÖ´Â.
    ÀÚµ¿»çÀÇ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç ¡æ ¿Ï·á³ª »óÅÂ, ¡­ÇÑ, ¡­Çعö¸°.
  * playing children = children who are playing.
    fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen. (³«¿±)
    (Ÿµ¿»çÀÇ ÇöÀçºÐ»ç: ´Éµ¿ ¶Ç´Â »ç¿ª, ¡­½ÃŰ´Â, ¡­ÇϰÔÇÏ´Â.

     Å¸µ¿»çÀÇ °ú°ÅºÐ»ç: ¼öµ¿ÀÇ ¶æ, ¡­µÈ, ¡­´çÇÑ, ¡­¹ÞÀº.)
    ¡Þ an exciting game
       = a game which excites the one. (¿­±¤ÀûÀÎ °æ±â)
      an excited spectator
       = a spectator who is excited. (¿­±¤µÈ °üÁß)
4. ºÐ»çÀÇ ±âŸ¿ë¹ý
  ¨çÀÇ»çºÐ»ç: ¸í»çÀÇ ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ed¸¦ ºÙ¿©¼­ °ú°ÅºÐ»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π'¡­À» °¡Áö
              °í ÀÖ´Â'ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ Çü¿ë»ç·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
    * a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.
      a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.
      a blue-eyed girl  = a girl who has blue eyes.
  ¨è 2Çü½Äµ¿»ç + Çü¿ë»ç(º¸¾î) ¡æ Çü¿ë»ç + ÇöÀçºÐ»ç.
    * The rose smells sweet ¡æ the sweet-smelling rose. (Çâ±â³ª´Â Àå¹Ì)
    * The wine tastes nice  ¡æ the nice-tasting wine.   (¸ÀÀÌÁÁÀº ¼ú)
    ÁÖ¾î + be + p.p + by + ¸í»ç ¡æ ¸í»ç + p.p. + ÁÖ¾î.
    * The fruit is dried by the sun. ¡æ the sun-dried fruit.(ÇÞºû¿¡ ¸»¸° °úÀÏ)
    * Citizens are struck by terror. ¡æ terror-stricken citizens. (°øÆ÷¿¡ Áú¸° ½Ã¹Î)

    ÁÖ¾î + be + ºÎ»ç + p.p. ¡æ ºÎ»ç + p.p. + ÁÖ¾î.
    * English is widely spoken. ¡æ widely-spoken English. (³Î¸®¾²ÀÌ´Â ¿µ¾î)
    * The worker is well trained. ¡æ the well-trained worker. (ÀßÈÆ·ÃµÈ ÀϲÛ)
    ÁÖ¾î + Ÿµ¿»ç + ¸ñÀû¾î ¡æ ¸ñÀû¾î + ÇöÀçºÐ»ç + ÁÖ¾î.
    * The drug kills pain. ¡æ the pain-killing drug. (ÁøÅëÁ¦)
    * The animals eat plants. ¡æ the plant-eating animals. (Ãʽĵ¿¹°)
  ¨éºÎ»ç·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ºÐ»ç ¢¡ ¸Å¿ì(very)ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (¸Å¿ìÃä´Ù)
    * He got soaking wet. (±×´Â Èì»¶ Á¥¾ú´Ù.)
  ¨ê the + ºÐ»ç.
    * They dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.
      (Á׾´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú Á×Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µé °Í¿¡ ½Ç·Á°¬´Ù.)
5. ºÐ»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
|   ¡¬  |  ´Ü¼øÇüºÐ»ç(¼öµ¿Çü)   |  ¿Ï·áÇüºÐ»ç(¿Ï·áÇü ¼öµ¿ºÐ»ç)  |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| g

o       |  going   (Ùí) |  having gone    (Ùí; ÀÚµ¿»çÀ̹ǷÎ)    |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| make  |  making  (being made) |  having made    (having been made)    |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| write |  writing (being written)      |  having written (having been written) |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
|       |  ÁÖÀý µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í °°À½      |  ÁÖÀýµ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦º¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦ |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
  * Living in the country I am very health.
    = As I live in the country. I am very healthy.
  * Living in the country, I was very healthy.
    = As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.
  * Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.

    = As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.
  * Having written my letter, I posted it.
    = After I had written my letter, I posted it.
  * While bathing in the river, he was drowned.
    ¡æ ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ÀÌÀ¯, Á¶°Ç µî ¾î´À °ÍÀÎÁö È¥µ¿À» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ
       ÇØ´ç Á¢¼Ó»ç¸¦ ºÐ»ç±¸¹® ¾Õ¿¡ ºÎ°¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, Bathing in
       the river¸¦ As he bathed in the river·ÎÀÇ ¿À¿ªÀ» ¸·±âÀ§ÇØ While
       À» µÎ¾ú´Ù.
6. ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ Á¾·ù
  ¨ç½Ã°£ (¡­ÇÒ ¶§)
    * Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
      = While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
    * Left alone, I began to read.
      = When I was left alone, I began to read.
  ¨èÀÌÀ¯, ¿øÀÎ (¡­À̹ǷÎ)
    * Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (ºÎÁ¤¾î´Â ºÐ»ç ¾Õ¿¡)
      = As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.
    * Tired, I went t

o bed early.
      = As I was tired, I went to bed early.
  ¨éÁ¶°Ç (¡­ÇÑ´Ù¸é)
    * Turning to the right, you will find the house.
      = If you turn to the right, you will find the house.
    * Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
      = Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more ¡­
  ¨ê¾çº¸ (ºñ·Ï ¡­ÇÑ´ÙÇÒÁö¶óµµ)
    * Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.
      = Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.
    * Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.
      = Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ¡­
  ¨ëºÎ´ë»óȲ (µ¿½Ãµ¿ÀÛ: while, as; ¡­Çϸ鼭)
    * Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
      = While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
    * Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.
      = I walked on tipto

e and approached the window.
    * Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
      = As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.
  ¨ìºÎ´ë»óȲ (¿¬¼Óµ¿ÀÛ: ¡­, and + µ¿»ç; ±×¸®°í ¡­ÇÏ´Ù)
    * We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.
      = We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.
7. µ¶¸³ºÐ»ç±¸¹®: ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ µû·Î ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì.
  ¨ç¶§.
    * The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
      = After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
  ¨èÀÌÀ¯.
    * It being fine, we went for a walk.
      = As it was fine, we went for a walk.
  ¨éÁ¶°Ç.
    * We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
      = We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
  ¨êºÎ´ë»óȲ.
    * He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
      = He was reading a book,

 and his wife knitting beside him.
        (±×´Â Ã¥À» Àаí ÀÖ¾ú°í, ±×ÀÇ ºÎÀÎÀº ³²Æí ¿·¿¡¼­ ¶ß°ÔÁúÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.)
    ¡Þ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (¡¿)
       Having read a book, I was threw it away. (¡Û)
8. Being, Having beenÀÇ »ý·«.
   : Çü¿ë»ç, ¸í»ç, °ú°ÅºÐ»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¾²ÀÎ being ¶Ç´Â having beenÀº »ý·«°¡´É.
     ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦°¡ º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦¿Í °°À» ¶§ beingÀÌ º»µ¿»ç ½ÃÁ¦º¸´Ù
     Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦ÀÏ ¶© having been »ý·«.
  * (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
    = As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
  * Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
    = When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
  * (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
    = If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
9. ºÐ»çÀÇ °­Á¶¿ë¹ý
  * As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
    = Living as I do

in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
    ¡ÞºÐ»ç¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ µ¿»ç°¡ live, stand, write¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀϹݵ¿»çÀÏ ¶© do
      ¸¦ »ç¿ë, be µ¿»çÀÏ ¶© be¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
  ¡Þ being + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç±¸¹® °­Á¶ ¡æ as + ÁÖ¾î + be µ¿»ç.
  ¡Þ ¡­ing as it does Çü.
    * Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
      (Àú·¸°Ô ¾ð´ö À§¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±× º°ÀåÀº Àü¸ÁÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.)
      (as; ¾çÅÂÁ¢¼Ó»ç, it; the villa, does; standsÀÇ ´ëµ¿»ç)
    * I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
      (¸î ³â ¸¸¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø¹Û¿¡ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â µå¹® ÀÏÀ̶ó°í ³ª´Â »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.)
      (occurringÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â occasionÀÌ´Ù.)
10. ºñÀÎĪ µ¶¸³ºÐ»ç±¸¹®: ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ we, you, they,
    people, one µî°ú °°ÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© »ý·«.
  * Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.
    = If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.
  * Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.
    = If we spea

k strictly, he is not an artist.
11. with + ¸ñÀû¾î + ºÐ»ç (ºÎ´ë»óȲ) ¢¡ »ý»ýÇÑ ¹¦»çÀû È¿°ú.
  ¨ç with + ¸ñÀû¾î + ÇöÀçºÐ»ç. (¸ñÀû¾îÀÇ ´Éµ¿Àû Çൿ)
    * He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.
      = He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.
      = He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.
    * It was a mistry morning, with little wind blowing.
      = It was a mistry morning and little wind was blowing.
        (¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ºÒÁö ¾Ê´Â ¾È°³ ³¤ ¾ÆÄ§ À̾ú´Ù.)
        ¡æ ¿©±â¿¡¼­ with¸¦ »«´Ù¸é little wind blowingÀº µ¶¸³ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

  ¨è with + ¸ñÀû¾î + °ú°ÅºÐ»ç. (¸ñÀû¾îÀÇ ¼öµ¿Àû Çൿ)
    * He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
      = He stood there, closing his eyes.
      = He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
      = He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
      = He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with ºÐ»ç±¸¹®)
    * With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
      (ÇÑ ´«À» ºØ´ë °¨°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ±ÛÀ» Àß ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.)
  ¨é with + ¸ñÀû¾î + ºÎ»ç(±¸)
    * I shall be lonely with you away. (´ç½ÅÀÌ ¸Ö¸® ¶°³ª¹ö¸°´Ù¸é)
    * with his feet on the pillow. (µÎ ´Ù¸®¸¦ º£°Ô À§¿¡ ¿Ã·Á ³õÀº ä)
      with his head against a cushion. (¸Ó¸®¸¦ ¹æ¼® À§¿¡ ±â´í ä)
  ¨ê with + ¸ñÀû¾î + Çü¿ë»ç.
    * Don't speak with your mouth full. (ÀÔ¿¡ À½½ÄÀ» °¡µæ ³ÖÀº ä)
12. ¹®µÎ¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â Áְݺ¸¾î
    (BeingÀ» º¸ÃæÇϸé ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ºÐ»ç±¸¹®ÀÌ µÈ´Ù.)
  * Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.
    =

Being impatient of ¡­
      (´õÀ§¸¦ ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾î¼­, ±×´Â µµ½Ã¸¦ ¶°³ª ½Ã°ñ·Î ³»·Á°¬´Ù.)
  * A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.
    = Being a man of ¡­
      (»ç±³¼ºÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×´Â ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù.)

 

    µ¿¸í»ç(Gerund)

1. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ ÇüÅÂ
  ¨çÀÏÀ½Àý¾î·Î ´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ´ÜÀÚÀ½À¸·Î ³¡³¯ ¶§.
    * swim ¡æ swimming.       run ¡æ running.
  ¨è 2À½Àý¾î·Î¼­ Èİ­¼¼¾î (ÀÚÀ½ Çϳª ´õ)
    * prefer ¡æ preferring.
  ¨é -ie + ing ¡æ -ying.      lie ¡æ lying.   die ¡æ dying.
  ¨ê±âŸ: ¾î¹Ì°¡ c·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ [k]·Î ¹ßÀ½µÉ °æ¿ì¡æk¸¦ ¾´ µÚ¿¡ ing.
           ¾î¹Ì°¡ ¹ßÀ½µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â e·Î ³¡³­ ´Ü¾î´Â e¸¦ »ý·«Çϰí ing.
    * mimic ¡æ mimicking.     picnic ¡æ picnicking.
      smoke ¡æ smoking.       decide ¡æ deciding.
      ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: be ¡æ being.    see  ¡æ   seeing.
              dye[dai] ¡æ dyeing. ; ¿°»öÇÏ´Ù.
2. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ ±â´É: µ¿»çÀÇ ¼ºÁú, ¸í»çÀû ¿ªÇÒ.
  ¨çÁÖ¾îÀÚ¸®.
    * Making much money is not the end aim of life.
    * It is very pleasant walking in the country.  (ÁøÁÖ¾î)
  ¨è¸í»çº¸¾îÀÚ¸®. (ÁÖ¾î = ¸í»çº¸¾î)
    * His hobby is collecting stamps.  (µ¿¸í»ç)
    * He is collecting stamps.         (ÇöÀçºÐ»ç)
    * It is throwing your money

 away.
      (±×°ÍÀº µ·À» ¹ö¸®´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ¾µµ¥¾ø´Â ³¶ºñ´Ù.)
  ¨é¸ñÀû¾îÀÚ¸®.
    * I don't like playing baseball.
    * I found it unpleasant walking in the rain.
    * Thank you for your answering so promptly.
      ¡âµ¿»ç answeringÀº ÀüÄ¡»ç forÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾îÀ̸ç(¸í»çÀû ¼ºÁú), ±×¸®°í
        so promptly¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ö½Ä(µ¿»çÀû ¼ºÁú)µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç your°¡ µ¿¸í»ç
        ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
3. µ¿¸í»ç¿Í ÇöÀçºÐ»çÀÇ ±¸º°
  * ¸í»ç(µ¿¸í»ç)/  + ¸í»ç
    Çü¿ë»ç(ÇöÀçºÐ»ç) + ¸í»ç/
    * a /sleeping car = a car for sleeping. (ħ´ëÂ÷)
      a sleeping /child = a child who is sleeping.
  ¡Þµ¿¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÌ¸é ¸ñÀûÀ̳ª ¿ëµµ ¡­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ÇöÀçºÐ»ç´Â »óųª µ¿
    ÀÛÀ¸·Î ¡­Çϰí ÀÖ´Â...
  ¡Þµ¿»ç¿øÇü + ing + ¸í»ç¿¡¼­ ¸ñÀû(¡­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©)À¸·Î ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿© ¹®¸ÆÀÌ
    ÅëÇÏ¸é µ¿¸í»çÀÌ¸ç »óųª µ¿ÀÛÀ¸·Î ÅëÇϸé ÇöÀçºÐ»çÀÌ´Ù.

4. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î
  * That she come here was surprising.
    = For her to come here was surprising. (ºÎÁ¤»ç±¸¹®)
    = Her coming here was surprising. (µ¿¸í»ç±¸¹®)
     ¡Þµ¿¸í»çÀÇ Àǹ̻ó Á־ ¸í»çÀÏ ¶© ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ̳ª ¸ñÀû°Ý ¸ðµÎ °¡´É.
       Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ ¹«»ý¹°À̸é ÀϹæÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ñÀû°Ý. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ Àǹ̻óÀÇ
       Á־ ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© Àǹ̻óÀÇ Á־ »ý·«.
    * Studying English is no easy task. (Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î »ý·« - ÀϹÝÀÎ)
    * He insist that he should attend the party.
      = He insist on (upon) attending the party. (his¸¦ »ý·«)
      ¡Þ insist´Â ÁÖÀåÇÏ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀ̹ǷΠthat¡­ ¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã should + µ¿»ç
         ¿øÇüÀ» ¾²¸ç Á¢¼Ó»ç thatÀº »ý·«, onÀ̳ª uponÀ» ¾´ µÚ he´Â º»ÁÖ¾î
         ¿Í °°À¸¹Ç·Î attendingÀ» ¾¸.
      ¡Þµ¿¸í»ç attendingÀÇ Àǹ̻ó Á־ »ý·«µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°´Ù.
    * He insist that Tom should attend the party. (º¹¹®)
    = He insist on (upon) Tom('s) attending the party. (´Ü¹®)
    ¡æ that »ý·«, on ¶Ç´Â uponÀ» ¾´ µÚ that ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á־ º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í ´Ù

       ¸£¹Ç·Î TomÀ» Tom's ¶Ç´Â Tom µîÀ¸·Î °íÄ£ µÚ Á¶µ¿»ç should »ý·«.
5. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦
  * ÇüÅÂ.
+---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
| ¿øÇüµ¿»ç|  ´Ü¼øµ¿¸í»ç | ´Ü¼ø¼öµ¿µ¿¸í»ç        |  ¿Ï·áÇüµ¿¸í»ç | ¿Ï·áÇü¼öµ¿µ¿¸í»ç      |
+---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
|  be   |   being       |      Ùí       |  having been  |  Ùí(ÀÚµ¿»çÀ̹ǷÎ)     |
+---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
|  write        |   writing     |  being written        |  having written       | having been written   |
+---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
|  make |   making      |  being made   |  having made  | having been made      |
+---------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+--------------------------+
|   

     º»µ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í µ¿ÀÏ       |        º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª ´õ °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦    |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
  * He is proud that he is a poet. (º¹¹®)
    = He is proud of being a poet. (´Ü¹®)
    ¡ÞÁ¢¼Ó»ç thatÀ» »ý·«Çϰí of¸¦ ¾µ °Í. that¡­ÀÇ ÁÖ¾î he´Â º»ÁÖ¾î¿Í
      °°À¸¹Ç·Î »ý·«.
    ¡Þ¹Ì·¡µ¿ÀÛÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â Çü¿ë»ç, µ¿»ç, ¸í»ç µîÀÇ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â thatÀý¿¡
      ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦°¡ ¿À°í º»µ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦ÀÏÁö¶óµµ ´Ü¼øµ¿¸í»ç¸¦ »ç¿ë.
      * There is no hope that of his succeeding.
        ¡æ There is no hope that he will succeed.
    ¡Þ remember, forget µîÀÇ ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¿Ï·áÇü µ¿¸í»ç ´ë½Å ´Ü¼øµ¿¸í»ç¸¦
       »ç¿ëÇÒ °Í, remember ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¿À¸é ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦¸¦ ¾´´Ù.

     * I remember that I saw her.
       = I remember having seen her. (¡¿)
       = I remember seeing her. (¡Û)
     * I am sure of his being a man of ability.
       (³ª´Â ±×°¡ À¯´ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÓÀ» È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù; ½ÃÁ¦´Â º»µ¿»ç¿Í ÀÏÄ¡)
       = I am sure that he is a man of ability.
     * I am sure of his having been a man of ability in his youth.
       (³ª´Â ±×°¡ Àþ¾úÀ» ¶§´Â À¯´ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù; µ¿¸í»çÀÇ
        ¿Ï·áÇü, ½ÃÁ¦°¡ º»µ¿»çº¸´Ù Çϳª ¾Õ¼±´Ù.)
       = I am sure that he was a man of ability in his youth.
     * I don't like being asked to make a speech.
       (³ª´Â ¿¬¼³ ºÎŹÀ» ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀ» ½È¾îÇÑ´Ù; being asked´Â ¼öµ¿ÅÂ)
     * I never heard of such a thing having been done.
       (³ª´Â ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù°í´Â µé¾îº¸Áö ¸øÇß´Ù.)
       = I never heard that such a thing had been done.
6. µ¿¸í»ç¿Í ºÎÁ¤»ç
  ¨çµ¿»çÀÇ Æ¯¼º¿¡ µû¶ó ¾î¶² µ¿»ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ȤÀº ¾î¶² µ¿»ç´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç
    ¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÑ´Ù.
  

  ¨Íµ¿¸í»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç.
      : mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, admit, consider,
        deny, postpone, practice µî...
      ¡â I finished writing my composition.
    ¨ÎºÎÁ¤»ç¸¸À» ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇÏ´Â µ¿»ç.
      : wish, hope, care, choose, expect, refuse, decide, mean, plan µî...
      ¡â I hope to see you again.
  ¨èµ¿¸í»ç¿Í ºÎÁ¤»ç¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÃëÇϳª Àǹ̰¡ ´Þ¶óÁö´Â µ¿»ç.
    ¨Í remember, forget + ¡­ ing: °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀÏ.
       remember, forget + ºÎÁ¤»ç: ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÀÏ.
       * I remember to see him. (¸¸³¯ °Í)
         I remember seeing him. (¸¸³­ °Í)
       * I forget posting the letter. (³ª´Â ÆíÁö ºÎÃÆ´ø ÀÏÀ» ÀذíÀÖ´Ù.)
         Don't forget to post the letter. (ÆíÁö ºÎÄ¥ °ÍÀ» ÀØÁö ¸¶¼¼¿ä.)
    ¨Î stop + µ¿¸í»ç            : ¡­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±×¸¸µÎ´Ù.
       stop + ºÎÁ¤»ç            : ¡­ÇϱâÀ§ÇØ °¡´ø ±æÀ» ¸ØÃß´Ù.
       * I stopped smoking.
         I stopped to smoke.
    ¨Ï

 try + µ¿¸í»ç             : ½ÃÇè»ï¾Æ ¡­ÇÏ´Ù.
       try + ºÎÁ¤»ç             : ¡­ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Ù.
       * He tried moving the piano.(±×´Â ½ÃÇè»ï¾Æ ÇǾƳ븦 ¿Å°å´Ù; ¿Å±è)
         He tried to move the piano. (±×´Â ÇǾƳ븦 ¿Å±â·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù; ¿Å±âÁö ¾ÊÀ½)

   ¨Ð go on + µ¿¸í»ç           : °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ¡­ÇÏ´Ù.
      go on + ºÎÁ¤»ç           : ½¬¾ú´Ù°¡ ´Ù½Ã °è¼ÓÇÏ´Ù.
       * He went on talking about his accident.
         (±×´Â ÁÙ°÷ ±×ÀÇ »ç°í¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱⸦ Çß´Ù.)
         He went on to talk about his accident.
         (±×´Â Àá½Ã ½¬¾ú´Ù°¡ ±×ÀÇ »ç°í¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱⸦ Çß´Ù.)
7. There is no + ¡­ ing: ¡­À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
  * There is no knowing what may happen.
    = It is impossible to know what may happen.
    = We cannot know what may happen.
    = ¹«½¼ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
  * There is no trusting him.
    = It is impossible to trust him.
    = We cannot trust him.
8. It is no use + ¡­ ing : ¡­Çصµ ¼Ò¿ë¾ø´Ù.
  * It is no  use(good) crying over spilt milk.
    = It is     +- of no use    -+ to cry over spilt milk.
        +- useless      -+
    = There is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.

    = What is the use (the point) of crying over spilt milk?
9. of one's own + ¡­ ing : ÀڱⰡ Á÷Á¢ ¡­ÇÏ´Â
  * This is a picture   of my own painting.
                        which I have painted myself.
                        (which is) painted by myself. (p.p + by oneself)
10.It goes without saying      that health is above wealth.
    It is needless to say
    It is a matter of course
    It is not too much to say
    = °Ç°­ÀÌ ºÎº¸´Ù Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº µÎ¸»ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù.
11. cannot help ¡­ing    : ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
    cannot but + µ¿»ç¿øÇü: ¡­ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.
  * I cannot help admiring his courage.
12. on + ¡­ ing, in + ¡­ ing
  * on + ¡­ ing = as soon as (when) + ÁÖ¾î +µ¿»ç:¡­ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ. ¡­ÇÒ ¶§.
    in + ¡­ ing = when + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç: ¡­ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â.
  * As soon as he received the letter he turned pale.
    = On (his) receiving the letter, he tu

rned pale.
    = He had  no sooner received the letter  than  he turned pale.
              scarcely                       when
              hardly                         before

    = No sooner  had he received the letter,  than he turned pale.
      Scarcely                                when
      Hardly                                  before
13. cannot too: ¾Æ¹«¸® ¡­Çصµ Áö³ªÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Ù.
  * We cannot be too careful when we choose friends.
    = We cannot be too careful in choosing friends.
14. What, Need + ´Éµ¿µ¿¸í»ç
  * What      +   ´Éµ¿µ¿¸í»ç (¡Û)
    Need          ¼öµ¿µ¿¸í»ç (¡¿)
    Require       ¼öµ¿ºÎÁ¤»ç (¡Û)  ¡æ ¡­À» ÇÊ¿ä·ÎÇÑ´Ù. ¡­À» ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
  * His house  needs     being painted. (¡¿)
               wants     painting.      (¡Û)
               requires   to be painted. (¡Û)
15. µ¿¸í»çÀÇ °ü¿ëÀû ¿ë¹ý ¥°
  ¨ç be busy  with + ¸í»ç.
              (in) + ¡­ ing. : ¡­Çϴµ¥ ºÐÁÖÇÏ´Ù. ¹Ù»Ú´Ù.
    * I am busy with my task.
    * She was busy (in) tidying up his desk.
  ¨è feel like + ¡­ ing.

     feel inclined + to do : ¡­ÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº »ý°¢ÀÌ ³ª´Ù.
    * I feel like sleeping now.
      = I feel inclined to  sleep now.
          ware a mind to
          am disposed to
  ¨é What do you say to + ¡­ ing? : ¡­ÇÏ´Â °Ô ¾î¶§?
    * Let's play baseball after lunch, shall we?
      = How about       -+ playing baseball after lunch?
        What about      -+
      = What do you say to playing baseball after lunch.
      = What do you think about playing baseball after lunch.
        ¡Þ Let's·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǵ ºÎ°¡Àǹ®¹®Àº shall we?
  ¨ê be on the point of + ¡­ ing: ¡­ÇÏ·Á´Â Âû¶ó´Ù, ¸· ¡­ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Ù.
    * He was on the point of   being drowned.
             on the verge of
             on the brink of
             on the edge of
      = He was about to be drowned.
  ¨ë cannot ¡­ without ¡¦ ing: ¡¦¾Ê°í ¡­ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» ¾ø´Ù.

     cannot ¡­ but ¡¦(S+V)   : ¡¦ÇÏ¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã ¡­ÇÏ´Ù.

    * Whenever I met him, I think of his brother.
      = I never meet him without thinking of his brother.
      = I never meet him but I think of his brother.
      = ±×¸¦ ¸¸³¯ ¶§ ¸¶´Ù ±×ÀÇ µ¿»ýÀÌ »ý°¢³ª´Ù.
  ¨ì be worth ¡­ing
     = be worth while + µ¿¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»ç
     = be worthy of + µ¿¸í»ç, ¸í»ç
     = ¡­ÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
    * This is worth while to read this book.
      = It is worth while to read this book.
16. °ü¿ëÀû¿ë¹ý ¥±
  ¨ç make a point of + ¡­ ing : ¡­À» ±ÔÄ¢À¸·Î ÇÏ´Ù.
    * I make a point of getting up early.
      = I am in the habit of getting up early.
      = It is my rule to get up early.
      = I make it a rule to get up early.
  ¨è come near + ¡­ ing.
     go   near + ¡­ ing.
     nearly escape + ¡­ ing. : Çϸ¶ÅÍ¸é ¡­ÇÒ »·ÇÏ´Ù.
    * He came near being drowned.
  ¨é not A bu

t B = instead of + ¡­ ing = not only A but also B
     = besides           + ¡­ ing
       in addition to
    * She is not shy, but unsocial.
      = Instead of being shy, she is unsocial.
    * He is not only brave, but also wise.
      = Besides being brave he is wise.
17. To + ¡­ ing
  ¨ç be opposed to
     object to               + ¡­ ing : ¡­À» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Ù.
     have an objection to
     * I am very much opposed to going there.
     * Have you any objection to my wearing this suit?
  ¨è contribute to + ¡­ ing : ¡­¿¡ °øÇåÇÏ´Ù. ±â¿©ÇÏ´Ù.
     * He contributed to the growth of the city.
  ¨é turn one's attention to + ¡­ ing (¸í»ç) : ¡­¿¡ ÁÖÀǸ¦ µ¹¸®´Ù.
                                               ¡­¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °®´Ù.
     * He did not turn his attention to making a fortune until he was forty.
       (±×´Â

 40ÀÌ µÇ°í³ª¼­¾ß Àç»ê ¸ðÀ¸´Âµ¥ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´Ù.)
  ¨ê with a view to + ¡­ ing : ¡­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©. (for the purpose)
     * I study English with a view to going abroad.
  ¨ë be equal to + ¡­ ing    : ¡­ÇÒ ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
     * I am equal to doing the task.
  ¨ì revote     -+ A   to   B(µ¿¸í»ç)
     dedicate   -+              : A¸¦ B¿¡ ¹ÙÄ¡´Ù.
     * He devoted all his time to studying history.
  ¨í be use to + ¡­ ing.
     be accustomed to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü(µ¿¸í»ç) : ¡­¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇÏ´Ù.
     * I am used to playing the piano.
       = I am accustomed to playing (¶Ç´Â play) the piano.
  ¨î what do you say to + ¡­ ing  : ¡­ÇÏ´Â °Ô ¾î¶§?
     * What do you say to playing tennis with me?
  ¨ï take to + ¡­ ing        : ¡­¿¡ ºüÁö´Ù, Á¤À̵é´Ù.
     * He took to writing after he retired from the college.
  ¨ð look forward to + ¡­ ing : ¡­À» ±â´ëÇÏ´Ù, °í´ëÇÏ´Ù.
     * I am looking forward to

seeing you again.
  ¨ç fall to + ¡­ ing = begin to + µ¿»ç¿øÇü  : ¡­À» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Ù.
     * They fell to discussing the serious problem.
18. µ¿¸í»ç ±¸¹®ÀÇ ¹®Àå Àüȯ ¥°
  ¨ç insist that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = insist on + ¡­ ing: ¡­À» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Ù.
     * I insisted he should be invited to the party.
       = I insisted on his being invited to the party.
  ¨è decide that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = decide on + ¡­ ing: ¡­Çϱâ·Î °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù
     * My father decided that I should marry her.
       = My father decided on my marrying her.
  ¨é hear, think, complain, know, dream + that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç
     = hear, think, complain, know, dream + of + ¡­ ing
     * I am glad to hear that you have succeeded.
       = I am glad to hear of your having succeeded.
  ¨ê repent that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç  = repent + (of) + ¡­ ing.
     * He repent that he was idle in his youth.
       = He repents (of)

 having been idle in his youth.
  ¨ë suggest, deny, regret, like + that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç
     = suggest, deny, regret, like + ¡­ ing. (Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠÀüÄ¡»ç¡¿)
     * I suggested that we should play tennis.
       = I suggested our playing tennis.
19. ¹®ÀåÀüȯ ¥±
  ¨ç be sorry that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = be sorry for + ¡­ ing
     :¡­¿¡ ´ëÇØ À¯°¨ÀÌ´Ù.(¹Ì¾È,°¨»ç,¹ú,²ÙÁß µîÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© ÀÌÀ¯ÀüÄ¡»ç for¸¦  »ç¿ë)
     * I am sorry that I offended you.
       = I am sorry for having offended you.

  ¨è scold, blame A for B: B ¶§¹®¿¡ A¸¦ ²Ù¢´Ù. ³ª¹«¶ó´Ù.
     * He scolded me that I had neglected my duty.
       = He scolded me for having neglected my duty.
  ¨é punish A for B: B ¶§¹®¿¡ A¸¦ ¹úÁÖ´Ù.
  ¨ê be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç
     = be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + of + ¡­ ing
    * I am glad that my brother passed the exam.
      = I am glad of my brother having passed the exam.
  ¨ë be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç
     = be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + of + ¡­ ing
     : ¡­À» È®½ÅÇÏ´Ù.
     * I am sure that he will live to eight.
       = I am sure of his living to eighty.
  ¨ì be aware (conscious) + that + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç
     = be aware (conscious) + of + ¡­ ing : ¡­À» ¾Ë´Ù.
     * He was conscious that the matter was important.
       

= He was conscious of the matter being important.
20. µ¿°Ý¸í»çÀýÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀüȯ
  ¡ÞÁÖ·Î µ¿°Ý ¸í»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â ¹®Àå.
  * fact(»ç½Ç), doubt(ÀǽÉ), evidence(Áõ°Å), chance(±âȸ), report(º¸
    °í), rumor(¼Ò¹®), proof(Áõ°Å), hope(Èñ¸Á), news(¼Ò½Ä), idea(»ý°¢),
    certainty(È®½Ç), suggestion(Á¦¾È), possibility = probability =
    likelihood(°¡´É¼º, °¡¸Á), conclusion(°á·Ð)
  * The fact that he is honest is known to everybody.
    = The fact of his being honest    is known to everybody.
                  his honesty
    ¡Þµ¿°Ý¸í»çÀýÀÎ that¡­´Â Á־ ¸ñÀû¾î, º¸¾î µîÀÌ »ý·«µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿Ï
      ÀüÇÑ ¹®Àå.
21. Ç®¾î º¼ ¹®Á¦...
  ¨ç°¢ ¹®ÀåÀÇ Æ²¸° ºÎºÐÀ» °íÃĶó.
    ¨Í He insisted to go for a drive.
    ¨Î The rain prevented me to go to the party.
    ¨Ï Are you sure of he will come?
    ¨Ð No one has ever succeeded to explain this phenomenon.
    ¨Ñ Exercise strengthens instead of we

akens the body.
    ¨Ò She came near to be drowned.
    ¨Ó I objected to be treated like that.
    ¨Ô I don't care running the risk.
    ¨Õ She devoted herself to look after him.
    ¨Ö You will have to speak a little louder. He is hard to hear.
    ¨× He is above to do such a mean thing.
    ¨Ø He regrets being not able to help me.
  ¨è´ÙÀ½ °¢ ¹®Ç×ÀÇ ¶æÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ¸»ÇÏ¿©¶ó.
    ¨Í I hate lying.
       I hate to lie.
    ¨Î I like swimming.
       I like to swim now.
    ¨Ï He is sure of success.
       He is sure of to succeed.
  ¨é°ø¶õÀ» Àû´çÇÑ ´Ü¾î·Î ä¿ö¶ó
    ¨Í This picture is (    ) her own painting.
    ¨Î This book is (    ) reading intensively.
    ¨Ï The glass is very brittle; It wants (    ) with care.

 

  ÀÏÄ¡¿Í È­¹ý(Agreement & Narration)

1. ¼öÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡
  ¨ç The poet and statesman is dead.
     The poet and the statesman are dead.
  ¨èºÎÁ¤»ç + and + ºÎÁ¤»ç       --+
    every  + ¸í»ç + and + every + ¸í»ç  | ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç »ç¿ë.
    each                  each  |
    no                    no    --+
    ´Ü, µ¿¸í»ç + and + µ¿¸í»ç´Â º¹¼öµ¿»ç »ç¿ë.
    * Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
    * Every policeman and official is on the alert.
  ¨é many a + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç + ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç
     many   + º¹¼ö¸í»ç + º¹¼öµ¿»ç.
    * Many a soldier was killed at the field.
    * Many boats have been wrecked.
  ¨ê a number of   + º¹¼ö¸í»ç + º¹¼öµ¿»ç.
     the number of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç + ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç.
     a total of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç + ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç.
    * The number of patients is increasing.
    * A number of patients are dying.
    * A total of 300 Koreans lives in this country.
  

    ¡âa total of ¡­´Â 'ÃѰè, ÇÕ°è'ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÀüüÀÇ ÇÑ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»
        ¹Ç·Î ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
  ¨ë ºÐ¼ö       ---+
     most (´ëºÎºÐ)      |
     a lot, lots        | of + º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç  ¡æ º¹¼öµ¿»ç
     half       |
     the rest (³ª¸ÓÁö)  | of + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç
     part       |       ¹°Áú,Ãß»ó¸í»ç ¡æ ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç
     a large part       |
     all        ---+
    * Two-thirds of my books are novels.
    * Most of his books are English novels.
    * Half of the passengers were injured in the accident.
    * A large part of the land is barren.
  ¨ì either  A or  B : AÀ̰ųª B°¡ ¡­ÀÌ´Ù.  (¾çÀÚÅÃÀÏ)
     neither A nor B : Aµµ Bµµ ¡­ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. (¾çÀÚºÎÁ¤)
     not only A but also B = B as well as A
     = A»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó B ¿ª½Ã ¡­ÀÌ´Ù. ( BÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ÀÎĪ¿¡ ¸Â´Â µ¿»ç¸¦ ¾µ °Í)
    * Either you or Tom has made the mistake.
    * Neither of the answers you gave is satisfactory to us.
    * Not only you but also he is interested in music.
      = He as well as you is interested in music.
  ¨í º¹¼ö¸íÀÇ Çаú¸íÀÎ mathematics, politics, physics, ethics,
     gymnastics, phonetics µîÀº ¸ðµÎ ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
    * Mathematics is a difficult subject.
  ¨î ½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·® µîÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀÏ °³³äÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç
    * There were ten people in line already when we arrived.
    * Ten years is a long way to walk in a cold weather.
2. ½ÃÁ¦ÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ ¹× ¿¹¿Ü
  ¨çÁÖÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç, ÇöÀç¿Ï·á, ¹Ì·¡À϶© Á¾¼ÓÀý¿¡´Â ¾î´À ½ÃÁ¦³ª »ç¿ë
    ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª,
    ÁÖÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç°¡ ÇöÀç ¡æ °ú°Å·Î ¹Ù²î¸é Á¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â
        ÇöÀç, ¹Ì·¡     ¡æ °ú°Å
        ÇöÀç¿Ï·á, °ú°Å ¡æ °ú°Å¿Ï·á
        ÇöÀçÇü Á¶µ¿»ç  ¡æ °ú°ÅÇü Á¶µ¿»ç·Î ¹Ù²ñ.
    * He told me that he was going to write a letter.
    * I went to his house that I might see him.
    * She said that she would be all right by the next wee

k.
  ¨è½ÃÁ¦ÀÏÄ¡ÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü.
    ¨Í ºÒº¯ÀÇ Áø¸®, ¼Ó´ã, ÇöÀçÀÇ ½À°üÀû µ¿ÀÛ, ¼ºÁú ¡æ ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦.
    ¨Î °ú°ÅÀÇ µ¿ÀÛÀÌ ÇöÀç¿¡ °è¼Ó ¡æ ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦.
    ¨Ï ¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç ¡æ Ç×»ó °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦.
    ¨Ðthan, as µî¿¡ À̾îÁö´Â ±¸¹®; ÁÖÀýµ¿»çÀÇ ½ÃÁ¦¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ½.
    ¨ÑÁ¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ must, ought to, should, had, better µîÀº ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ë.
    ¨ÒÁ¾¼ÓÀýÀÇ °¡Á¤¹ý ½ÃÁ¦´Â º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
     * He said that the earth is round.
     * I told him that I go to church on Sundays.
     * She was not aware that those woolen clothes always shrink in the wash.
     * He told us that the roads are still under repair.
     * He said that he had been ill.
     * He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
     * He did it far better than you will do it.
3. È­¹ý - Æò¼­¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ.
  ¨ÍÀü´Þµ¿»ç: say ¡æ say, say to ¡æ tell.
  ¨ÎÀοëºÎÈ£¾ÈÀÇ ÇÇÀü´Þ¹®Àº that- Àý·Î ¹Ù²Ü °Í.
  ¨ÏÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÇ 1ÀÎĪ(I, my, me)Àº Àü´Þµ¿»çÀÇ ÁÖ¾î¿Í ÀÏÄ¡.
  ¨ÐÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÇ 2ÀÎĪ(you, your)Àº ¼öÈ­ÀÚ (say to + »ç¶÷)¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡.
  ¨ÑÀü´Þµ¿»ç°¡ °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦À̸é ÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ½ÃÁ¦ÀÏÄ¡¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ÁØÇÔ.
    * He said, "You are kind to my brother."
      = He said that I was kind to his brother.
    * He said to me "I have once seen you"
      = He told me that he had once seen me.
   ¡ÞºÎ»ç, Áö½Ã´ë¸í»çÀÇ º¯È­
      here ¡æ there,  come ¡æ go,  now ¡æ before,  this ¡æ that,
      these ¡æ those, tomorrow ¡æ the next(following) day,
      yesterday ¡æ the day before (the previous day)
      last night ¡æ the night before (the previous night)
      next week ¡æ the next week (the following week)
4. Àǹ®¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ
  ¨Í Àü´Þµ¿»ç say´Â ask ¶Ç´Â inquire of.
  ¨Î Àǹ®»ç when, where, why, who, what µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Àǹ®¹®Àº
  ¨Ï Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ ¾î¼ø (°£Á¢Àǹ®¹®À¸·Î ¸í»çÀý)
  ¨Ð Àǹ®»ç°¡ ¾ø´Â Àǹ®¹®Àº if(whether) + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç ¡æ ¸í»çÀý.
    * He said to me "Who is he?"      = He asked me who he was.

    * He said to me "Are you fond of this music?"
      = He asked me if(whether) I was fond of that music.
  ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: °£Á¢È­¹ý¿¡¼­ Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ ¾î¼øÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌÁö¸¸ ÁÖ¾îºÎ
    ºÐÀÌ ±ä °æ¿ì´Â Àǹ®»ç + ÁÖ¾îÀÇ ¾î¼øÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
  ¡ÞºÎŹ, ±ÇÀ¯¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Àǹ®¹®Àº ÇüÅ´ ºñ·Ï Àǹ®¹®À̳ª ºÎŹ, ±ÇÀ¯¸¦
    ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸í·É¹®ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ̹ǷΠask(beg) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to doÀÇ ÇüÅÂ.
    * He said tome "Which is the shortest way to the station?"
      = He asked me which was the shortest way to the station.
    * He said to me "Could you give me a lift?"
      = He asked (begged) me to give him a lift.
5. ¸í·É¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ
  ¡ÞÀü´Þµ¿»ç say to ¢¡
  ¨ÍÀϹÝÀû ¸í·É¹®; tell + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do.
  ¨Î»ó°üÀÌ ºÎÇÏ¿¡°Ô; order(command) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do.
  ¨ÏÀǻ簡 ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô Ãæ°í; advice + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do.
  ¨ÐºÎŹ, ÀÇ·ÚÀÇ ¸í·É¹®,Àǹ®¹®; ask(beg) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do.
  ¨ÑÁ¦¾È,Á¦ÀÇ; propose, suggest + that + ÁÖ¾î + should to do.
    * He said to me, "Open the window."     = He told me to open the window.
    * He said to me, "Don't come in till you are called."
      = He told me not to come in till I was called.
      = He forbade me to come in till I was called.
    * The officer said to his men, "Stay where you are."
      = The officer commanded (or order) his men to stay where they were.
    * He said to me, "You had better work harder."
      = He advised me to work harder.
    * He said to me, "Let's go to the park."
      = He suggested (or proposed) (to me) that we should go to the park.
      = He proposed to go to the park.
6. °¨Åº¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ
  ¨Í Àü´Þµ¿»ç say ¡æ exclaim, shout, cry(out), remark·Î...
  ¨Î±â»Û³»¿ë, Hurrah, Bravo µîÀÇ °¨Åº»ç ¡æ with delight, with joy,
    with  pleasureµîÀÇ ºÎ»ç±¸¸¦ Àü´Þµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÷°¡.
  ¨Ï½½Ç³»¿ë, Alas µîÀÇ °¨Åº»ç - with regret, with a sigh, in sorrow µîÀÇ
    ºÎ»ç

±¸ »ç¿ë. (°¨Åº¹®À» ±×´ë·Î »ç¿ëÇϰųª very¸¦ »ç¿ë, Æò¼­¹®À¸·Î
    °íÃļ­ °£Á¢È­¹ýÀ¸·Î °íÄ£ °Í.)
    * He said "What a beautiful sight it is!"
      = He exclaimed (cried out) what a beautiful sight it is!
      = He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight.
    * He said, "Oh, my friend has come!"
      = He cried out with joy that his friend had come.
7. ±â¿ø¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ
  ¨ÍÇÇÀü´Þ¹®¿¡ GodÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¡æ pray that God may¡­
  ¨Î»ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¸Á ¡æ express one's wish that + ÁÖ + may¡­
    * She said "God save my son!"      = She prayed that God might save her son.
    * He said to he "May you have a happy life!"
      = He expressed his wish that she might have a happy life.
8. Áß¹®°ú º¹¹®ÀÇ Àü´Þ
  ¨ÍÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÌ and, but À¸·Î ¿¬°áµÈ Áß¹®ÀÏ ¶§ and¿Í but´ÙÀ½¿¡ Á¢¼Ó»ç  thatÀ» ¾µ °Í.
  ¨ÎÇÇÀü´Þ¹®ÀÌ for, because, as, since, so µîÀÇ Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§
    ¿¡´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ µû·Î thatÀ» ¾µ Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ½.
  ¨Ï¸í·É

¹® + Àǹ®¹® ¡æ tell + ¸ñ + to do, and ask ¡­
    * He said "The sun has set, and the stars are out."
      = He said (that) the sun had set, and that the stars were out.
    * He said to me "Listen! Can you hear someone talking?"
      = He told me to listen, and asked if I could hear someone talking.
9. ¹¦ÃâÈ­¹ý
  ¡ÞµîÀåÀι°ÀÇ »ý°¢À̳ª ½É¸®¸¦ »ý»ýÇÏ°Ô Ç¥Çö)°ú »ý·«¹®ÀÇ °£Á¢È­¹ý.
  ¨Í¹®ÀåÀÇ ¾î¼ø, ±¸µÔÁ¡ - Á÷Á¢È­¹ý¿¡ ÁØÇÔ.
  ¨ÎÀÎΰú ½ÃÁ¦ - °£Á¢È­¹ý°ú °°À½.
    * He said to me "Will you go to the movies?"  Á÷Á¢È­¹ý
      = He asked me if I would go to the movies.  °£Á¢È­¹ý
      = He asked me would I go to the movies.     ¹¦ÃâÈ­¹ý
    * He said "Yes"
      = He agreed.     = He answered in the affirmative.  (±àÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î)
    * He said "No"     = He answered in the negative.     (ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î)
    * He said "Good morning"     = He wished me a good morning.

 

    Á¢¼Ó»ç(Conjunction)

1. Á¢¼Ó»çÀÇ Á¾·ù
  ¨ç Àǹ̻ó Á¾·ù
    * µîÀ§ Á¢¼Ó»ç : and, but, or, for µî
    * Á¾¼Ó Á¢¼Ó»ç : if, whether, that, because µî
  ¨è ÇüÅ»ó Á¾·ù
    * ´Ü¼ø Á¢¼Ó»ç : and, when, as, for µî
    * »ó°ü Á¢¼Ó»ç : either ¡­ or, both ¡­ and, not only ¡­ but also
    * Á¢¼Ó»ç±¸ : as soon as, as well as, as long as µî
2. µîÀ§ Á¢¼Ó»ç and
  * She is pretty and clever.
  * Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
    = If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
  * Bread and butter is good for most sick people.
  * The poet and statesman is dead.
    The poet and the statesman are dead.
  * Slow and steadily wins the race.
    ¡ÞºÒ°¡ºÐÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ Àְųª ´ÜÀϰ³³äÀº ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
  * go, come, try, send µîÀÇ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â and´Â ºÎÁ¤»ç to ´ë¿ë
    ¡Þ Come and see me next week.
       = Come to see me next week.
  * Çü¿ë»ç + and + Çü¿ë»ç¿¡¼­ ¾ÕÀÇ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ºÎ»çÀû

±¸½ÇÀ» ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì.
    ¡Þ I am good and tired
       = I am very tired.
3. µîÀ§ Á¢¼Ó»ç But, Or, Nor
  ¨ç But.
    * He works slowly but accurately.
    * He did not come on Sunday, but on Monday.
    * Not that I don't like the game, but that I have no time.
      ¡Þnot that A but that B = not because A but because B
        =A ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó B ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
  ¨è Or.
    * You may dance or sing here.
    * Make haste or you will be late for school.
      = If you do not make haste, you will be late for school.
      = Unless you make haste, you will be late for school.
        ¡Þ¸í·É¹® + or: ¡­Çضó, ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¡­ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
    * The distance is five miles, or about eight kilometers. (= that is; Áï)

  ¨é Nor.
    * Not a man, a woman, nor a child is to be seen.
      ¡Þnor´Â and + not: ±×¸®°í ¡­µµ ¿ª½Ã ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
        'nor + Á¶µ¿»ç(¶Ç´Â be µ¿»ç) + ÁÖ¾î'ÀÇ ÇüÅÂ¿Í °°ÀÌ nor ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â µµÄ¡.
    * I am nothing rich, and I do not wish to be (rich).
      = I am not rich, nor do I wish to be.
4. Á¢¼Ó»ç that
  * If I complain, it is that I want to get justice. (because)
  * He must be mad that he should cry out at this time of night.(ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ ±âÁØ)
  * That he should betray me! That I were in England again! (³î¶÷,½½ÇÄ,Èñ¸Á)
  * That he is guilty is certain. (¸í»çÀý À¯µµ; It is certain that he is guilty)
  * He realized the fact that he had made a great mistake.(µ¿°ÝÀÇ ¸í»çÀý À¯µµ)
5. µîÀ§Á¢¼Ó»ç
  ¨ç Both
    * He is both a novelist and a poet.
    * He is remarkable both for his intelligence and for his skill.
    ¡Þat once (alike, both) A and B: Aµµ Bµµ ¡­ÀÌ´Ù.

(¾çÀÚ±àÁ¤)
    ¡Þ»ó°üÁ¢¼Ó»ç´Â °°Àº ǰ»ç³ª »ó´ç¾î±¸¸¦ »ó°üÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áÇØ¾ßÇϸç,
      ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ¾î±¸°¡ °°Àº ÇüÅÂÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.)
  ¨è either  A or  B:  AÀ̰ųª BÀÌ´Ù.       (¾çÀÚÅÃÀÏ)
     neither A nor B:  Aµµ Bµµ ¡­ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. (¾çÀÚºÎÁ¤)
    * He must either mad or drunk.
    * Either of these buses goes to the stadium.
      ¡Þeither A or B, neither A or B¿¡¼­ µ¿»ç´Â µ¿»ç¿¡¼­ °¡±î¿î °÷¿¡
        ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ¾îÀÎ B¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ ½ÃŲ´Ù.
    * He neither had money not food. (¡¿)
    * He had neither money nor food. (¡Û)
      ¡Þeither A or B, neither A nor B¿¡ ¿¬°áµÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀº ¹®¹ý»ó °°Àº
         ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø »ó´ç¾î±¸À̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
  ¨é not only (not merely) A but (also) B
     = B as well as A
     = A»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Bµµ ¡­ÀÌ´Ù. (µ¿»ç´Â B¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡)
    * He not only teaches English but also write many novels.
      =Besides (In addition to)teaching English, he writes many novels.
    * He gave me both food and money.

                 not only food but also money.
                 not merely food but also money.
      = He gave me money as well as food.
      = He gave me food, and money.
    * as well = besides = in to the bargain = in addition =   additionally.

6. ¸í»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
  ¡Þthat, whether, if, Àǹ®»ç, °ü°è´ë¸í»ç.
  * That he will succeed is certain.
    = It is certain that he will succeed.
  * Whether it is a good plan or not is a matter for argument.
    ¡Þthat¡­ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¹®ÀåÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î¼­ thatÀÌ
      À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¹®ÀåÀº ¿ÏÀüÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
7. ½Ã°£ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
  ¡Þwhen, while, after, since, before, as soon as, the moment, the
    instant, instantly...
  * I did not realize the value of the documents till yesterday.
    = It was not until yesterday that I realized the value of the documents.
    = Not until yesterday did I realize the value of the documents.
  * I'll have finished the work by the time you get back.
    ¡ÞÁ¶°ÇºÎ»çÀý°ú ½Ã°£ºÎ»çÀý¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ì·¡½ÃÁ¦ ´ë½Å ÇöÀç½ÃÁ¦¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
8. ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
   : because, since, as, for, now that, seeing that...
  * I did not go, because

 I was busy.(³»°¡ ¹Ù»¦±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °¡Áö ¸øÇß´Ù.)
    I did not go because I wanted to.(³»°¡ °¡°í ½Í¾î¼­ °£ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù)
9. °á°úÀÇ ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
   ¡Þ so ¡­ that, such ¡­ that  µî...
    * As        --+     he is poor, he cannot buy the car.
      since     |
      Because   |
      Now that  |
      Seeing that       |
      On the ground that        --+ ¡æ ÀÌÀ¯Á¢¼Ó»ç; ¡­Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡.
      = Because of      --+    his poverty, he cannot buy the car.
        Owing to        |
        On account of   |
        On the ground of        --+ ¡æ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸.
       ¡ÞÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ ´ÙÀ½¿£ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç ±¸¹®À» »ç¿ë.
     = He is so poor that he cannot buy the car.
     = He is so poor as not to buy the car.
     = He is too poor to buy the car.
     = His poverty is such that he cannot buy the car.
     = His povert

y prevents him from buying the car.
     = His poverty forbids him to buy the car.


10. ¾çº¸ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
    Though      --+
    Although    | he is poor, he is happy.
    If  |
    Even if     --+ ¡æ ¾çº¸Á¢¼Ó»ç
    = In spite of       --+  his poverty, he is happy.
      Despite   |
      After all |
      For all   |
      With all  |
      In the face of    |
      Not withstanding  --+¡æ ¾çº¸ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ (ºñ·Ï ¡­ÀÏÁö¶óµµ)
11. ¸í·ÉÇü ¾çº¸ºÎ»çÀý
  ¨ç¸í·É¹®(¿øÇüµ¿»ç) + wh- clause.
    * Wherever he may(will) go  --+   he will be welcome.
      No matter where he may go |
      Let him go where he will  |
      Go where he will  --+
      (±×°¡ ¾îµð¿¡ °¡´õ¶óµµ ȯ¿µ ¹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)
  ¨è¸í·É¹® + as clause
    * However hard you may try  --+ you can never to it in a weak
      No matter how hard you may try    |
      Try as you may (will)     

--+
      (³×°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ÇØº¼Áö¶óµµ, ³Ê´Â ±×°ÍÀ» 1ÁÖÀÏ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ÇØ³¾ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.)
  ¨é±âŸ
    * Be it ever so humble      --+  there is no place like home.
      However humble it may be  |
      No matter how humble it may be    --+
      (¾Æ¹«¸® ´©ÃßÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ³»Áý °°Àº °÷Àº ¾ø´Ù.)
    * Be a man ever so rich     --+  he should not idle.
      However rich a man may be |
      No matter how rich a man may be   --+
      (»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ºÎÀÚ¶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, °ÔÀ»·¯¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.)
    * Be it true or not --+   it is not worth considering.
      Whether it be true or not --+
      (±×°ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌµç ¾Æ´Ïµç, »ý°¢ÇØ º¼¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù.)
12. As ¾çº¸ ºÎ»çÀý
    : Çü¿ë»ç, ºÎ»ç, ¸í»ç, °ú°ÅºÐ»ç + as(¶Ç´Â though) + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ
      ÇüÅ·μ­ ¾çº¸ÀÇ ¶æÀ» °¡Áø °Í.

  ¨çÇü + as (though) + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç
    * Rich as he is     ---+  he cannot afford such extravagance
      Rich though he is |  forever.
      Though he is rich ---+
      (ºñ·Ï ±×´Â ºÎÀÚÀÏÁö¶óµµ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ±×·± ³¶ºñ¸¦ °¨´çÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.)
  ¨èºÎ»ç + as + S + V
    * Though he studied hard    --+  he failed in the exam.
      Hard as the studied       --+
  ¨é¸í»ç + as + S + V
    * Though he was a coward    --+   he could not bear such an insult.
      Coward as he was  |
      Coward though he was      --+
      ¡Þ a coward°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a¸¦ »ý·«ÇÒ °Í.
  ¨ê°ú°ÅºÐ»ç (p.p) + as + S + V
    * Though he was startled    ---+   he didn't lose his balance.
      Startled as he was        |
      Startled though he was    ---+
      (ºñ·Ï ±×´Â ³î¶úÁö¸¸ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤À» ÀÒÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.)
      ¡Þ keep one's balance = keep steady : ¸öÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ

´Ù.
         ¡Á lose one's balance : ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÒ´Ù. (become unsteady)
                                 ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤À» ÀÒ´Ù. (be upset)
13. Á¶°Ç ºÎ»çÀýÀ» À̲ô´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
  * If you ask him, he will help you.
  * Unless you work harder, you will fail.
    = If you do work harder, you will fail.
  * Suppose (that) he refuses, what shall we do?
    = If he refuses, what shall we do?
  * In case you find the man, please let me know at once.
    ¡Þ unless: if ¡­ not, ¸¸ÀÏ ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é.
       suppose that: ¸¸ÀÏ ¡­ÇÑ´Ù¸é.
       in case (that): ¸¸ÀÏ ¡­ÇÑ´Ù¸é,¡­ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏ¿©.
       : Á¢¼Ó»çÀ̹ǷΠ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüŰ¡ ¿Í¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
  * In case of (In the event of) fire, ring the alarm bell.
    ¡Þ in case of, in the event of´Â Á¶°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸À̹ǷÎ
       ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â µ¿¸í»ç ±¸¹®ÀÌ ¿Í¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
14. ¸ñÀûÀÇ ºÎ»çÀýÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
  * He works hard that  -+   he may pass the e

xamination.
                  so that       |
                  in order that-+ ¡æ ¸ñÀûÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ºÎ»çÀý


    = He works hard to  -+  pass the examination.
                    so as to    |
                    in order to -+ ¡æ ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ ºÎ»çÀû ¿ë¹ý
    = He works hard for the purpose of        passing the exam.
                    with a view to      -+
                    with the view of    |
                    with the object of  |
                    with the intention of       -+ ¡æ ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸
  * Make a note of it that you may not forget it.
    ¡Þthat ¡­ may not: ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï, ºÎÁ¤¾î notÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ºÎÁ¤»ç to ¾Õ¿¡.
  * He works hard lest            he should fail in the exam.
                  for fear (that)
    ¡Þ lest ¡­ should³ª for fear (that) ¡­ should´Â ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï, ¡­
       ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇÏ¿©·Î ±× ¼Ó¿¡ ºÎÁ¤¾î notÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.


    ÀüÄ¡»ç(Preposition)

1. ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ÇüÅ ¹× ¸ñÀû¾î
  ¨ç´Ü¼øÀüÄ¡»ç: at, by, till, after, on, concerning, excepting,  considering...
  ¨èÀüÄ¡»ç±¸  : for want of, in place of, on account of, in spite of..
    * She left the house by the back door.
    ¡ÞÀüÄ¡»ç µÚ¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸ñÀû¾î´Â ¸ðµÎ ¸ñÀû°ÝÀ̾î¾ßÇϸç, ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î
      ¿¡´Â ¸í»ç, ´ë¸í»ç, ¸í»ç»ó´ç¾î±¸ (µ¿¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»ç)°¡ µÊ.
    * I want to the park with her.
2. ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ À§Ä¡ ¹× ¿ªÇÒ
  ¨çÀüÄ¡»ç´Â ±× ¸ñÀû¾î ¹Ù·Î ¾Õ¿¡ ³õÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌÁö¸¸ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °æ¿ì
    ¿¡¼­´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç°¡ ¸ñÀû¾î¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ½.
    * For whom are you looking?    = Whom (Who) are you looking for?
  ¨èÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû¾î ¿ªÇÒ
    ¨Í of + Ãß»ó¸í»ç ¡æ Çü¿ë»ç±¸.
    ¨ÎÀüÄ¡»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç ¡æ ºÎ»ç±¸.
    ¨ÏºÎ»çÀû´ë°Ý  : ½Ã°£, °Å¸®, ¹æ¹ý, Á¤µµ Ç¥½Ã ¡æ ÀüÄ¡»ç »ý·«, ºÎ»ç±¸ ¿ªÇÒ.
    ¨ÐÇü¿ë»çÀû´ë°Ý: ³ªÀÌ, Å©±â, ¸ð¾ç, »öä, °¡°Ý µî ¡æ of »ý·«, Çü¿ë»ç±¸·Î ¾²ÀÓ.
      * He is a man of ability.      = He is an able man.
     * He walked (for) ten miles.  (ºÎ»çÀû´ë°Ý)   
     * They are (of) the s

ame age. (Çü¿ë»çÀû´ë°Ý)

3. Àå¼ÒÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç
    
  ¡ÞatÀº Á¼Àº Àå¼Ò, inÀº ³ÐÀº Àå¼Ò.
    ÃµÁ¤À̳ª º®¸é¿¡ ºÎÂøµÈ °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ on.
    betweenÀº 2°³ »çÀÌ¿¡, amongÀº 3°³ ÀÌ»ó »çÀÌ.
    * I was staying at a hotel in New York.
    * There is a fly on the ceiling.
    * The moon has risen above the horizon.
    * They went up the mountain.
    * Let's divide this money between you and me.
    * My house is in forest of the theater.
4. ¿îµ¿ ¹æÇâÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç
    
  ¨ç to ¡æ µµÂøÁöÁ¡,  from ¡æ Ãâ¹ßÁöÁ¡.
  ¨è¾î´À ¹üÀ§ ¾ÈÀÇ Á¤ÁöµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ "¡­ÀÇ ¾È¿¡"ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ °æ¿ì ¡æ in.
  ¨é¹Û¿¡¼­ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î µé¾î¿À´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¡­ÀÇ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¡æ into.
  ¨ê¾È¿¡¼­ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª°¡´Â ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¡­ÀÇ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ¡æ out of.
  ¨ëóÀ½°ú ³¡ÀÇ ÇѰ谡 ¸íÈ®ÇÏ¸ç ¡­À» °¡·ÎÁú·¯, Ⱦ´ÜÇÏ¿© ¡æ across.
  ¨ìóÀ½°ú ³¡ÀÇ ÇѰ谡 ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »óȲ ¡­À» µû¶ó¼­ ¡æ along.
  ¨í through´Â ¾î´À °÷À» °üÅëÇÏ¿© Áö³ª°¡´Â °Í, ¿îµ¿¹æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÀ½.
  ¨î for´Â ¹æÇâÀ̳ª Ç༱Áö Ç¥½Ã, ¡­À» ÇâÇÏ¿©.
  ¨ï toward´Â ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÇâÇÏ´Â °Í.
  ¨ð°­ ¶Ç´Â

°Å¸® µîÀ» µû¶ó¼­ °¥¶§ ¡æ along.
    * He was standing in the corner of the room.
    * He made a running dive into the river.
    * A fish cannot live out of the water.
    * We sailed sown along the river to see the beautiful scenery.
    * The road goes through the forest.
5.½Ã°£ÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç
  ¨ç at : ¸î½Ã, ¸îºÐ, ¹ã, Á¤¿À, »õº®, ½Ã°¢.
     on : ³¯Â¥, Á¤ÇØÁø ½Ã°£.
     in : ¿ù, °èÀý, ³â, ¼¼±â, ¾ÆÄ§, Àú³á, ¿ÀÈÄ.
     ¡Þ¾î´À ƯÁ¤ÀÇ ¾ÆÄ§, ¿ÀÈÄ, Àú³áÀº in ´ë½Å¿¡ onÀ» ¾¸.
     * at seven o'clock, at noon, on Sunday, on the tenth of April,
     in April, in summer, in 1937...
  ¨è in : ¡­ÀÌ Áö³ª¸é (½ÃÁ¦´Â ¹Ì·¡°¡ Áß½É)
     within : ¡­À̳»¿¡ (ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ±âÇѳ»¿¡)
     after : ¡­ÈÄ¿¡ (µ¿ÀÛÀÇ ¿Ï·á ±âÁØ, °ú°Å½ÃÁ¦)
     * Cancer will kill him in a few days.
     * He will come back within a few months.
     * The work was finished after a month.
  ¨é by : ¡­±îÁö (¾î´À ¶§ ±î

Áö µ¿ÀÛ¿Ï·á)
     till : ¡­±îÁö (¾î´À ¶§ ±îÁö µ¿ÀÛÀÇ °è¼Ó)
     * I will be here by six. (³ª´Â ¿©¼¸½Ã±îÁö ¿©±â¿¡ ¿À°Ú´Ù; by´Â ÇѰèÁ¡¸¸ ³ªÅ¸³¿)
     * I will be here till six. (³ª´Â ¿©¼¸½Ã±îÁö ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÖ°Ú´Ù; tillÀº °è¼ÓÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇÔ)
  ¨ê since : ¡­ÀÌ·¡ ÁÙ °ð (°ú°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇöÀç±îÁö °è¼Ó)
     from : ¡­·Î ºÎÅÍ (Ãâ¹ßÁ¡¸¸ Ç¥½Ã)
     * I have lived here since my birth.
       (³ª´Â ž ÀÌ·¡ ÁÙ°ð ¿©±â¼­ »ì°íÀÖ´Ù.)
     * He works hard form morning till night.
       (±×´Â ¾ÆÄ§ºÎÅÍ Àú³á±îÁö ¿­½ÉÈ÷ °øºÎÇÑ´Ù.)
  ¨ë for     : ¡­µ¿¾È (ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ýÀÚ ¾Õ)
     during  : ¡­Áß¿¡ (µ¿ÀÛÀ̳ª »óÅÂÀÇ °è¼Ó, ƯÁ¤ÀÇ »ç°Ç, ±â°£ ¾Õ¿¡)
     through : ¡­µ¿¾È ÁÙ°ð (óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ³¡±îÁö °è¼Ó)
     * The war lasted for seven years. (±× ÀüÀïÀº 7³â µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.)
     * He slept during the meeting. (±×´Â ȸÀÇ µµÁß¿¡ ÀáÀ» Àä´Ù; Àá±ñµ¿¾È)
     * He slept through the meeting.
       (±×´Â ȸÀǰ¡ ½ÃÀÛÇØ¼­ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö ÁÙ°ð Àä´Ù; °è¼Ó)
     * I stayed in Seoul for three days. During the three days, I met him.

6. ¿øÀÎ, ÀÌÀ¯ÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç
  ¨ç from    : Á÷Á¢Àû ¿øÀÎ.
  ¨è through : °£Á¢Àû, ¼Ò±ØÀû ¿øÀÎ. (Ÿ¸, °ú¿À, °áÁ¡, ¸Å°³ÀÇ ¼ö´Ü)
  ¨é at      : °¨Á¤ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ (¡­À» º¸°í¼­ (µè°í¼­) ±â»Ú´Ù (½½ÇÁ´Ù).)
  ¨ê over    : °¨Á¤ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ (¡­¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ï´Ù (¿ô´Ù)).
  ¨ë for     : ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯ (¡­¶§¹®¿¡)
  ¨ì with    : ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ (¡­¶§¹®¿¡; ÃßÀ§, µÎ·Á¿ò, ¹«¼­¿ò, ÈïºÐ)
    * He was taken ill from fatigue.
    * He died of consumption (cholera).
    * We lost ourselves through not knowing the way.
    * I was surprised at the news of his death.
    * We rejoiced over the victory.
    * She couldn't speak for laughing.
    * He was trembling with fear (rage).
7. Àç·á, ¿ø·áÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç
  ¨ç of : ¹°¸®Àû º¯È­ (Çüųª ÁúÀº º¯ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½)
  ¨è from : È­ÇÐÀû º¯È­ (Çüųª ÁúÀÌ º¯ÇÔ)
  ¨é into : ¿ø·á°¡ Á¦Ç°ÀÌ µÉ ¶§ ( A is made into B )
  ¨ê in : Ç¥Çö¹æ¹ý (speak), ¼ö´Ü (write), Àç·á (paint), Âø¿ë.
    * The house was made of stone. (±× ÁýÀº µ¹ÁýÀ̾ú´Ù.)
    * We can make chemical fibers from petroleum.
      (¼®À¯¿¡¼­ È­Çм¶À¯¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.)
    * The huts can be made into temporary houses.
      (±× ¿ÀµÎ¸·µéÀº Àӽà ÁÖÅÃÀ¸·Î °³ÃàµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.)
    * This picture is painted in oils. (ÀÌ ±×¸²Àº À¯Ã¤ Àç·á·Î ±×¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù.)
    ¡Þthe man in uniform = Á¦º¹À» ÀÔÀº ³²ÀÚ.  speaking in English = ¿µ¾î·Î ¸»ÇÏ´Â.
      a statue in marble = ´ë¸®¼®À¸·Î ¸¸µç Á¶»ó.
      bound in leather = °¡Á×À¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø.
      the woman in white = Èò ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔÀº ¿©ÀÎ.
      dressed in rags = ´©´õ±â¸¦ °ÉÄ£.
8. ¼ö´Ü, µµ±¸ÀÇ ÀüÄ¡»ç
  ¨ç with    : µµ±¸ (¡­À» °¡Áö°í, ¡­À¸·Î)
  ¨è by      : ÇàÀ§ÀÚ (¼öµ¿ÅÂ),  ¼ö´Ü (´Éµ¿ÅÂ)
  ¨é through : Áß°³, °æ·Î (¡­À» ÅëÇÏ¿©), ¸Å°³, ¼ö´Ü.
    * He was killed with a pistol.
    * We eat soup with a spoon.
    * He spoke through an interpreter.
    * Our party went by bus and returned by train.
9. ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ ¥°
  ¨ç at the me

rcy of ¡­ £½ in the power of : ¡­¿¡ Á¿ìµÇ¾î, ¡­ÀÇ Ã³ºÐ´ë·Î.
    * The ship was at the mercy of the wind and the waves.
  ¨è at the risk of one's life : ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °É°í, Á×À» °¢¿À¸¦ Çϰí.
    * He saved the child at the risk of his own life.
  ¨é by means of ¡­ £½ by dint of ¡­ £½ by virtue of ¡­
      : ¡­ÀÇ ´öÅÃÀ¸·Î, ¡­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­.
    * Thoughts are expressed by means of words.
  ¨ê by way of ¡­ : ¨ç ¡­À» °æÀ¯ÇÏ¿©.
                    ¨è ¡­Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ¡­ÇÏ´Â ¼ÀÀ¸·Î.
    * I went to London by way of Paris.
    * They are making inquiries by way os learning the facts.
  ¨ë for the purpose of ¡­ = with the object of¡­ £½ with a view to
      £½ with the view of ¡­ : ¡­ÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î.
    * He entered college for the purpose of studying law.
  ¨ì for the sake of ¡­ = for the good of ¡­ = for the benefit of ¡­
     £½ for the interest of ¡­ : ¡­À» À§ÇÏ¿©, ¡­ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ.
    * He argues

for the sake of arguing.
  ¨í in accordance with ¡­ : ¡­¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, ¡­¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿©.
    * He acted in accordance with his words.
  ¨î in comparison with ¡­ = compared with ¡­  : ¡­°ú ºñ±³Çϸé.
    * There is an over-supply in comparison with the demand.
  ¨ï in consequence of ¡­ = as a result of ¡­ : ¡­ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­.
    * In consequence of the inflation of the currency, the prices of
      things have greatly risen.
  ¨ð according to + ¸í»ç = in proportion to + ¸í»ç.
    * According to the rule, we can choose neither of them.
  ¨ç according as + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç = in proportion as + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç
     : ¡­¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¡­¿¡ µû¶ó¼­.
    * You will receive according as you give.
  ¨è in case (that) + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç : ¡­ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â, ¡­¿¡ ´ëºñÇÏ¿©.
    * Take a sweater in case (that) the weather should turn cold.
  ¨é in case of + ¸í»ç = in the event of : ¡­ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â.
    * In case

of fire, ring the alarm bell.
  ¨ê on account of ¡­ = because of ¡­ = on the ground of ¡­
     = owing to ¡­ = due to ¡­ : ¡­¶§¹®¿¡ (ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸)
    * I cannot accept your invitation on account of my illness.
  ¨ë in spite of ¡­ = despite ¡­ = in the face of ¡­ = with all ¡­
     = for all ¡­ £½ after all ¡­ : ¡­¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí.
    * They went out in spite of the heavy rain.
  ¨ì in company with ¡­ = together with ¡­ : ¡­°ú ÇÔ²².
    * He came in company with a group of boys.
  ¨í in common with ¡­ = together with ¡­ : ¡­°ú ÇÔ²², ¡­Ã³·³.
     in the course of ¡­ = during ¡­ : ¡­ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡.
     in favor of ¡­ = in one's favor = for : ¡­¿¡ Âù¼ºÇÏ¿©, ¡­¿¡ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï
     in the light of ¡­ = in view of ¡­ : ¡­¿¡ ºñÃ߾, ¡­ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­.
     in addition to ¡­ = besides : ¡­À̿ܿ¡µµ, ¡­»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó.
     in place of ¡­ = in one's place = instead of ¡­ : ¡­´ë½Å¿¡.
10. ÀüÄ¡»ç±¸ ¥±
  ¨ç

in terns of ¡­ : ¡­ÀÇ ¸é¿¡¼­, ¡­ÀÇ °ßÁö¿¡¼­.
                     ¡­ÀÇ ¸»Åõ·Î, ¡­ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î.
  ¨è in honor of ¡­ : ¡­¿¡ °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÏ¿©, ¡­À» ÃàÇÏÇÏ¿©.
  ¨éin (on) behalf of¡­=in (on) one's behalf¡­ :¡­À» À§ÇÏ¿©, ¡­À» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿©.
  ¨ê as for ¡­ = with reference to ¡­ : ¡­¿¡ °üÇØ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¡­¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©.
                                       (ÁÖ·Î ¹®µÎ¿¡ »ç¿ë)
  ¨ë as to ¡­ = about ¡­ = concerning ¡­ = regarding ¡­ = as concerns
     = in regard to ¡­ = in respect to ¡­ = with reference to ¡­
     : ¡­¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©.
  ¨ì apart from ¡­ : ¡­Àº º°¹®Á¦·Î Çϰí, ¡­Àº ±×¸¸µÎ°í.
  ¨í at the cost of ¡­ : at the expense of ¡­ : ¡­À» Èñ»ýÇÏ¿©.
  ¨î in pursuit of ¡­ = in search of ¡­ : ¡­À» ã¾Æ¼­, ¡­À» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿©.
  ¨ï without regard to ¡­ = regardless of ¡­ = irrespective of ¡­
     : ¡­¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ, ¡­¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ.
11. µ¿»ç + ÀüÄ¡»çÀÇ À¯Çü
  ¨ç agree with + »ç¶÷              
     agree with + Á¦¾È                  
     agree with + ÀÇ°ß            

      
  ¨è answer to ¡­ : ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù, ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Ù.   
     answer for ¡­ : ¡­À» Ã¥ÀÓÁö´Ù.      
     ask a favor of ¡­ : ¡­À» ºÎŹÇÏ´Ù.   
     ask for ¡­ : ¡­À» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Ù.          
     ask after ¡­ : ¹®º´ÇÏ´Ù.
  ¨é call on + »ç¶÷ : ¡­À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Ù.
     call at + Àå¼Ò           
     call for ¡­ : ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Ù.   
  ¨ê correspond with ¡­ : ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Ù, ¼­½Å¿Õ·¡¸¦ ÇÏ´Ù.
     correspond to ¡­  : µ¿µîÇÏ´Ù, »ó´çÇÏ´Ù.    
  ¨ë compare A with B : A¿Í B¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ´Ù.    
     compare A to B   : A¸¦ B¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÏ´Ù.
  ¨ì deal in ¡­ : ¡­À» °Å·¡ÇÏ´Ù, ÆÈ´Ù.
      deal with ¡­ : Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Ù, ´Ù·ç´Ù.
  ¨í inquire into ¡­ = look into ¡­ = investigate : Á¶»çÇÏ´Ù.
     inquire after ¡­ = ask after ¡­ : ¹®º´ÇÏ´Ù.
      inquire of ¡­ : Áú¹®ÇÏ´Ù.
   ¨î pass for ¡­ : ¡­À¸·Î ÅëÇÏ´Ù.
  ¨ï put up at = stop at : ¡­¿¡ Åõ¼÷ÇÏ´Ù.
  ¨ð put up with = endure = bear = stand = tolerate : ¡­À» Âü´Ù, °ßµð´Ù.
  ¨ç st

and by ¡­ = stand for ¡­ : ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Ù, ³ªÅ¸³ª´Ù.

 

    °­Á¶, µµÄ¡, »ý·«, °øÅë°ü°è, »ðÀÔ, µ¿°Ý, ¹°ÁÖ±¸¹®...

1. ±¸¹®»ó ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µµÄ¡
  ¨ç What are you reading now? (Àǹ®¹®; Àǹ®»ç + µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î)
  ¨è Long live the king! (±â¿ø¹®; ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î)
  ¨é If I were rich, I could buy the car. (°¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å)
     = Were I rich, I could buy the car.
  ¨ê He never forgets what he has once heard.
     = What he has once heard.    (He never forgets, ¸ñ + ÁÖ + µ¿)
  ¨ë She did not say a word all day long.
     = Not a word did she say all day long.
     ¡Þ¸ñÀû¾î°¡ ºÎÁ¤¾î¿Í ÇÔ²² ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é "Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ + º»µ¿»ç" ¾î¼ø.
       Áְݺ¸¾î°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡µÇ¸é "º¸¾î + µ¿ + ÁÖ"ÀÇ ¾î¼ø.
2. ºÎ»ç, ºÎ»ç±¸ÀÇ µµÄ¡
  ¨çÀÚµ¿»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ºÎ»ç°¡ ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡ µÉ ¶§,
    Á־ ´ë¸í»ç ¡æ ºÎ»ç + ÁÖ¾î + µ¿»ç,
    Á־ ¸í»ç   ¡æ ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î.
    * He fell down.     = Down he fell. (ºÎ + ´ë¸í»ç + ÁÖ + µ¿)
    * The man fell down.      = Down fell the man. (ºÎ + µ¿ + ¸í + ÁÖ)
  ¨èŸµ¿»çÀÎ °æ¿ì ¡æ ºÎ»ç(±¸), ºÎÁ¤ºÎ»ç + Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»çÀÇ ¼ø.
    * I well re

member his name.
      = Well do I remember his name.
    * I have never seen such a wonderful sight.
      = Never have I seen such a wonderful sight.
      ¡ÞÁ¶µ¿»ç°¡ µû·Î ¾øÀ» ¶© do¸¦ ÀÎΰú ½ÃÁ¦¿¡ ¸Â°Ô »ç¿ë, ´Ü beµ¿»çÀÏ ¶©
        beµ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î.
    * I little dreamed that I should never see her again.
      = Little did I dream that I should never see her again.
      ¡Þ littleÀº "°ÅÀÇ ¡­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ÁغÎÁ¤¾îÀ̳ª dream, realize,
         imagine, think, know µî°ú ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÌ¸é ¼ø¼öºÎÁ¤ÀÇ ¶æÀÎ "°áÄÚ ¡­ÇÏÁö
         ¾Ê´Â"ÀÌ µÊ.
  ¨é not ¡­ until : ¡­ÀÌ µÇ¾î¼­¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò ¡­ÇÏ´Ù.
     no sooner ¡­ than : ¡­ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ ¡¦ÇÏ´Ù.
     * He did not know the fact until this morning.
      = Not until this morning did he know the fact.
     * She had no sooner seen him than she burst into tears.
       = No sooner had she seen him than she burst into tears.

3. °­Á¶
  ¨çµ¿»ç°­Á¶: ±× ¾Õ¿¡ do¸¦ ÀÎΰú ½ÃÁ¦¿¡ ¸Â°Ô »ç¿ë, °­Á¶ÀÇ do´Â °­¼¼°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
    * I know his name. (³ª´Â ±×ÀÇ À̸§À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.)
      I d/o know his name. (³ª´Â ±×ÀÇ À̸§À» ÂüÀ¸·Î ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.)
  ¨è¸í»ç°­Á¶: very°¡ the, this, that, one's µîÀÇ µÚ¿¡ ¾²¿©¼­ ¸í»ç¸¦ °­
    Á¶ÇÒ ¶© '±×, ¹Ù·Î ±×', '¡­¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Â, ¡­±îÁöµµ'ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * This is the very book I have been looking for.
      (À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ³»°¡ ã°í ÀÖ´ø Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù.)
  ¨éÀǹ®¹® °­Á¶: on, earth, in time world, the devil, at all, whatever
    µîÀÇ ¾î±Í°¡ Àǹ®¹®¿¡¼­ °­Á¶¾î±Í·Î ¾²À̸é 'µµ´ëü, Á¶±ÝÀ̶óµµ'ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * Why on earth are you weeping? (³Ê´Â µµ´ëü ¹«¾ù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿ï°í ÀÖ´À³Ä?)
  ¨êºÎÁ¤¹® °­Á¶: not ´ÙÀ½¿¡ at all, in the least, whatever, in the
    slightest, by any means, a bit, on any way µîÀÇ ¾î±¸°¡ ¿À¸é ºÎÁ¤¾î
    notÀ» °­Á¶, 'Á¶±Ýµµ, ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ'ÀÇ ¶æ.
    * He is not happy at all. (±×´Â Á¶±Ýµµ ÇູÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.)
    * I know nothing whatever about it. (³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ °üÇØ Á¶±Ýµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù.)
4. »ý·«
  ¨ç when, while, though, if,

 as if, wherever µîÀÌ À̲ô´Â ºÎ»çÀý¿¡¼­
     Á־ ÁÖÀýÀÇ ÁÖ¾î¿Í °°°í beµ¿»çÀÎ °æ¿ì¿£ 'ÁÖ¾î + beµ¿»ç'°¡ »ý·«
     µÇ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹À½.
    * When (he was) a boy, he liked to play tennis.
    * Insert commas wherever (they are) needed.
  ¨è ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ý·«.
    * Some people go to the mountain, Others (go) to the seaside.
  ¨é °ü¿ë¾î±¸, Àλ縻, °Ý¾ð, °Ô½Ã¿ë¾î µî¿¡¼­ °ü¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î »ý·« °¡´É.
    * (It is) So much for today.
5. °øÅë°ü°è
  ¡Þ AX   AY £½ A (X + Y): ÁÖ¾î, ÇǼö½Ä¾î µîÀÌ °øÅë¾îÀÎ °æ¿ì.
     XB + YB £½ (X + Y) B: ¼ú¾î, µ¿»ç , ¸ñÀû¾î ¼ö½Ä¾î±¸°¡ °øÅë.
     * I met home, and I watched television.
       A    X          A        Y
       = I met home, and watched television.
     * We cannot live by ourselves and for ourselves.
                      X      B          X      B
       = We cannot live by and for ourselves.

6. »ðÀÔ¾î
  ¡Þ¹®¸Æ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ¸»À» ºÎ°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î, ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇϱâ
    À§ÇÑ ´Ü¾î³ª ±¸, Àý µîÀ» ¹®Àå Áß°£¿¡ »ðÀÔ.
    * He was, indeed, a good boy.
    * He is, I believe, a great statesman.    = I believe that he is a great statesman.
7. µ¿°Ý
  * ¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â ¸í»ç »ó´ç¾î±¸°¡ ¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ³¹¸»°ú equal °ü°è·Î¼­ ¼³¸í, ¼ö
    ½ÄÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì, ¸í»ç, ºÎÁ¤»ç, ¸í»çÀý µîÀÌ ¾²ÀÓ.
    * Mr. Brown, an English teacher, lives in the next door.
    * He gave up the idea of borrowing money. (µ¿°ÝÀÇ of)
8. ¹° ÁÖ ±¸ ¹® (Úªñ«Ï°Ùþ)
  ¨ç. ¹°ÁÖ±¸¹® ¥°
    * »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + can     + µ¿»ç ¡­
                 be able to
      = ¹°ÁÖ + enable + ¸ñÀû¾î + to do ¡­
    * People can travel through the air by airplanes.
      = Airplanes enable people to travel through the air.
  ¨è. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + cannot + µ¿»ç ¡­
       = ¹°ÁÖ + prevent(keep,prohibits,hinders) + ¸ñÀû¾î + from + µ¿¸í»ç ¡­
       = ¹°ÁÖ + forbid  + ¸ñÀû¾î +

to ºÎÁ¤»ç ¡­
    * As I am ill, I cannot attend the meeting.
      = Because of my illness, I cannot attend the meeting.
      = My illness prevents me from attending the meeting.
      = My illness forbids me to attend the meeting.
  ¨é. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + have to (=must) + µ¿»ç ¡­: ¡­ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù.
      = ¹°ÁÖ + force (compel,oblige) + ¸ñÀû¾î + to ºÎÁ¤»ç ¡­
         : ¸ñÀû¾î·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¡­ Çϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇÏ´Ù.
    * He had to put off his departure because of the rain.
      = The rain force(comple,oblige) him to put off his departure.
  ¨ê. why + Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»ç ¡­ ?
     = what + make + ¸ñÀû¾î + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç(¶Ç´Â Çü¿ë»ç)?
    * why do you think so?      = what make you think so?
    * You have come here for that reason.
                         for what.
                         why.
      = For what have you come here? (= Why)
      = What have y

ou come here for?  
       ¡Þ why¿Í for´Â ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÏ ¼ö ¾øÀ½
  ¨ë. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + go ¶Ç´Â get to ¡­
      = ¹°ÁÖ + take + »ç¶÷¸ñÀû¾î ¡­
    * We rode in a bus for an hour, and got to the park.
      = An hour's bus ride took us to the park.
      = It took us an hour to get to the park.
      = It took an hour for us to get to the park.

    * How long does it take to ¡­ ? : ¡­Çϴµ¥ ¾ó¸¶³ª °É¸³´Ï±î?
    * It takes + »ç¶÷ + ½Ã°£ + to ¡­
                 ½Ã°£ + for + ¸ñÀû°Ý + to ¡­
                 :»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¡­Çϴµ¥ ¾ó¸¶ÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É¸®´Ù.
       A: How long does it take to go home?
       B: It take me an hour (to go home)
  ¨ì. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + come, reach ¡­
      = ¹°ÁÖ + bring + ¸ñÀû¾î ¡­
    * When she heard the cry, she came to the spot.
      = The cry brought her to the spot.
      = ±×³à°¡ ±× ¿Üħ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µè°í, ±× Àå¼Ò·Î ¿Ô´Ù.
  ¨í. »ç¶÷ÁÖ¾î + have, derive + ¸ñÀû¾î
       = ¹°ÁÖ + give + »ç¶÷(I.O) + ¹°°Ç(D.O)
    * I have a good appetite after a short walk.
      = A short walk gives me a good appetite.
  ¨î. ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»ç±¸, ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»çÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§
       = ¹°ÁÖ + make, cause, drive + ¸ñÀû¾î + toºÎÁ¤»ç, Çü¿ë»ç, p¡¤p
    * He got angry because they laughed.(ÀÌÀ¯ºÎ»çÀý)
      = Their laughter made him get angry.

  ¨ï. ¹«»ý¹°Á־ Á¶°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ´ë
    * A glance at the map will show you the way to the airport.(¹°ÁÖ±¸¹®)
      = If you glance at the map, you will find the way to the airport.(ÀÎÁÖ±¸¹®)
      ¡Þ¾àÀ» º¹¿ëÇÏ´Ù À϶© drink³ª eat¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í take¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.